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- $Unique_ID{BRK03841}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Hyperkalemia}
- $Subject{Hyperkalemia Hyperpotassemia High Potassium Addison's Disease ACTH
- Deficiency Purpura Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 750:
- Hyperkalemia
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Hyperkalemia) is not
- the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Hyperpotassemia
- High Potassium
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Addison's Disease
- ACTH Deficiency
- Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Hyperkalemia is an abnormally high concentration of potassium in the
- blood. It usually occurs due to another underlying medical condition. The
- body uses potassium for the contraction of muscles (including the heart) and
- for the functioning of many complicated proteins (enzymes). Potassium is
- found primarily in the skeletal muscle and bone, and participates with sodium
- to contribute to the normal flow between the body fluids and the cells of the
- body. The concentration of potassium in the body is regulated by the kidneys
- through excretion in urine. When the kidneys are functioning normally, the
- amount of potassium eaten in the diet is usually sufficient for use by the
- body and the excess is excreted. Chemical and hormonal influences also
- regulate the internal potassium balance. Secretion of the hormone insulin,
- which is normally stimulated by food, prevents a temporary diet-induced high
- level of potassium (hyperkalemia) by increasing cell absorption of potassium.
- The hormone aldosterone also aids in regulating the internal balance of
- potassium. When hyperkalemia occurs, there is an imbalance resulting from a
- dysfunction of these normal processes.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Individuals with hyperkalemia initially may show no symptoms. Later symptoms
- may include heart abnormalities which can be seen on an electrocardiogram
- (ECG), progressive weakness, and a type of paralysis in which muscle tone is
- lacking in the extremities (flaccid paralysis). Individuals with
- hyperkalemia may experience a loss of deep tendon reflexes, difficulties in
- speaking (phonation) and breathing. They may also have a slowed heartbeat
- (bradycardia), rapid and irregular contractions of the heart (ventricular
- fibrillation) and abnormally low blood pressure (hypotension). If untreated,
- cardiac arrest may also occur.
-
- Causes
-
- Hyperkalemia is a symptom of another underlying medical condition. It may be
- caused by an inflammatory disease of the kidneys (acute tubular nephrosis),
- acute kidney failure, excessive acid production (metabolic or diabetic
- acidosis), or a deficiency of the hormone aldosterone (Addison's Disease).
- Other causes may include multiple transfusions of stored blood, internal
- acid-base disturbances, sickle-cell anemia, excess sugar in the blood
- (hyperglycemia), and excessive dietary intake of potassium. The use of drugs
- which act in opposition to the hormone aldosterone (aldosterone antagonists),
- and muscle relaxant succinylcholine, extensive burns, severe crushing
- injuries which cause bleeding into soft tissue, or conditions causing
- bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, may also cause hyperkalemia.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Hyperkalemia affects males and females in equal numbers. Individuals with
- kidney malfunction associated with diabetes (diabetic nephropathy or
- interstitial renal disease), an abnormally low level of the enzyme renin
- (hyporeninemia), or abnormally low levels of the hormone aldosterone
- (hypoaldosteronism), may increase the risk for hyperkalemia.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders may include Hyperkalemia. Comparisons
- may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Addison's Disease is a disorder characterized by chronic and insufficient
- functioning of the outer layer of the adrenal gland (adrenal cortex). This
- malfunction results in a deficiency of the hormone aldosterone. Individuals
- with this disorder show abnormally high concentrations of potassium
- (hyperkalemia) and abnormally low concentrations of sodium in the blood.
- Symptoms may include weakness, low blood pressure and loss of appetite. (For
- more information on this disorder, choose "Addison" as your search term in
- the Rare Disease Database).
-
- ACTH Deficiency is a disorder characterized by low levels or absence of
- the hormone ACTH which is manufactured by the pituitary gland. Symptoms of
- ACTH Deficiency may include weakness, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure,
- abnormally high concentrations of potassium in the blood (hyperkalemia) and
- lack of appetite. (For more information on this disorder, choose "ACTH
- Deficiency " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) is a serious blood disorder
- characterized by a decrease in blood platelets, abnormal destruction of red
- blood cells and disturbances in the nervous system. Symptoms may include
- fever, fatigue, patches of purplish discoloration in the skin (purpura),
- weakness, kidney dysfunction and abnormally high levels of potassium in the
- blood (hyperkalemia). (For more information on this disorder, choose "TTP"
- as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- (To locate other disorders that include Hyperkalemia as a symptom, choose
- "Hyperkalemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- An electrocardiogram for patients with hyperkalemia may assess the urgency of
- therapy. Treatment of Hyperkalemia may require diminished potassium in the
- diet or removal of potassium from the body. Depending upon the cause of
- Hyperkalemia, diuretics, insulin, beta-2 agonists or sodium polystyrene may
- be administered to increase the body's excretion of potassium. Dialysis may
- also be required. Periodic paralysis may be treated with the drug albuterol.
- Calcium gluconate may be administered to reverse certain heart abnormalities.
- If no ECG abnormalities are present, the drug sorbitrol may be prescribed.
- Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Hyperkalemia, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
- Box NDDIC
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 468-6344
-
- References
-
- INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and
- Co., 1987. Pp. 814-815, 820-824.
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL, 15th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck Sharp
- & Dohme Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 964-965, 968-969.
-
- CARDIAC ARREST DUE TO ORAL POTASSIUM INTAKE. H.J. Schim van der Loeff et
- al.; INTENSIVE CARE MED (1988; issue 15(1)). Pp. 58-9).
-
- DIURETICS AND HYPERKALEMIA IN DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS. S.A. Olczak et al.;
- DIABETIC MED (January, 1988; 5(1)). Pp. 68-9).
-
- NEBULIZED ALBUTEROL FOR ACUTE HYPERKALEMIA IN PATIENTS ON HEMODIALYSIS.
- M. Allen et al.; ANN INTERN MED (March, 1989; 110(6)). Pp. 426-9).
-
-