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- $Unique_ID{BRK03847}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Hypertension}
- $Subject{Hypertension Arterial Hypertension High Blood Pressure Essential
- Primary Hypertension Secondary Hypertension Renal Renovascular Hypertension
- Systolic Hypertension}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 784:
- Hypertension
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Hypertension) is not
- the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Arterial Hypertension
- High Blood Pressure
-
- Disorder Subdivisions:
-
- Essential (or Primary) Hypertension
- Secondary Hypertension
- Renal (or Renovascular) Hypertension
- Systolic Hypertension
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Hypertension is defined as persistent elevation of blood pressure. Blood
- pressure is the amount of pressure placed on the walls of the arteries as
- blood is pumped throughout the body. (Generally, normal blood pressure is
- considered 120/80, but can be anywhere from 100/60 to 140/90. Blood pressure
- is measured by an instrument called a sphygmomanometer.) The systolic blood
- pressure is the upper reading which measures pressure when the heart muscle
- is contracting. The diastolic blood pressure is the lower reading which
- measures pressure when the heart muscle is at rest. Blood pressure varies
- depending on age, altitude, activity, posture and from person to person.
-
- When only the systolic blood pressure is high, it is referred to as
- systolic hypertension.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Hypertension is ordinarily discovered during a routine examination. There
- are usually no outward symptoms. However, when blood pressure is extremely
- high, there may be symptoms of headache, heart failure, and/or vision
- disturbances.
-
- When hypertension is untreated it can cause damage to the heart, blood
- vessels and kidneys. It can also lead to congestive heart failure,
- mini-strokes (transient ischemia attacks; TIA), strokes, and kidney failure.
- This is why it is important for people with high blood pressure to receive
- medical treatment even though they may feel perfectly healthy.
-
- Causes
-
- In over 95% of people who have hypertension there is no discernible cause.
- When the cause is unknown, high blood pressure is referred to as essential or
- primary hypertension.
-
- In secondary hypertension, the cause is known. Some known causes of
- secondary hypertension are kidney diseases (renal or renovascular
- hypertension) including kidney failure due to any cause. Endocrine disorders
- such as Acromegaly, Hyperthyroidism, Cushing's Syndrome, Congenital Adrenal
- Hyperplasia, or Pheochromocytoma can also cause secondary hypertension.
- Other causes of hypertension include neurological disorders such as
- Encephalitis, Acute Porphyria, Familial Dysautonomia, or Guillain-Barre
- Syndrome. (For more information on these disorders, choose "encephalitis,"
- "porphyria", "dysautonomia," and "Guillain-Barre" as your search terms in the
- Rare Disease Database.)
-
- In some patients, hypertension may be caused by hereditary factors or by
- high salt intake (especially in people who inherited the tendency to develop
- hypertension). Other contributing causes are obesity, smoking, alcoholism,
- oral contraceptives or emotional stress.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Hypertension is a very common disorder affecting over 60 million Americans as
- of 1988. Because there are rarely symptoms, many Americans are unaware they
- have hypertension so these figures may be even higher.
-
- Hypertension tends to occur more often in black people than in white;
- however with age, the incidence of hypertension increase in all groups. Men
- are affected more often than women before the age of 50; after 50, more women
- are affected than men.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of hypertension includes the use of diuretics (sometimes called
- "water pills") to reduce sodium and water levels in the body and lower blood
- pressure. Beta-blocking drugs which reduce constriction of blood vessels,
- and vasodilators which are drugs that relax the muscles in blood vessel walls
- are also used. Centrally acting drugs that lower the heart rate by
- controlling the sympathetic nervous system, and angiotensin converting enzyme
- (ACE) inhibitors which reduce constriction of blood vessels as well as salt
- and water levels may be prescribed.
-
- People can aid in the control of hypertension if they practice proper
- weight control, exercise regularly and eat a low sodium diet. Blood pressure
- machines for home use can be of benefit when people want to monitor their own
- blood pressure.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- There is extensive research being pursued on the causes, prevention and
- treatment of hypertension. For information about this research contact the
- National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute listed in the Resources section of
- this report.
-
- Clinical trials are underway to study the effects of dietary calcium and
- sodium manipulation in Essential Hypertension. Interested persons may wish
- to contact:
-
- Dr. Rose Marie Robertson
- Professor of Medicine
- CC2218 MCN
- Vanderbilt University
- Nashville, TN 37232
- (615) 322-2318
-
- to see if further patients are needed for this research.
-
- Clinical trials are underway to study patients that develop Supine
- Hypertension after lesions of the nucleus tactus solitarii. Interested
- persons may wish to contact:
-
- S.H. Subramony, M.D.
- University of Mississippi Medical Center
- 2500 N. State St.
- Jackson, MS 39216
- (601) 984-5525
-
- to see if further patients are needed for this research.
-
- Clinical trials are underway to study responses to psychologic stressors
- in ten to eighteen year old patients with Primary Hypertension. Interested
- persons may wish to contact:
-
- Dr. Bruce S. Alpert
- University of Tennessee
- Division of Cardiology
- 848 Adams Ave.
- Memphis, TN 38103
- (901) 522-3380
-
- to see if further patients are needed for this research.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Hypertension, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- American Heart Association
- 7320 Greenville Ave.
- Dallas, TX 75231
- (214) 750-5300
-
- NIH/National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 951-3260
-
- References
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 276-302.
-
- INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown
- and Co., 1987. Pp. 553.
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief;
- Merck, Sharp, and Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 390-403.
-
-