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- $Unique_ID{BRK03595}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Cholera}
- $Subject{Cholera Asiatic Cholera Epidemic Cholera}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1986 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 144:
- Cholera
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Cholera) is not the
- name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate
- names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Asiatic Cholera
- Epidemic Cholera
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section.
-
-
- Cholera is a bacterial infection involving the entire small intestine and
- marked by severe diarrhea and vomiting. Symptoms are caused by a toxin
- released by the Cholera bacteria. There are several varieties of these
- bacteria, which differ somewhat in the severity of illness they cause.
- Cholera is rare in the United States, but is endemic in India, the tropical
- parts of Asia, Korea, as well as in the Middle East and parts of Africa.
- With appropriate treatment, or in mild cases, the prognosis is good, with
- recovery within about a week; without treatment, mortality can be as high as
- fifty percent.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Symptoms of Cholera vary in severity. The mildest infections can be
- asymptomatic or mild, uncomplicated diarrhea for a few days. Severe Cholera
- can be life threatening.
-
- The first symptoms usually consist of painless diarrhea appearing very
- suddenly and associated with vomiting. Serious changes in water and salt
- balance occur when large amounts of fluid, sodium, chloride, potassium, and
- bicarbonate are lost in this way. Intense thirst, decreased urination,
- muscle cramps, and weakness can develop. The tissues may become soft and
- dehydrated so that the eyes look sunken and the skin wrinkled. The blood
- volume may decrease, with resulting low blood pressure and changes in pulse
- rate. Metabolic derangements such as acidosis and electrolyte abnormalities
- may develop. Circulatory collapse, cyanosis (bluish discoloration due to
- failure of the blood to carry sufficient amounts of oxygen to the tissues),
- and stupor can result if the illness is not treated. If blood volume remains
- low for extended periods of time, kidney damage with renal failure can also
- result.
-
- Causes
-
- The bacterium that causes Cholera is known as Vibrio cholerae, serogroup 01,
- and occurs as several, variably virulent, biotypes. The bacteria produce a
- protein that causes the wall of the small intestine to secrete large amounts
- of the fluid.
-
- Ingestion of water, seafood, vegetables, and other foods contaminated
- with the excrement of symptomatic or asymptomatic Cholera victims spreads the
- disease.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Cholera is endemic in India and parts of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa.
- In these areas, children are affected most often, with outbreaks occurring
- during the warmest part of the year.
-
- Cholera occasionally spreads to Europe, Japan, Australia, etc., where
- epidemics can occur at any time of the year and affect persons of all ages
- equally.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Cholera resembles the illness caused by enterotoxin producing strains of
- Escherichia coli. (E. coli normally inhabits the intestine without causing
- any symptoms or abnormalities whatsoever, but occasionally virulent strains
- appear). Some salmonella or shigella infections also produce similar
- clinical features.
-
- Related bacteria of the Vibrio genus that do not produce toxins can cause
- stomach and intestinal inflammation (gastroenteritis). Pancreatic Cholera is
- not a bacterial disease at all. Clinical symptoms and complications similar
- to those of true Cholera result from dysfunction of the pancreas, usually due
- to a tumor in that organ.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- The symptoms of mild or uncomplicated cases of Cholera resolve spontaneously
- within 3 to 6 days of onset, and the bacteria disappear with two weeks.
-
- Treatment of patients in shock or circulatory collapse aims to restore
- blood pressure and electrolyte balance to normal levels quickly. Various
- solutions containing salts and glucose or lactate, administered
- intravenously, will accomplish this. The patient should also be given as
- large amounts of fluids by mouth as tolerated. Plasma and related products,
- and drugs raising blood pressure are useless in Cholera, and should not be
- administered. After the initial crisis is over, patients may continue on
- intravenous fluid and salt replacement, or these substances may be given
- orally to replace stool losses.
-
- The pathogenic bacteria can be eliminated with antibiotics, and this will
- usually prevent severe illness if administered early. Tetracycline is the
- preferred antibiotic. Furazolidone is effective against resistant strains of
- the bacteria.
-
- To prevent Cholera outbreaks, water supplies must be purified and human
- excrement disposed of properly. Individuals in areas where Cholera poses a
- threat should boil water and avoid eating uncooked vegetables. Cholera
- vaccines exist, but they offer only partial protection, and require booster
- injections every 6 months. Tetracycline may be used prophylactically to
- protect against cholera if exposed to contaminated food or water.
-
- Persons living in endemic areas usually develop immunity to the Cholera
- bacterium. Americans travelling to susceptible areas of the world should be
- vaccinated against this disorder.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Cholera, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
- 1600 Clifton Road
- Atlanta, GA 30333
- (404) 639-3311
-
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5717
-
- References
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme
- Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 91, 773, 1064.
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1651-3, 1388-9.
-
-