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- $Unique_ID{BRK03462}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Anemia, Hemolytic, Warm Antibody}
- $Subject{Anemia Hemolytic Warm Antibody Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Warm
- Reacting Antibody Disease Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria Cold Antibody
- Hemolytic Anemia Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia Lymphoma Lupus Erythematosus }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 770:
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Warm Antibody
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Warm Antibody
- Hemolytic Anemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM
- listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this
- article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
- Warm Reacting Antibody Disease
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria
- Cold Antibody Hemolytic Anemia
- Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia
- Lymphoma
- Lupus Erythematosus
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Warm Antibody Hemolytic Anemia is an autoimmune disorder characterized by
- the premature destruction of red blood cells by the body's natural defenses
- against invading organisms (antibodies). Normally, the red blood cells have
- a life span of approximately 120 days before they are removed by the spleen.
- In an individual affected with Warm Antibody Hemolytic Anemia, the red blood
- cells are destroyed prematurely and bone marrow production of new cells can
- no longer compensate for their loss. The severity of the anemia is
- determined by the time the red blood cells are allowed to survive and by the
- capacity of the bone marrow to continue new red blood cell production.
-
- Immune Hemolytic Anemias are subdivided by the optimal temperature at
- which the antibodies destroy red blood cells. As their names imply, Warm
- Antibody Hemolytic Anemia occurs at temperatures of 37 degrees Centigrade or
- higher while Cold Antibody Hemolytic Anemia occurs usually at lower
- temperatures of. (For more information on this disorder, choose " Cold
- Antibody Hemolytic Anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Symptoms
-
- The severity of symptoms of Warm Antibody Hemolytic Anemia is determined by
- the rate of onset, the rate of destruction of healthy red blood cells and the
- presence of an underlying disorder. Symptoms will vary from person to
- person. If the anemia has a sudden onset, the affected individual will
- usually experience pallor, fatigue, difficulty breathing upon exertion,
- dizziness and palpitations. When the onset is more gradual the anemia is
- usually less severe, and the patient may show no symptoms. Yellowing of the
- skin (jaundice) and enlargement of the spleen are commonly present.
-
- Causes
-
- In an individual affected with Warm Antibody Hemolytic Anemia, certain cells
- (antibodies) which normally attack bacteria mistakenly attack and destroy
- healthy red blood cells. Approximately 25% of reported cases of this
- disorder occur for unknown reasons while an estimated 65% are the result of
- some underlying disorder such as Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia or other
- diseases of the lymph system. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Rheumatoid
- Arthritis and Ulcerative Colitis are all associated with Warm Antibody
- Hemolytic Anemia. Another 10% to 15% of cases are believed to result from a
- reaction to certain medications such as methyldopa.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Anyone may develop Warm Antibody Hemolytic Anemia. Individuals with certain
- diseases which produce abnormalities of the immune system are at higher risk.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Warm Antibody
- Hemolytic Anemia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria (PCH) is an extremely rare autoimmune
- hemolytic disorder characterized by a disintegration of red blood cells
- (hemolysis) occurring minutes to hours after exposure to cold. Symptoms
- include severe pain in the back and legs, headache, vomiting, diarrhea and
- passage of blood in the urine (hemoglobinuria). There may be temporary
- enlargement of the liver and spleen. This disorder is most frequently
- associated with viral infections such as chickenpox and mumps. (For more
- information on this disorder, choose "Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria " as
- your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Cold Antibody Hemolytic Anemia is a rare autoimmune hemolytic disorder in
- which red blood cells are attacked and destroyed by the body's natural
- defenses (antibodies) particularly at lower than normal temperatures.
- Symptoms may include weakness, dizziness, headache, ringing in the ears
- (tinnitus), spots before the eyes, fatigue, drowsiness, irritability and
- bizarre behavior. Absent menstruation, gastrointestinal complaints,
- yellowing of the skin (jaundice) and enlargement of the spleen may also occur
- along with the passage of dark urine (hemoglobinuria). (For more information
- on this disorder, choose "Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria" as your search term
- in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- The following disorders may precede the development of Warm Antibody
- Hemolytic Anemia. They can be useful in identifying an underlying cause of
- some forms of this disorder:
-
- Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia is a disorder characterized by an excessive
- amount of white blood cells in the bone marrow, spleen, liver and blood. As
- the disease progresses, the leukemic cells invade other areas of the body
- including the intestinal tract, kidneys, lungs, gonads and lymph nodes.
- Symptoms of Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia may include fatigue, weakness,
- itchiness, night sweats, abdominal discomfort or weight loss. An enlarged
- spleen is usually discovered upon physical examination.
-
- Lymphoma is a malignant growth which most commonly occurs in the lymph
- nodes, spleen and other areas involved in the body's immune system
- (lymphoreticularsystem). The major types of this disorder are Hodgkin's
- Disease and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. (For more information on this disorder,
- choose "Hodgkin's Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Lupus Erythematosus is an inflammatory connective tissue disease that can
- affect many parts of the body including the joints, skin and internal organs.
- Lupus is a disease of the body's immune system, most often striking young
- women between the ages of 15 and 35 years. The symptom for which Lupus was
- originally named, a butterfly-shaped red rash across the bridge of the nose
- and cheeks, is found in only five percent of newly diagnosed patients.
- Arthritic symptoms such as painfully inflamed joints are much more common.
- (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lupus" as your search term in
- the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Warm Antibody Hemolytic Anemia is usually treated with corticosteroid drugs
- and can usually be well controlled with proper treatment. For the small
- number of cases which do not respond to corticosteroid therapy,
- immunosuppressive drugs may be administered. Severe cases may require
- removal of the spleen. In affected individuals with an underlying disorder,
- treatment of the disorder usually brings marked improvement of the anemia.
- If the anemia is the result of medication, symptoms will usually subside upon
- discontinuance of the medication under a physician's supervision.
-
- Studies are being conducted in the use of Sandoglobulin as a treatment
- for Warm Antibody Hemolytic Anemia. Further investigation is needed to
- determine it's safety and effectiveness.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July
- 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every
- entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please
- check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current
- information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Warm Antibody Hemolytic Anemia, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-4236
-
- References
-
- INCOMPLETE WARM HEMOLYSINS. II. CORRESPONDING ANTIGENS AND PATHOGENIC
- MECHANISMS IN AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS INDUCED BY INCOMPLETE WARM
- HEMOLYSINS. M.W. Wolf et al.; CLIN IMMUNOPATHOL (April, 1989; issue 51 (1)).
- Pp. 68-76.
-
- PRODUCTION OF HUMAN WARM-REACTING RED CELL MONOCLONAL AUTOANTIBODIES BY
- EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS TRANSFORMATION. C. Andrzejewski et al.; TRANSFUSION
- (March-April, 1989: issue 29 (3)). Pp. 196-200.
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, M.D. et al.,
- eds; W.B. Saunders Company, 1988. Pp. 917-920.
-
- INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown
- and Co., 1987. Pp. 1057-1059.
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief;
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 1115.
-
-