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- $Unique_ID{BRK03855}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Hypotension, Orthostatic}
- $Subject{Hypotension Orthostatic Postural Hypotension Low Blood Pressure
- Shy-Drager Syndrome Vasovagal Syncope Idiopathic Orthostatic Hypotension}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 769:
- Hypotension, Orthostatic
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Orthostatic
- Hypotension) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing
- to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this
- article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Postural Hypotension
- Low Blood Pressure
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Shy-Drager Syndrome
- Vasovagal Syncope
- Idiopathic Orthostatic Hypotension
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Orthostatic hypotension is an extreme drop in blood pressure which occurs
- when a person stands up suddenly. The blood pools in the blood vessels of
- the legs. Because of this pooling, there is a temporary decrease in the
- amount of blood carried back to the heart by the veins. Subsequently, less
- blood is pumped out from the heart, resulting in a sudden drop in blood
- pressure. Normally, specialized cells in the body (baroreceptors) quickly
- respond to changes in blood pressure. These baroreceptors then activate
- automatic reflexes to increase levels of catecholamine in the body.
- Increased catecholamine levels rapidly restore the blood pressure. When
- there is a defect in this reflex action, reflex mechanisms may be inadequate
- to quickly restore the decrease in blood pressure and orthostatic hypotension
- results.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Symptoms of orthostatic hypotension which usually appear after sudden
- standing may include dizziness, lightheadedness, visual blurring and
- fainting.
-
- Causes
-
- A common cause of orthostatic hypotension is the decrease in volume of
- circulating blood (hypovolemia) resulting from excessive use of medications
- which increase urination (diuretics), or from the use of nitrate preparations
- used to treat chest pains (angina pectoris) or heart failure. Orthostatic
- hypotension can also result from medications prescribed to treat high blood
- pressure, usually if the dosage is too high. It may also occur as a
- complication of diabetes, hardening of the arteries or Addison's disease.
- Long periods of bed rest, such as recovering after surgery, may also cause
- orthostatic hypotension.
-
- Other drugs which may cause hypotension are quinidine, L-dopa,
- vincristine, barbiturates and alcohol, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and
- tricyclic antidepressants and phenothiazines.
-
- Neurologic disorders that involve the autonomic nervous system may
- interrupt or damage the automatic reflexes that occur upon standing.
- Orthostatic hypotension may result from neurological damage due to diabetes,
- excessive alcohol consumption, syphilis which can destroy the spinal cord
- (tabes dorsalis), progressive disease of the spinal cord such as
- syringomyelia, or numerous other neurological disorders.
-
- Affected Population
-
- There are no statistics available on whether orthostatic hypotension occurs
- more frequently in men or women. However, it is more common in elderly
- persons.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of orthostatic
- hypotension. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Shy-Drager Syndrome (Orthostatic Hypotension in Neurological Disease) is
- a disorder involving widespread neurological damage due to disease of the
- central nervous system. It is characterized by chronically low blood
- pressure associated with dizziness or momentary blackouts upon standing
- (orthostatic hypotension). Along with low blood pressure, other symptoms may
- include impotence, weakness, retention of urine, loss of control of
- defecation and features of Parkinson's Disease such as tremors. (For more
- information on this disorder, choose "Shy-Drager" as your search term in the
- Rare Disease Database).
-
- Vasovagal Syncope is a disorder in which there is a temporary impairment
- of blood circulation in the brain. It may occur during emotional stress,
- pain or mild shock. It may also result from prolonged bed rest, anemia,
- fever, fasting or mild heart disease. Symptoms include low blood pressure
- (orthostatic hypotension), a brief loss of consciousness (fainting), pale and
- cold extremities (fingers and toes). Attacks may last from a few minutes to
- hours, and occurrence is at irregular intervals.
-
- Idiopathic Orthostatic Hypotension is a syndrome in which there is
- suspected damage to the autonomic nervous system, possibly due to disease.
- However, the term "idiopathic" means the cause is unknown. Symptoms may
- include lowered blood pressure when standing (orthostatic hypotension), the
- inability to perspire, impotence, and decreased salivation.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of orthostatic hypotension depends upon the cause. When it is due
- to a decrease in volume of circulating blood (hypovolemia) because of
- medications, orthostatic hypotension is easily and rapidly reversed by
- correcting the dosage or discontinuing the medication under a doctor's
- supervision. Low blood pressure resulting from extended bed rest can be
- corrected by allowing the patient to sit up each day at certain times with
- increasing frequency. The drug ephedrine may be administered orally, and in
- some cases salt intake may be increased. Salt-retaining drugs may be
- prescribed. In extreme cases, the legs may be fitted for elastic hose which
- raise the blood pressure upon standing. Inflatable aviator-type antigravity
- suits may also be used to produce sufficient leg and abdominal
- counterpressure to raise the blood pressure in severe cases.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Roy L. Freeman, M.D., Ph.D., of New England Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA
- was awarded a grant in 1988 by the FDA Orphan Products Division for his work
- on using the drug DL-Threo-3, 4-Dihydrozyphenylserine as a treatment for
- Orthostatic Hypotension.
-
- The drugs phenylpropanolamine, midodrine, oral ergotamine tartrate or
- subcutaneous dihydroergotamine and caffeine are currently being investigated
- as treatment for Orthostatic Hypotension. Subcutaneous somatostatin also
- appears to help certain individuals with hypotension following a meal
- (postprandial hypotension).
-
- Clinical trials are underway to study taxonomy and therapy of Orthostatic
- Hypotension. Interested persons may wish to contact:
-
- Dr. Italo Biaggioni
- AA 3228 MCN
- Vanderbilt University GCRC
- Nashville, TN 37232
- (615) 343-6499
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Orthostatic Hypotension, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5751
- (800) 352-9424
-
- For more information on orthostatic hypotension, physicians may contact:
-
- Dr. David Robertson
- Autonomic Dysfunction Clinic
- Vanderbilt University
- Nashville, TN 37232-2195
- (615) 343-6499
-
- References
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief;
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 406-408.
-
- POSTURAL HYPOTENSION: ITS MEANING AND MANAGEMENT IN THE ELDERLY. M.J.
- Rosenthal et al.; GERIATRICS (December, 1988; issue 43(12): Pp. 31-34, 39-
- 42).
-
- ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. J. Susman; AM FAM PHYSICIAN. (June, 1988; issue
- 37(6): Pp. 115-118).
-
- TREATMENT OF ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION: INTERACTION OF PRESSOR DRUGS AND
- TILT TABLE CONDITIONING. R.D. Hoeldtke et al.; ARCH PHYS MED REHABIL
- (October, 1988; issue 69(10): Pp. 895-898).
-
-