home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- $Unique_ID{BRK03697}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Eisenmenger Syndrome}
- $Subject{Eisenmenger Syndrome Eisenmenger Complex Eisenmenger Disease
- Eisenmenger Reaction Pulmonary Hypertension, Primary}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 426:
- Eisenmenger Syndrome
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Eisenmenger Syndrome) is
- not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next
- page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders
- covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Eisenmenger Complex
- Eisenmenger Disease
- Eisenmenger Reaction
-
- Information on the following disorder can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Pulmonary Hypertension, Primary
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Eisenmenger Syndrome is characterized by a large opening in the wall of
- the heart which separates the heart chambers (ventricular septal defect).
- The flow of blood between the heart and lungs meets with resistance
- (pulmonary vascular resistance, PVR). This resistance increases as the child
- matures, resulting in high lung (pulmonary) artery pressure. Blood that has
- lost its oxygen during circulation through the body needs to pass through the
- lungs to take up oxygen again. The high pulmonary artery pressure in
- patients with Eisenmenger Syndrome causes increasing difficulty breathing
- (dyspnea), insufficient levels of oxygen in the blood, and swelling (edema)
- of lung tissue. Some patients can do well until age 40 or 50 when their
- condition may begin to deteriorate.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Symptoms of Eisenmenger Syndrome are usually not detected during the first
- few months of life, although some infants may experience difficulty breathing
- while feeding. Onset of noticeable symptoms usually occurs between the ages
- of 5 to 15 years, when a slight blue discoloration of the skin (cyanosis) may
- occur, especially during exertion.
-
- Signs of this heart defect may be difficult to detect during infancy
- since there may not be an audible murmur caused by blood flow through the
- defective area of the heart. However, as the child grows older a heart
- murmur may become detectable and the skin may appear bluish (central
- cyanosis) because blood in the arteries does not carry a sufficient amount of
- oxygen. When an abnormal opening between the aorta and the pulmonary artery
- remains after birth (persistent ductus arteriosus), the feet will appear more
- bluish than the hands (differential cyanosis). Swelling due to proliferation
- of the soft tissue at the ends of fingers and toes (clubbing) may also occur.
-
- Patients with Eisenmenger Syndrome have an abnormally low blood pressure
- as a result of the reduced volume of blood pumped by the heart. Random
- contractions of the upper heart chamber causing an irregular, often rapid
- heart rate (atrial fibrillation), may also occur late in the course of the
- disorder. The blood pressure measured in the jugular vein is moderately
- raised. Medical examination usually reveals enlargement of the right
- ventricle and closure of the pulmonary valve.
-
- When a physician listens to the heart sounds of a patient with
- Eisenmenger Syndrome, signs of high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries
- may be identified through the following clues:
-
- 1. A right atrial fourth sound reflecting enlargement (hypertrophy) of
- the right atrium.
- 2. A high-pitched clicking sound may occur during contraction of the
- heart (pulmonary ejection click), and a periodic murmur reflecting a widened
- pulmonary artery.
- 3. A loud pulmonary second sound may be transmitted to the tip (apex) of
- the heart caused by high blood pressure closing the valve forcibly.
- 4. A regurgitant murmur during relaxation (diastole) of the heart, down
- the left edge of the breast bone (sternum) may result from backflow of blood
- from the pulmonary arteries (pulmonary incompetence).
- 5. A heart murmur may occur throughout the period of contraction of the
- heart (pansystolic murmur) caused by incomplete closure of the tricuspid
- valve. (This valve normally permits blood flow from the right atrium to the
- right ventricle and not in the other direction.)
-
- Failure of the right heart ventricle to pump blood properly is
- characterized by breathlessness and water retention in body tissues which
- often results in swelling (edema).
-
- Expectoration of blood (hemoptysis) may occur in advanced stages of
- Eisenmenger Syndrome. Chest X-rays may show enlarged pulmonary arteries
- close to the lungs and insufficient levels of blood (ischemia) in vessels
- farther from the lungs. The right upper heart chamber (atrium) may become
- enlarged with time. Tissue death due to lack of blood and oxygen in the
- lungs (pulmonary infarction) is usually caused by an obstruction (embolus) in
- a pulmonary vessel. This may occur during late stages of the disorder.
- These changes may be detected by an electrocardiogram (ECG).
-
- Causes
-
- Eisenmenger Syndrome is a defective development of the fetal heart during
- pregnancy, possibly occurring during the first trimester. Scientists do not
- know the exact cause of this birth defect.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Eisenmenger Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorder may be similar to Eisenmenger Syndrome.
- Comparisons can be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Primary Pulmonary
- Hypertension is a condition characterized by high blood pressure caused by
- obstruction of branches of the pulmonary artery between the lung and the
- heart. Symptoms of this condition include difficulty breathing (dyspnea)
- after strenuous exercise, feelings of fatigue and weakness.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of Eisenmenger Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. No specific
- treatment is available to lower the pulmonary vascular resistance that builds
- up between the heart and lungs. Once a left to right blood flow has been
- established, surgical repair of the opening between the right and left
- ventricles is usually not advisable because this might create symptoms
- similar to primary pulmonary hypertension.
-
- Anticlotting (anticoagulant) drugs should be avoided because of the risk
- of bleeding in the lungs.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Combined heart and lung transplantation has been performed on patients with
- Eisenmenger Syndrome with a 70% success rate. However, this procedure should
- be attempted only in the most serious cases.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- June 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Eisenmenger Syndrome, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-4236
-
- For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- ABNORMAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE VENTRICLES IN HEARTS WITH AN OVERRIDING AORTIC
- VALVE AND A PERIMEMBRANOUS VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT ("EISENMENGER VSD"): A.
- Oppenheimer-Dekker, et al.; International Journal Cardiol (November 1985:
- issue 9,3). Pp. 341-355.
-
- COMBINED HEART AND LUNG TRANSPLANTATION: S. W. Jamieson et al.; Lancet
- (May 21, 1983: issue 1 (8334)). Pp. 1130-1132.
-
- EISENMENGER'S SYNDROME AND PREGNANCY: S. Lieber, et al.; Acta Cardiol
- (Brux) (1985: issue 40,4). Pp. 421-424.
-
-