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- $Unique_ID{BRK03709}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Endomyocardial Fibrosis}
- $Subject{Endomyocardial Fibrosis Davies' Disease EMF Loeffler's Disease
- Fibroelastic Endocarditis Loeffler Fibroplastic Parietal Endocarditis Loeffler
- Endomyocardial Fibrosis with Eosinophilia Left Ventricular Fibrosis Right
- Ventricular Fibrosis Biventricular Fibrosis}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1986 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 232:
- Endomyocardial Fibrosis
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Endomyocardial Fibrosis) is
- not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Davies' Disease
- EMF
- Loeffler's Disease
- Fibroelastic Endocarditis
- Loeffler Fibroplastic Parietal Endocarditis
- Loeffler Endomyocardial Fibrosis with Eosinophilia
-
- DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
-
- Left Ventricular Fibrosis
- Right Ventricular Fibrosis
- Biventricular Fibrosis
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Endomyocardial Fibrosis is a heart disease of unknown origin in which the
- most characteristic feature is a gross fibrosis of the lining of the heart
- cavities (the endocardium) of one or both ventricles. Fibrosis progresses
- towards constriction of the ventricular cavities and involvement of the
- chordae tendinae and atrioventricular valves. Loeffler's disease is a
- disease of the heart and small arteries, of unknown origin, characterized by
- eosinophilia, gross fibrosis of the endocardium, small vessel arteritis and
- infiltration of other organs. Endomyocardial Fibrosis is thought to be a
- late stage of Loeffler's disease by some authorities.
-
- Symptoms
-
- The main microscopic feature of Endomyocardial Fibrosis (as well as of
- Loeffler's disease) is fibrosis of the inner lining of the heart cavities
- (the endocardium). This means that the normal endocardium is replaced by
- dense collagen tissue, almost devoid of elastic fibers. The fibrotic lesions
- may be over 1 cm thick and may extend finger-like projections into the heart
- muscle (the myocardium).
-
- Fibrosis frequently affects the heart asymmetrically. It may specifically
- involves one or more of the following areas:
-
- 1. the top of the left ventricle
-
- 2. the posterior wall of the left ventricle including the fibrous cords
- that connect the valves to the ventricles (the chordae tendinae)
-
- 3. the apex of the right ventricle, extending backwards along the inflow
- tract and encasing the papillary muscles and chordae tendinae of the
- tricuspid valve.
-
- Thrombosis (blood clot) often develops on the surface of the fibrotic
- lesions. Calcification also may occur. Different forms of fibrosis may be
- distinguished depending on the area of the heart predominantly involved.
-
- Left ventricular fibrosis is characterized by restriction of circulation
- to the right ventricle and often mitral valve incompetence. This results in
- mitral regurgitation, left atrial dilatation, pulmonary venous hypertension,
- left ventricular enlargement, and first degree arteriovenous block. Atrial
- fibrillation, an atrial arrhythmia, is common. Chest x-ray may reveal a
- normal or only mildly enlarged heart silhouette except for left atrial
- enlargement and signs of pulmonary venous hypertension. The electrocardiogram
- (ECG) shows a low QRS voltage, non-specific ST segment and T-wave changes.
-
- Right ventricular fibrosis is characterized by restriction of circulation
- to the right ventricle often associated with tricuspid valve incompetence.
- This results in tricuspid regurgitation, right atrial dilatation and systemic
- venous hypertension. Symptoms include the clinical signs of tricuspid
- regurgitation associated with those of constrictive pericarditis such as
- stasis in the jugular veins with facial swelling (edema), enlarged spleen and
- liver (hepatosplenomegaly), and an accumulation of fluid in the abdominal
- cavity (ascites). Similar changes in the ECG as occur in left ventricular
- fibrosis are seen. On chest X-rays, right atrial enlargement will usually be
- seen.
-
- Biventricular fibrosis with circulation features are a mixture of the
- two forms listed above. That is, the symptoms are a combination of left and
- right ventricular fibrosis.
-
- The extracardiac manifestations of Loeffler's disease include emboli to
- the brain (stroke), spotty (petechial) hemorrhages, and an enlarged liver
- (hepatomegaly).
-
- Causes
-
- The cause of Endomyocardial Fibrosis is unknown. Both the presence of the
- filaria worm and diet have been incriminated in the past. An immunological
- mechanism is currently the most accepted explanation for most cases of
- Endomyocardial Fibrosis and Loeffler's disease.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Endomyocardial Fibrosis is principally an endemic disease of the equatorial
- tropics. It is exceedingly rare in Europe and North America. It affects all
- races, mostly children and young adults, although the disease has been
- described in patients over 60 years of age.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- The treatment of Endomyocardial Fibrosis is open heart surgery with a
- three-pronged attack:
-
- 1. endomyocardiectomy to allow normal diastolic ventricular filling
-
- 2. repair or replacement of the mitral or tricuspid valve (or both), to
- ensure valvular competence
-
- 3. leaving in place a portion of fibrous endocardium on the left
- ventricular septum to prevent postoperative heart block.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Endomyocardial Fibrosis, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- American Heart Association
- 7320 Greenville Avenue
- Dallas, TX 75231
- (214) 750-5300
-
- NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-4236
-
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
- 1600 Clifton Road, NE
- Atlanta, GA 30333
- (404) 639-3534
-
- References
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Eds.: W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 361-2.
-
-