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- $Unique_ID{BRK03621}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Conjunctivitis, Ligneous}
- $Subject{Conjunctivitis Ligneous Conjunctivitis Pink Eye Sjogren Syndrome
- Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 863:
- Conjunctivitis, Ligneous
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Ligneous Conjunctivitis) is
- not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next
- page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this
- article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
- Sjogren Syndrome
- Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Ligneous Conjunctivitis is a rare disorder that is characterized by
- recurrent lesions of the mucous membranes, especially in the eye. This
- disorder usually presents itself during childhood and may also be found in
- the mucous membranes of the larynx, vocal chords, nose, trachea, bronchi,
- vagina, cervix, and gingiva. The lesions in the mucous membranes have a
- wood-like (ligneous) consistency to them and are thick, firm, knotty and
- tough. The cause of this disorder is not known although there have been
- multiple cases of siblings with this condition suggesting an autosomal
- recessive inheritance.
-
- Symptoms
-
- The symptoms of Ligneous Conjunctivitis are redness of the membranes in the
- eye (conjunctivae), tearing of the eye that develops slowly and persists for
- a long periods of time, a false thin layer of tissue that covers the
- membranes of the eye (pseudomembranes) on and near the eyelids, and lesions
- of the mucous membranes that develop into tough, thick, firm, knotty masses
- replacing the normal mucous membranes. The changes in the mucous membranes
- have a wood-like (ligneous) consistency. These symptoms may be found in one
- or both eyes.
-
- Some patients with this disorder may also have wood-like lesions and
- inflammation of the mucous membranes in the larynx, vocal chords, nose,
- trachea, bronchi, vagina, cervix and/or gingiva.
-
- Ligneous Conjunctivitis has resolved itself spontaneously in some
- patients. An unusually large head caused by the abnormal dilation of the
- ventricles in the brain and the obstruction of the spinal fluid passages of
- the central nervous system (hydrocephalus), swelling of the trachea and
- bronchi (tracheobronchitis), respiratory problems (especially pneumonia), and
- airway obstruction due to recurrent growth of ligneous membranes have been
- found in association with this disorder in some patients.
-
- Causes
-
- The exact cause of Ligneous Conjunctivitis is not known. It may be an
- autoimmune disease which occurs when the body's natural defenses (e.g.,
- antibodies and lymphocytes) attack normal tissue for unknown reasons.
- Multiple cases of this disorder have occurred within the same family
- suggesting an autosomal recessive inheritance.
-
- Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of
- the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the
- mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a
- person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent.
- If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will
- be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk
- of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are
- carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of
- their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five
- percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each
- parent, and will be genetically normal.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Ligneous Conjunctivitis appears to affect males and females in equal numbers.
- This disorder usually appears during childhood, although it has presented
- itself in patients of all ages. There have been less than 100 reported cases
- in the medical literature with approximately 50 of them being well
- documented. Many cases of Ligneous Conjunctivitis have been observed in the
- country of Turkey.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Ligneous
- Conjunctivitis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Conjunctivitis, or "Pink Eye", is a common disorder caused by an
- infection of the outer lining of the eye and eyelids from bacteria or
- viruses. The eye becomes red and irritated with a sandy or burning feeling.
- The disease may follow a cold or sore throat, and is most common in children.
- Sticky pus is visible in the eye and can cause the eyelids to stick together.
- Pink Eye is highly contagious.
-
- Sjogren Syndrome is a degeneration of the mucous secreting glands,
- particularly the tear and saliva glands. There is a decreased production of
- tears and saliva because the glands that produce these secretions are
- destroyed. Patients complain of irritation, a gritty feeling, or painful
- burning in the eyes. Eyelids may stick together. Other patients may
- complain of mouth dryness. Food is difficult to swallow because it sticks to
- the cheeks, gum and throat. The exact cause of this disorder is not known
- although Sjogren Syndrome is known to be familial and may be inherited. (For
- more information on this disorder choose "Sjogren" as your search term in the
- Rare Disease Database).
-
- Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis is a common noncontagious, seasonal allergic
- disorder usually occuring during the spring or warm weather. Major symptoms
- include inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye, sensitivity to light,
- intense itching, and thick mucous discharge from the eyes. Vernal
- Keratoconjunctivitis is caused by a hypersensitivity or allergic reaction of
- the eyes to airborne allergens. (For more information on this disorder
- choose" Keratoconjunctivitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease
- Database).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of Ligneous Conjunctivitis is not always completely successful.
- The topical use of hyaluronidase and chymotrypsin before removing the
- affected membranes, as well as without removal of the affected membranes, has
- been successful in some patients.
-
- Repeated surgical stripping of the affected membranes often results in
- reoccurence unless the area is also treated with a topical ointment.
-
- Frequent treatment with topical cyclosporine has completely resolved the
- membrous problems in some, and slowed the recurrences in others. A
- ophthalmologic form of cyclosporine is being developed by Sandoz
- Pharmaceuticals.
-
- It has been found that surgical stripping of the affected membranes, when
- located in the trachea, is best accomplished when the anesthesia is given
- with a mask. This procedure eliminates the problem of the membranes becoming
- dislodged and obstructing the airways.
-
- Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families in
- cases where there is a history of this disorder among family members. Other
- treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July
- 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every
- entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please
- check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current
- information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- 203-746-6518
-
- NIH/National Eye Institute
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- 301-496-5248
-
- For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- 914-428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns
- Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1109.
-
- LIGNEOUS TRACHEOBRONCHITIS: AN UNUSUAL CASE OF AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION: M.F.
- Babcock, et al.; Anesthesiology (November, 1987, issue 67(5)). Pp. 819-21.
-
- LIGNEOUS CONJUNCTIVITIS: AN AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DISORDER: J.B. Bateman
- M.D., et al.; Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus (May/June,
- 1986, issue 23(3)). Pp. 137-40.
-
- IMMUNOHISTOLOGIC FINDINGS AND RESULTS OF TREATMENT WITH CYCLOSPORINE IN
- LIGNEOUS CONJUNCTIVITIS: E.J. Holland M.D., et al.; American Journal of
- Ophthalmology (February, 1989, issue 107)). Pp. 160-66.
-
- LIGENOUS CONJUNCTIVITIS WITH TRACHEAL OBSTRUCTION: A CASE REPORT, WITH
- LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY FINDINGS: T.J. Cooper, M.D., et al.; Canad J
- Ophthal (1979, issue 14(57)). Pp. 57-62.
-
- LIGNEOUS CONJUNCTIVITIS. A CLINICOPATHOLOGIC STUDY OF 17 CASES. A.A.
- Hidayat et al.; Ophthalmology (August, 1987, issue 94(8)). Pp. 949-59.
-
-