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- $Unique_ID{BRK03816}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Hepatorenal Syndrome}
- $Subject{Hepatorenal Syndrome Hepato-renal Syndrome HRS }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 664:
- Hepatorenal Syndrome
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Hepatorenal Syndrome)
- is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Hepato-renal Syndrome
- HRS
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Hepatorenal Syndrome is a progressive type of kidney (renal) failure
- which occurs as a result of severe LIVER disease. It is characterized by
- acute kidney (renal) failure that is NOT caused by primary KIDNEY
- dysfunction. Symptoms such as yellowing of the skin (jaundice) and urination
- problems occur in the two types of this liver disease.
-
- Symptoms
-
- The blood circulation of Hepatorenal Syndrome patients has unique features.
- The amount of blood the heart circulates to the rest of the body (cardiac
- output) is above normal. The arteries that circulate oxygenated blood from
- the lungs to the rest of the body (systemic circulation) widen. The arteries
- of the kidney narrow (increase in kidney vascular resistance) causing a
- decrease in the blood flow through the kidney.
-
- There appear to be two types of Hepatorenal Syndrome. Acute kidney
- failure and yellowing of the skin (jaundice) are common to both. Acute
- kidney failure is characterized by a rapid onset, decreased urination
- (oliguria), and possibly proteins or red blood cells in the urine and excess
- nitrogenous bodies in the blood (azotemia). Jaundice may be accompanied by
- dark urine, and an enlarged and tender liver. Loss of appetite, fever,
- tiredness, and weakness may also occur.
-
- One type of Hepatorenal Syndrome is characterized by excess watery fluid
- in the spaces between the tissues and organs in the abdomen causing swelling
- (ascites), yellowed skin (jaundice), and rapidly advancing renal failure.
- The brain may be affected (hepatic or portal-systemic encephalopathy)
- possibly causing slight changes in judgement and other intellectual
- processes, personality changes, inappropriate behavior, depression, and sleep
- disturbances.
-
- The other type of Hepatorenal Syndrome is characterized by less jaundice,
- slower progressive kidney failure, and no hepatic encephalopathy.
-
- Causes
-
- Kidney failure in Hepatorenal Syndrome is caused primarily by liver disease.
- It is NOT due to a primary abnormality or dysfunction of the kidney.
- Hepatitis, advanced cirrhosis, obstructive jaundice, liver cancer, and tumors
- of the bile ducts have also been reported to cause Hepatorenal Syndrome.
-
- In many patients, an infection or gastrointestinal bleeding can be
- identified as a precipitating factor that brought about the Hepatorenal
- Syndrome. However, a precipitating factor cannot be found in the rest of the
- cases.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Hepatorenal Syndrome occurs equally in males and females with severe liver
- disease.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hepatorenal
- Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- There are many causes of acute kidney failure: abnormalities of the
- blood vessels of or leading to the kidney; abnormalities of the glomeruli of
- the kidneys due to infections or diseases such as Goodpasture's Syndrome,
- Polycystic Kidney Disease, or Wegener's Granulomatosis; acute interstitial
- nephritis (inflammation of the kidney) commonly related to drugs or
- infections; intratubular obstruction; or acute tubular necrosis. An
- underlying problem in the kidney distinguishes these disorders from the
- Hepatorenal Syndrome. (For more information on these disorders, choose
- "Goodpasture", "Polycystic Kidney", or "Wegener" as your search terms in the
- Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- It is important to distinguish the Hepatorenal Syndrome from the many other
- causes of acute kidney failure since the causes and therapies differ.
-
- Treatment of Hepatorenal Syndrome is primarily aimed at correcting the
- unusual features of the blood circulation. Three methods have been used:
- Head-Out Water Immersion, Paracentesis, and Peritoneovenous (PV) Shunting.
- Head-Out Water Immersion involves immersing the patient in water, leaving the
- head out. This redistributes the blood from the arms and legs to the trunk.
- Paracentesis is a surgical procedure to remove the excess fluid in the
- abdomen (ascites). Under carefully controlled conditions, this procedure may
- benefit some patients. Peritoneovenous (PV) Shunting involves surgically
- placing a tube (a catheter) in the abdominal cavity that drains the ascitic
- fluid into the blood circulation.
-
- Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Liver transplants have been used to treat Hepatorenal patients who do not
- respond to other therapies.
-
- Researchers are investigating the effectiveness of introducing fresh
- frozen plasma into the patient's vein to treat Hepatorenal Syndrome.
-
- There is extensive ongoing research in determining the roles of drugs
- such as atrial natriuretic peptide, calcium channel blockers, prostacyclin,
- vasodilatory prostaglandins, the liver hormone glomerulopressin, and the
- surgical procedure lumbar sympathectomy in the treatment of acute kidney
- failure and the Hepatorenal Syndrome.
-
- Current research on liver diseases will hopefully shed more light on the
- understanding of Hepatorenal Syndrome.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Hepatorenal Syndrome, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- American Liver Foundation
- 1425 Pompton Ave.
- Cedar Grove, N.J. 07009
- (201) 857-2626
- (800) 223-0179
-
- Children's Liver Foundation
- 14245 Ventura Blvd.
- Sherman Oaks, CA 91423
- (818) 906-3021
-
- National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
- Box NKUDIC
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 468-6345
-
- References
-
- INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and
- Co., 1987. Pp. 187-194, 197, 757.
-
- THE HEPATORENAL SYNDROME: P.S. Kellerman & S.L. Linas; AKF Nephrology
- Letter (November, 1988: issue 5(4)). Pp. 47-54.
-
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEPATORENAL SYNDROME AND POTENTIAL FOR THERAPY:
- M. Levy; Am J Cardiol (December 14, 1987: issue 60(17)). Pp. 66I-72I.
-
-