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- $Unique_ID{BRK03636}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Crouzon Disease}
- $Subject{Crouzon Disease Craniofacial Dysostosis Craniostenosis Crouzon
- Craniofacial Dysostosis Acrocephalosyndactyly II Apert-Crouzon Disease
- Oxycephaly-Acrocephaly Virchow's Oxycephaly Vogt's Cephalosyndactyly Apert
- Syndrome Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome Carpenter Syndrome Craniosynostosis}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1987, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders,
- Inc.
-
- 419:
- Crouzon Disease
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Crouzon Disease) is not the
- name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to
- find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and relate disorders covered by
- this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Craniofacial Dysostosis
- Craniostenosis
- Crouzon Craniofacial Dysostosis
- Acrocephalosyndactyly II
- Apert-Crouzon Disease
- Oxycephaly-Acrocephaly
- Virchow's Oxycephaly
- Vogt's Cephalosyndactyly
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Apert Syndrome
- Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome
- Carpenter Syndrome
- Craniosynostosis
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Crouzon Disease is a genetic disorder characterized by abnormalities in
- the skull, face, and brain caused by premature hardening of the skull. The
- skull is made up of several bony plates initially joined by fibrous
- connective tissue which normally fuse together and harden over a period of
- several years after growth of the brain. Facial deformities are often
- present at birth and may progress with time. Vision disturbances and
- deafness can develop in some cases. With treatment, pressure inside the
- skull may be relieved and major symptoms may improve.
-
- Symptoms
-
- In Crouzon Disease ocular symptoms may include an unusually wide distance
- between the eyes, a condition in which the eyes do not look in the same
- direction (strabismus), and protrusion of the eyeballs. Swelling of the
- optic disk inside the eye and optic atrophy may develop. Impaired vision
- and/or hearing loss may be present in some cases. The nose may be beak-
- shaped and can have a defect in the dividing cartilage (deviated septum).
- The upper jaw may be underdeveloped, the upper lip shortened, and the lower
- lip and tongue tend to protrude. The head may be pointed, the forehead
- widened, and in some cases the roof of the mouth (palate) may be high, arched
- or shortened. Dental malformations may also occur. Without early treatment,
- increased pressure in the skull may cause headaches, vomiting and/or
- convulsions. Facial features may continue to change with time. In severe
- cases, mental impairment may develop as a consequence of increased pressure
- on the brain and cranial nerves.
-
- Causes
-
- Crouzon Disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Symptoms are
- caused by premature fusion or closure of the fibrous or "soft" parts of the
- skull. When this happens, the brain and face may not be able to grow
- normally. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the
- product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from
- the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of
- the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be
- expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the
- disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to
- offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting
- child.)
-
- Affected Population
-
- Crouzon Disease affects males and females in equal numbers. Onset occurs
- before birth. It is a very rare craniofacial disorder.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to Crouzon Disease.
- Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Apert Syndrome, also known as Acrocephalosyndactyly Type I, is
- characterized by fused or webbed fingers and toes (syndactyly), a pointed
- head, other skeletal and facial abnormalities, and mental retardation. It is
- inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Symptoms are present at birth.
- (For more information on Apert Syndrome, choose "Apert" as your search term
- in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome, also known as Acrocephalosyndactyly Type III,
- is a hereditary disorder involving various craniofacial and skeletal
- malformations with abnormalities of the skin on the toes and fingers. Short
- stature, and in some cases mild to moderate mental retardation may also
- occur. Facial characteristics may improve with time. (For more
- information on Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome, choose "Saethre-Chotzen" as your
- search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Carpenter Syndrome, also known as Acrocephalopolysyndactyly, is
- characterized by skeletal and skin abnormalities present at birth. Major
- symptoms may include a pointed head, abnormal shortness of fingers with
- webbing between them, and the presence of more than five toes on each foot.
- This disorder may sometimes be associated with mental retardation.
-
- Craniosynostosis is a bone growth abnormality caused by premature fusion
- or closure of the fibrous or "soft" parts of the skull. When this happens,
- the brain and face may not be able to grow normally. Craniosynostosis can be
- associated with a variety of genetic syndromes such as Crouzon Disease, or it
- can occur sporadically.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of Crouzon Disease involves surgery to relieve pressure inside the
- skull. This can be done by separating the bony sections and lining the seams
- between them with polyethylene or other materials to prevent fusion. Various
- other craniofacial reconstructive procedures may benefit patients allowing
- them to lead a normal life. Medication, corrective eye glasses, or eye
- surgery may help to correct various vision disturbances. Genetic counseling
- may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is
- symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Researchers at Johns Hopkins Hospital are trying to determine the genes
- responsible for craniofacial disorders. Physicians may contact Drs. Amy
- Feldman Lewanda or Ethylin Wang Jabs at: CMSC 10, Johns Hopkins Hospital,
- Baltimore, MD, 21205, (301) 955-0484.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- April 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Crouzon disease, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Forward Face
- 560 First Ave.
- New York, NY 10016
- (212) 263-5205
- (800) 422-FACE
-
- Meniere Crouzon Syndrome Support Network
- 2375 Valentine Dr., #9
- Prescott, AZ 86303
-
- National Craniofacial Foundation
- 3100 Carlisle Street, Suite 215
- Dallas, TX 75204
- 1-800-535-3643
-
- FACES
- National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
- P.O. Box 11082
- Chattanooga, TN 37401
- (615) 266-1632
-
- Society For the Rehabilitation of the Facially Disfigured, Inc.
- 550 First Avenue
- New York, NY 10016
- (212) 340-5400
-
- About Face
- 99 Crowns Lane
- Toronto, Ontario M6R 3PA
- Canada
- (416) 944-3223
-
- Let's Face It
- Box 711
- Concord, MA 01742
- (508) 371-3186
-
- For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES: A.B. Baker and Robert J. Joynt; In: Clinical
- Neurology. Harper & Row, Publishers. 1986, Revised Edition. Pp. 71-74.
-
- PREMATURE CLOSURE OF THE CRANIAL SUTURES: Lewis P. Roland and Charles
- Kennedy; In: Merritt's Textbook of Neurology. Lea & Febiger. 1984, 7th
- Edition. Pp. 376-379.
-
- THREE-DIMENSIONAL CAT SCAN RECONSTRUCTION--PEDIATRIC PATIENTS: K.E.
- Salyer, et al.; Clin Plast Surg (July 1986, issue 13(3)). 463-474.
-
-