CD-ROM Today (UK) (Spanish) 15/CDRT.iso/dp/0000/old3.txt

Text File | 1994-01-17 | 70KB | 1,571 lines

$Unique_ID{BRK00003}
$Pretitle{Glossary}
$Title{Glossary of Human Anatomy}
$Volume{Z-7}
$Subject{}
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Copyright (c) 1991-92,1993   Creative Multimedia


Glossary of Human Anatomy


Digestive System
     The DIGESTIVE SYSTEM is composed of the organs and glands which function
to digest the food we eat.  Its primary component is the digestive tract which
extends from the mouth to the anus.  The digestive tract is composed of the
mouth, ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, DUODENUM, SMALL INTESTINE, LARGE INTESTINE, and
ANUS.  Other organs, including the GALLBLADDER, PANCREAS, and LIVER, secrete
digestive enzymes which break down the food into readily absorbable molecules.

Digestive Tract
     The DIGESTIVE TRACT is composed of the mouth, ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH,
DUODENUM, SMALL INTESTINE, LARGE INTESTINE, and ANUS.

Teeth
     The TEETH are bonelike, calcified structures rooted in the MAXILLA and
MANDIBLE bones of the jaw.  They vary in shape for specific duties, such as
cutting, tearing, or grinding food into small particles.  Children have 20
temporary teeth, also called deciduous teeth or baby teeth.  These deciduous
teeth fall out and are replaced by 32 permanent adult teeth.  Also called the
dens (singular) and dentes (plural).

Salivary Glands
     The SALIVARY GLANDS are three pairs of glands that produce saliva.  These
glands are called the PAROTID, SUBMANDIBULAR, and SUBLINGUAL glands.  Saliva
keeps the mouth moist and also moistens and softens food.  Saliva contains
water, organic salts, serum albumin, globulin, leukocytes, mucin, and ptyalin.
Mucin is an oily carbohydrate that lubricates body surfaces and is the primary
component of mucus.  Ptyalin, also called alpha-amylase, acts to break down
starches into the sugar maltose.

Parotid
     The PAROTID SALIVARY GLANDS are the largest of the three pairs of
salivary glands.  It is located below and to the front of the ear.

Submandibular
     The SUBMANDIBULAR SALIVARY GLANDS are the round, walnut sized salivary
glands found beneath the MANDIBLE.

Sublingual
     The SUBLINGUAL SALIVARY GLANDS are located under the floor of the mouth
beneath the TONGUE.  They appear as elongated almond shaped structures and
weigh about 2 grams.

Tongue
     The TONGUE, also called the lingua muscle, is a muscular organ of the
mouth with multiple uses.  It has nerve endings that transmit the sense of
taste.  It moves food around in the mouth to be ground by the TEETH.  It helps
in swallowing with the ESOPHAGUS.  It also helps in speech along with the lips
and LARYNX.

Ascending Colon
     The ASCENDING COLON, also called the colon ascendens, is located between
the cecum and the right colic flexure.  The Colon is the part of the large
intestine which is between the CECUM and the RECTUM.  It is sometimes
inaccurately referred to as the LARGE INTESTINE which includes the CECUM.  The
colon receives the contents of the small intestine that were not absorbed into
the blood stream.  It functions to remove excess water to firm the feces.  The
colon is divided into the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid
colon.

Descending Colon
     The DESCENDING COLON, also called the colon descendens, is the part of
the colon that is located between the left colic flexure and the sigmoid colon
at the pelvic girdle.  The Colon is the part of the large intestine which is
between the CECUM and the RECTUM.  It is sometimes inaccurately referred to as
the LARGE INTESTINE which includes the CECUM.  The colon receives the contents
of the small intestine that were not absorbed into the blood stream.  It
functions to remove excess water to firm the feces.  The colon is divided into
the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon.

Transverse Colon
     The TRANSVERSE COLON, also called the colon transversum, lies between the
right and left colic flexures.  The Colon is the part of the large intestine
which is between the CECUM and the RECTUM.  It is sometimes inaccurately
referred to as the LARGE INTESTINE which includes the CECUM.  The colon
receives the contents of the small intestine that were not absorbed into the
blood stream.  It functions to remove excess water to firm the feces.  The
colon is divided into the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid
colon.

Sigmoid Colon
     The SIGMOID COLON, also called the colon sigmoideum, is the S-shaped part
of the colon that extends from the descending colon to the RECTUM.  The Colon
is the part of the large intestine which is between the CECUM and the RECTUM.
It is sometimes inaccurately referred to as the LARGE INTESTINE which includes
the CECUM.  The colon receives the contents of the small intestine that were
not absorbed into the blood stream.  It functions to remove excess water to
firm the feces.  The colon is divided into the ascending, transverse,
descending, and sigmoid colon.

Large Intestine
     The LARGE INTESTINE is the part of the digestive system that is between
the SMALL INTESTINE and the RECTUM.  It includes the APPENDIX, the CECUM, the
COLON, and the RECTUM.

Cecum
     The CECUM is the first chamber of the LARGE INTESTINE.  It connects to
the end of the SMALL INTESTINE and to the APPENDIX.

Duodenum
     The DUODENUM is the upper part of SMALL INTESTINE that connects the
STOMACH to the SMALL INTESTINE.  The DUODENUM wraps around the lower part of
the PANCREAS.  It receives digestive enzymes from both the PANCREAS and the
GALLBLADDER.

Gallbladder
     The GALLBLADDER is a small saclike organ that stores bile produced by the
LIVER and secretes the bile into the DUODENUM via the common hepatic duct
through an opening called the ampulla, during digestion.  Bile breaks down
fats to allow them to be absorbed by the SMALL INTESTINE.  It is also called
the cholecyst, vesica biliaris, and vesica fellea.

Liver
     The LIVER has over 500 functions and is the largest gland.  Some of its
major functions include:  producing bile, which is stored in the GALLBLADDER;
processing and storing glucose (blood sugar), fats, proteins, vitamins, and
other metabolic compounds; producing hemoglobin for red blood cells; and
converting poisonous ammonia to urea.  The LIVER purifies the blood by
removing old blood cells and renders poisons, including alcohol and nicotine,
inert.  The blood processing capacity of the liver is impressive, holding 1
pint at any given moment, which is about 13% of the total blood supply.  The
liver is divided into four main lobes with the right lobe being larger than
the rest.  It has approximately 100,000 smaller lobules.  Two separate blood
supplies serve the liver via the hepatic protal vein and the hepatic artery.
The adult liver weighs about 4 pounds in men and 3 pounds in women and has a
dark reddish-brown color.  The Liver is also called the Hepar.

Small Intestine
     The SMALL INTESTINE, also called the intestinum tenue, is the longest
organ of the digestive tract.  It starts at the STOMACH and ends at the LARGE
INTESTINE and has three parts:  the DUODENUM, the jejunum and the ileum.  Food
that has been broken down to the molecular level is absorbed into the blood
stream through the intestinal wall.

Stomach
     The STOMACH is a large semi-elastic, muscular organ, and is the primary
organ of the digestive system.  It lies between the esophagus and the duodenum
and is made up of muscle lined with a mucous membrane that contains blood
vessels, nerves and glands.  Masticated food and drink enter from the
esophagus and are mixed with acids and enzymes, then churned until they are
partially digested.  The mixture is then released into the duodenum through
the pyloric valve.  It is also called the gaster or ventriculus.

Appendix
     The APPENDIX, more accurately called the vermiform appendix, is a small
thin organ from three to six inches in length.  It is connected to the CECUM
and is part of the LARGE INTESTINE.  The function of the vermiform appendix is
unknown.  But blockage of it, a condition known as appendicitis, may cause
serious infection or rupture.  It is also known as appendix vermiformis.

Rectum
     The RECTUM, also called the intestinum rectum, is located after the
sigmoid COLON and leads to the ANAL CANAL.  It is the end of the intestinal
tract and collects the solid waste of the digestive system.  This waste is
defecated through the ANAL CANAL.

Anal Canal
     The ANAL CANAL is located after the RECTUM and is the end of the
intestinal tract.  It is 4 cm long and ends at the ANUS.  Feces from the
RECTUM move through the anal canal and leaves through the ANUS.

Anus
     The ANUS is the distal opening of the alimentary canal.  The opening of
the anus is controlled by the sphincter muscles which regulates the passage of
fecal matter out of the body.

Esophagus
     The ESOPHAGUS is approximately twenty-four centimeters long, starting
below the tongue at the pharynx and ending at the diaphragm where it meets the
stomach.  It is made up of a tube of muscle lined with mucous membrane and
covered by a fibrous coat.  Food and drink are transported from the mouth to
the stomach via a process of muscle contraction called peristalsis.  It is
also called the gullet.  Written also as oesophagus.

Pancreas
     The PANCREAS is an endocrine gland located behind and under the STOMACH.
The PANCREAS releases insulin that promotes carbohydrate metabolism, and it
releases glucagon that counters the insulin.  The PANCREAS also releases
enzymes that aid digestion of fats and proteins.

Spleen
     The SPLEEN is a reddish-purple organ found between the stomach and
diaphragm on the left side of the body.  It contains lymphoid tissue that
produces lymphocytes and antibodies.  These are used to remove old red blood
cells and foreign particles from the blood stream.

Uvula
     The Uvula is the small, conical fleshy tissue suspended from the center
of the soft palate at the back of the mouth.

Bones
     BONES are the 206 dense, mostly rigid connective organs that form the
skeleton, the support structure of the body.  Bones are made of osseous that
surrounds spongy tissue containing blood vessels and nerves.  Long bones
contain yellow marrow in the long spaces and red marrow in the ends near the
joints.  However, short bones, flat bones, bones of the skull, the breastbone
(STERNUM), the RIBS, and the backbones (vertebrae) contain just red marrow.
This red marrow is where red blood cells are formed.

Tarsals
     The TARSALS are seven bones of the ankle that connect to the TIBIA,
FIBULA, and METATARSAL bones.  The seven TARSAL bones are divided into two
groups, the proximal group which attaches to the METATARSALS, and the distal
group which attaches to the TIBIA and FIBULA.  The distal group is composed of
the talus, calcaneus, and navicular.  The proximal group is made up of the
cuboid and the three cuneiforms:  the lateral, the intermediate, and medial.
These bones are also called the tarsus, tarsus osseous, and ossa tarsi.

Calcaneus
     The CALCANEUS, also known as the heel bone, is the largest of the
TARSALS.  The TARSALS are seven bones of the ankle that connect to the TIBIA,
FIBULA, and METATARSAL bones.  The seven TARSAL bones are divided into two
groups, the proximal group which attaches to the METATARSALS, and the distal
group which attaches to the TIBIA and FIBULA.  The distal group is composed of
the talus, calcaneus, and navicular.  The proximal group is made up of the
cuboid and the three cuneiforms:  the lateral, the intermediate, and medial.
These bones are also called the tarsus, tarsus osseous, and ossa tarsi.

Humerus
     The HUMERUS is the bone of the upper arm.  It connects the SCAPULA bone
of shoulder to the RADIUS and ULNA bones of the forearm.  Also called the
humeral bone.

Maxilla
     The MAXILLA, also called the superior maxillary bone, is the central
facial bone of the skull that forms the upper jaw.

Zygomatic
     The ZYGOMATIC, also called the os zygomaticum, is the cheekbone that
supports the cavity of the EYE.

Ribs
     The RIBS are 12 pairs of thin bones that arch from the THORACIC VERTEBRAE
to the STERNUM and they comprise a protective "rib cage" around the HEART and
LUNGS.  The first seven ribs are called the "true ribs" for they connect as
described above.  However, the last five are called "false ribs" because ribs
8, 9, and 10 connect to rib 7 instead of to the STERNUM, and the last two are
called "floating ribs" because they do not connect at the ends.  Collectively
the RIBS are called the costae bones, os costae, os costale, and costal bones.

Sternum
     The STERNUM, also called the xiphoid bone but commonly called the
breastbone, is a flat vertical bone of the center chest that anchors the
CLAVICLE bones and the first seven RIBS.  The STERNUM has three portions
called (from top to bottom) the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.

Clavicle
     The CLAVICLE, also called the clavicula bone but commonly called the
collar bone, stretches from the top of the STERNUM to the shoulder joint and
forms the front of the shoulder girdle.

Metatarsals
     The METATARSALS, also called the ossa metatarsi and alternatively ossa
metatarsalia, are five bones of each foot that connect the TARSAL bones to the
PHALANGEAL bones OF THE FEET.

Phalanges of the Hand
     The PHALANGES OF THE HAND are 14 bones of the fingers in each hand, three
in each proper finger and two in each thumb, that originally connect to the
METACARPAL bones.  Singularly these bones are called phalanx, collectively
they are called the phalanges and ossa digitorum manus.  The names of these
bones may be confused with the names of the PHALANGEAL bones OF THE FEET.

Radius
     The RADIUS, also called the radial bone, is a bone of the thumb side of
the forearm that connects from the HUMERUS BONE at the elbow to the CARPAL
bones of the wrist.

Ulna
     The ULNA, also called the ulnar bone, is the larger bone of the forearm,
opposite thumb side, that connects from the HUMERUS bone of the elbow to the
CARPAL bones of the wrist.

Frontal
     The FRONTAL, also called the os frontale bone, is a large membrane bone
made two fused bones of the skull that form the forehead.

Frontalis
     The FRONTALIS is the muscle covering the forehand.  It connects to the
GALEA APONEUROTICA and to the upper FACIAL MUSCLES.

Fibula
     The FIBULA, also called the fibular bone, is the thin outer bone of the
foreleg that connects to the TIBIA bone at the knee and connects to the TIBIA
and TARSAL bones at the ankle.

Tibia
     The TIBIA, commonly called the shin bone, is the main bone of the foreleg
that connects to the FEMUR, PATELLA, and FIBULA bones at the knee, and
connects to the FIBULA and TARSAL bones at the ankle.

Metacarpals
     The METACARPALS, also called the ossa metacarpi and alternatively ossa
metacarpalia, are five bones of each hand, collectively called the metacarpus,
that connect the CARPAL bones to the PHALANGEAL bones OF THE HANDS.

Parietal
     The PARIETAL, also called the os parietale bone, is a membrane bone of
the skull between the FRONTAL and OCCIPITAL bones.

Occipital
     The OCCIPITAL, also called the os occipitale bone, is the lower back bone
of the skull connected to the PARIETAL and TEMPORAL bones.

Mandible
     The MANDIBLE, also called the inferior maxillary and the mandibula bone,
is the hinged lower jaw bone used for chewing and speaking.

Patella
     The PATELLA, commonly called the kneecap, is a roundish triangular bone
situated at the front of the knee and connects to the FEMUR and TIBIA bones.

Lumbar Vertebrae
     The LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, also called the vertebrae lumbales, are five bones
that comprise the largest and heaviest bones of the spinal column.  They
connect from the lowest THORACIC VERTEBRA to the SACRUM bone, and they support
the weight of all the bones above the pelvis.

Cervical Vertebrae
     The CERVICAL VERTEBRAE, also called the vertebrae cervicales, are the
first seven bones of the spinal collum containing the beginning of the SPINAL
CORD.  These are bones of the neck that connect the skull to the THORACIC
VERTEBRAE and to the rest of the body.

Coccyx
     The COCCYX, also called the os coccygis and coccygeal bone but commonly
called the tail bone, is a small triangular bone at the very end of the spine
fused to the SACRUM bone.  The COCCYX is actually three to five vertebrae
fused together and its name is derived from the cuckoo bird whose bill the
COCCYX resembles.

Ilium
     The ILIUM, also called the os ilii and iliac bone, is the largest bone of
the pelvis that connects to the SACRUM bone and to the PUBIS bone which all
cradle the SMALL INTESTINE and COLON.

Ischium
     The ISCHIUM, also called the os ischii and ischial bone, is one of the
two curved lower bones of the pelvis that connect to the PUBIS bones and
connect to each other with a thick cartilage joint called the symphysis pubis.
The OBTURATOR nerves pass through the loops made by the ISCHIUM bones called
obturator foramens.

Pubis
     The PUBIS, also called the os pubis and pubic bone, is a bone that forms
a ridge at the front and connects to the ILIUM and the ISCHIUM bones.  It has
a socket for the ball end of the FEMUR bone.

Sacrum
     The SACRUM is a triangular shaped bone that supports the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
and connects to the ILIUM bones and the COCCYX bone.  The SACRUM is actually
five fused vertebrae that make up the last of the spinal column.  The SACRUM
is also called the os sacrum, vertebrae sacrales, sacral vertebrae, and sacral
bone.

Scapula
     The SCAPULA, also called the scapular bone but commonly called the
shoulder blade, is a flat, triangular shaped bone that located at the back of
the shoulder and it forms the back part of the shoulder girdle.  The SCAPULA
has a socket shape on the end for the ball end of the HUMERUS bone.

Thoracic Vertebrae
     The THORACIC VERTEBRAE, also called the vertebrae thoracicae and
vertebrae thoracales, are 12 bones of the spinal column to which the RIBS are
attached.  THORACIC VERTEBRAE are composed of broad, thick plates called
lamina, an angled spinous process, and articular facets providing flexibility
to the upper back.  The vertebrae become thicker and larger as they descend
from the first to the twelfth and are separated by intervertebral disks.

Temporal
     The TEMPORAL, also called the os temporale, is a bone of the side of the
skull that is located around the EAR.  It connects to all other bones of the
skull and provides a hinge for the MANDIBLE bone.

Femur
     The FEMUR, also called the femoral bone and os femorale but commonly
called the thigh bone, is the largest and longest bone of the body.  The FEMUR
has a ball shaped end that fits into the socket of the PUBIS bone at the hip
joint and it connects to the TIBIA bone and the PATELLA at the knee.

Phalanges of the Foot
     The PHALANGES OF THE FOOT are 14 bones of the toes, three in each toe
except the big toes, that originally connect to the METATARSAL bones.
Singularly these bones are called phalanx and collectively they are called the
phalanges and ossa digitorum pedis.  The names of these bones may be confused
with the various names of the PHALANGEAL Bones OF THE HANDS.

Carpals
     The CARPALS are 8 bones of each wrist arranged in two rows, that connect
the RADIUS and ULNA bones to the METACARPAL bones.  Collectively these bones
are called the carpus, ossa carpi, and ossa carpalia.  The individual CARPAL
bones are called (from thumb to little finger) trapezium, trapezoid, capitate,
and hamate, and (from RADIUS to ULNA) scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and
pisiform.

Muscles
     The MUSCLES are connective organs made of fibrous tissue that can
contract in order to cause motion of bones, blood, and various organs.  There
are three types of muscle tissue:  CARDIAC, SMOOTH, and STRIATED MUSCLE.  All
muscles may be alternatively called musculus . . . (regular muscle name).
Example:  musculus rectus abdominis instead of rectus abdominis muscle.

Rectus Abdominis
     The RECTUS ABDOMINIS is a muscle of the length of the abdomen that flexes
the spinal collum, tenses the STOMACH and SMALL INTESTINE, and helps compress
contents of the digestive tract.

Latissimus Dorsi
     The LATISSIMUS DORSI is a muscle of the back under the arm that aids in
motion of the upper arm relative to the torso and counteracts the PECTORALIS
MAJOR muscle.

Soleus
     The SOLEUS is a muscle of the calves that flex the instep of the foot.

Pectoralis Major
     The PECTORALIS MAJOR is a muscle of the chest that controls motion of the
arm toward the torso.

Trapezius
     The TRAPEZIUS is a muscle of the neck and back that controls torsion of
the head.

Brachialis
     The BRACHIALIS, also called the brachial muscle, is a muscle of the arm
that helps flex the forearm.

Facial Muscles
     The FACIAL MUSCLES are muscles of the face that include the orbicularis
oculi of the eyes, the nasalis of the nose, the greater zygomatic of the cheek
bones, the orbicularis of the mouth, the masseter of the cheek, the depressor
anguli oris and depressor labii inferior of the chin, and the platysma of the
jaw.

Extensor Digitorum Longus
     The EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS, also called the long extensor muscle of
the toes, is a muscle of the foot that lifts the toes.

Brachioradialis
     The BRACHIORADIALIS, aslo called the brachioradial muscle, is a muscle of
the arm that helps flex the forearm.

Flexor Carpi Radialis
     The FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS, also called the radial flexor muscle of the
wrist, is a muscle of the forearm that flexes the wrist.

Anconeus
     The ANCONEUS is a muscle of the elbow that extends the forearm.

Dorsal Interosseous
     The DORSAL INTEROSSEOUS, also called the interossei dorsales manus
muscles, are four muscles of the hand that flex the PHALANGEAL bones OF THE
HAND.

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
     The EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS, also called the ulnar extensor muscle, is a
muscle of the forearm that moves the wrist back.

Extensor Digitorum
     The EXTENSOR DIGITORUM is a muscle of the forearm that flexes the wrist
and the fingers.

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
     The FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS, also called the ulnar flexor muscle of the
wrist, is a muscle of the forearm that moves the wrist.

Anterior Tibial
     The ANTERIOR TIBIAL, also called the tibialis anterior muscle, is a
muscle of the foreleg that helps extend the foreleg.

Peroneus Longus
     The PERONEUS LONGUS, also called the long peroneal muscle, is a muscle of
the foreleg that flexes the outstep of the foot.

Gluteus Medius
     The GLUTEUS MEDIUS, also called the middle gluteal muscle, is a muscle of
the hip that controls motion of the thigh.

Plantar
     The PLANTAR, also called the plantaris muscle, starts at the back of the
knee and is used to flex the foot.

Rectus Femoris
     The RECTUS FEMORIS is a muscle of the thigh that follows the FEMUR bone
and is used in flexing the thigh.

Sartorius
     The SARTORIUS, longest muscle of the body, is a muscle of the leg that
moves the leg up and out, principally used in walking.

Biceps of the Leg
     The BICEPS OF THE LEG, also called the biceps femoris muscle, is a muscle
of the back of the leg that splits into two parts and extends the upper leg
and flexes the foreleg.

Sternocleidomastoid
     The STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID, also called the sterocleidomastoideus muscle, is
m Splenius Capitis The Splenius Capitis is a muscle of the back of the neck
that rotates the head back.

Serratus Anterior
     The SERRATUS ANTERIOR is a muscle that stretches from the RIBS under the
arm to the SCAPULA bone, this muscle is used to raise the shoulder and arm.

Gluteus Maximus
     The GLUTEUS MAXIMUS, also called the gluteal muscle, is the largest
muscle of the buttocks that rotates the thigh.

Deltoid
     The DELTOID, also called the deltoideus muscle, is a muscle of the
shoulder joint that controls the motion of the arm away from the torso.

Teres Major
     The TERES MAJOR is a thick, flat muscle of the shoulder.  It pulls
forward, extends, and rotates the arm to the middle.

Occipitalis
     The OCCIPITALIS, also called the venter occipitalis muscle, is a muscle
of the back of the skull that connects to the GALEA APONEUROTICA and the
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID and TRAPEZIUS muscles.

Gracilis
     The GRACILIS is a muscle of the thigh that flexes the leg and knee.

Semimembranosus
     The SEMIMEMBRANOSUS is a muscle of the back of the leg that extends the
upper leg and flexes the foreleg.

Abductor Pollicis Brevis
     The ABDUCTOR POLLICIS BREVIS is a muscle of the thumb that controls its
motion.

Abductor Pollicis Longus
     The ABDUCTOR POLLICIS LONGUS is a muscle of the wrist that flexes the
hand thumb side.

External Oblique
     The EXTERNAL OBLIQUE, also called the obliquus externus abdominis muscle,
is a muscle on the side of the abdomen that helps to hold the contents of the
digestive tract.  It is also used in urination, defecation, vomiting, forced
exhalation, and child birth.  This muscle also flexes the spinal collum from
side to side.

Biceps of the Arm
     The BICEPS OF THE ARM, also called the biceps brachii muscle, is a muscle
of the upper arm that splits into two parts and flexes the arm and forearm.

Triceps
     The TRICEPS, also called the triceps brachii muscle, is a muscle of the
arm that splits into three parts and extends the forearm and moves the arm
closer to the torso.

Cardiac Muscle
     The CARDIAC MUSCLE is the muscle tissue of the HEART with microscopic
spacing between the fibers.  CARDIAC MUSCLE performs long-term rhythmic
contractions as needed for the HEART to pump blood.

Smooth Muscle
     SMOOTH MUSCLE is the tissue of involuntary muscles (not under conscious
control) as found in the STOMACH, the SMALL INTESTINE, and the BLADDER.

Striated Muscle
     STRIATED MUSCLE is standard voluntary muscle tissue made of semiseparated
fibers with alternating light and dark bands.

Sternohyoid
     The STERNOHYOID is a muscle of the neck near the CLAVICLE.  It is used
for swallowing and speaking.

Temporalis
     The TEMPORALIS, also called the temporal muscle, is a muscle on the side
of the skull.  It is used to close the jaw, especially when chewing.

Pronator Teres
     The PRONATOR TERES is a muscle of the forearm that turns the hand
backward and downward.

Lumbo Dorsal Fascia
     The LUMBO DORSAL FASCIA is the connective tissue between the LATISSIMUS
DORSI and the GLUTEUS MAXIMUS.

Palmaris Longus
     The PALMARIS LONGUS is a long thin muscle of the forearm that flexes the
hand.

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
     The EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS BREVIS is a muscle of the forearm that
extends the hand.

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
     The EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS is a muscle of the forearm that
extends and flexes the hand toward the thumb.

Linea Alba
     The LINEA ALBA is a tendon that runs along the middle line of the
abdomen.  It extends from the STERNUM to the pubic area and contains the
navel.

Semitendinosus
     The SEMITENDINOSUS is one the back thigh muscles that help move the leg.

Iliotibial Tract
     The ILIOTIBIAL TRACT is a tendon on the side of the leg that connects the
TENSOR FACIAE LATAE and lower GLUTEUS MAXIMUS to the knee.

Tensor Fasciae Latae
     The TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE is a muscle of the hip that flexes the thigh.

Vastus Lateralis
     The VASTUS LATERALIS is the largest the quadriceps femoris muscle located
on the outside of the thigh.  It is used to extend the leg.

Vastus Medialis
     The VASTUS MEDIALIS is one of the quadriceps femoris muscles located on
the inside of the thigh.  It is used to extend the leg.

Achilles Tendon
     The ACHILLES TENDON is a tendon of the calf.  It connects the
GASTROCNEMIUS muscle to the CALCANEUS (heel) bone.  Thus it is also called the
calcaneal tendon as well as tendo calcaneus.

Lateral Malleolus
     The LATERAL MALLEOLUS is the tendon of the outside ankle that wraps
around the outer TARSALS.

Extensor Hallucis Longus
     The EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS is the muscle of the lower leg that flexes
the big toe up.

Inferior Extensor Retinaculum
     The INFERIOR EXTENSOR RETINACULUM is a tendon of the front of the ankle
that wraps around the EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS and EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
tendons of the toes.

Superior Extensor Retinaculum
     The SUPERIOR EXTENSOR RETINACULUM is a tendon that wraps around the front
upper ankle.

Ear
     The EARS are complex hollow organs that provide the senses of hearing and
ballance as they are sensitive to both sound and air pressure.  Sound
vibrations in the air vibrate the eardrum in the outer ear, and that vibration
is amplified by the tiny bones of the middle ear called malleus, incus, and
stapes.  This vibration than travels through the cochlea of the inner ear, a
seashell shaped organ that contains hairlike receptors which in turn vibrate
and stimulate the auditory nerves that send impulses to the BRAIN to be
interpreted as sound.

Nerves
     Nerves are fiber bundles that connect the BRAIN to the organs of the
body.  Through chemical-electric transmission nerves transmit impulses such as
sensory input and motor stimuli.

Medial Nerve
     The MEDIAL NERVE, also called the medianus nerve, is a nerve that extends
along the forearm and hand and connects to the muscles and skin of those body
parts.

Radial Nerve
     The RADIAL NERVE, also called the radialis nerve, is a nerve that
connects to skin and muscles of the arm.

Ulnar Nerve
     The ULNAR NERVE, also called the ulnaris nerve, is a nerve that connects
to skin and muscles of the arm.

Facial Nerve
     The FACIAL NERVE, also called the facialis nerve, is a nerve that
transmits motor and sensory impulses to and from the face and jaw.

Peroneal Nerve
     The PERONEAL NERVE, also called the peroneus nerve, is a nerve that
branches off the FEMORAL nerve and follows the TIBIA bone connecting to the
outer leg and foot.

Femoral Nerve
     The FEMORAL NERVE, also called the femoralis nerve, is a the major nerve
of the thigh that branches into the SAPHENOUS and PERONEAL nerves and other
nerves of the upper leg.

Saphenous Nerve
     The SAPHENOUS NERVE, also called the saphenus nerve, is a the longest
nerve branch from the FEMORAL nerve that connects to the knee, calf, and
ankle.

Sciatic Nerve
     The SCIATIC NERVE, also called the ischiadicus and ischiadic nerve, is a
nerve that stretches through the thigh, leg, and foot connecting to skin and
muscles of all those body parts.

Accessory Nerve
     The ACCESSORY NERVE, also called the accessorius nerve, is a nerve that
is necessary for speaking, swallowing, and some head and shoulder movements.

Cervical Nerves
     The CERVICAL NERVES are eight pairs of nerves, one pair per CERVICAL
VERTEBRA, that branch off the SPINAL CORD and lead to all parts of the upper
body.

Great Auricular Nerve
     The GREAT AURICULAR NERVE, also called the auricularis magnus, is a nerve
that transmits impulses to and from the Ear.

Hypoglossal Nerve
     The HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE, also called the hypoglossus nerve, is a nerve that
is the lowest of the cranial nerves that connects to the TONGUE.

Phrenic Nerve
     The PHRENIC NERVE, also called the phrenicus nerve, is a nerve that
connects to the DIAPHRAGM and helps control breathing.

Vagus Nerve
     The VAGUS NERVE is a nerve that transmits impulses to and from the HEART
and LUNGS.

Lumbosacral Nerve Trunk
     The LUMBOSACRAL NERVE TRUNK is a combination of the LUMBAR, SACRAL, and
COCCYGEAL nerves that connect to the pelvic area and leg.

Obturator Nerve
     The OBTURATOR NERVE, also called the obturatorius nerve, is a nerve of
the groin that comes from the bottom of the SPINAL CORD through the obturator
foramens, openings made by the ISCHIUM bones of the pelvis.

Sacral Nerve Plexus
     The SACRAL NERVE PLEXUS, also called the sacrales nerves, is a
combination of the lowest spinal nerves that when combined turn into the
SCIATIC nerve.

Thoracic Nerves
     The THORACIC NERVES, also called the thoracici nerves, are 12 pairs of
nerves that project from the THORACIC VERTEBRAE around the walls of the torso.
The first two "intercostal" nerves connect to the shoulders and chest.  The
next four connect along the upper RIBS.  The lower five connect to the walls
of the chest and abdomen.  The last "subcostal" nerves connect to the stomach
wall and the skin of the buttocks.

Dorsal Scapular Nerve
     The DORSAL SCAPULAR NERVE, also called the dorsalis scapulae nerve, is a
nerve that transmits impulses to the TRAPEZIUS muscle of the SCAPULA (shoulder
blade) and levator scapulae muscle of the neck.

Axillary Nerve
     The AXILLARY NERVE, also called the axillaris nerve, is a nerve that
connects to the DELTOID muscle of the shoulder.

Pyramidal Cell
     The PYRAMIDAL CELLS are nerve cells that comprise the pyramidal neural
tracts of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD which transmit motor impulses from the
BRAIN to the voluntary muscles.

Astrocyte
     ASTROCYTES are long thin multibranched nerve cells found in the BRAIN.

Microglial Cell
     MICROGLIAL CELLS are small nerve cells that form part of the supporting
structure of the nervous system and they also collect the waste products of
the nerve tissues.

Oligodendrocyte
     OLIGODENDROCYTES are nonneural connective nerve cells that interconnect
other nerve cells and nerve tracts.

Motor Neuron
     MOTOR NEURONS are nerve tracts that transmit impulses from PYRAMIDAL
CELLS in the BRAIN to muscles and glands in order to stimulate them to perform
their particular functions.

Neuroglial Cells
     The NEUROGLIAL CELLS are the cells that comprise the nerves of the
nervous system.  There are four kinds of Neuroglial Cells:  PYRAMIDAL CELLS,
ASTROCYTES, OLIGODENDROCYTES, and MICROGLIAL CELLS.

Sensory Neuron
     SENSORY NEURONS are nerve tracts that transmit sense impulses from free
ending nerves to nerve cells in the BRAIN to be interpreted.

Sense Organs
     The Sense Organs are several organs that transmit sensory impulses to the
BRAIN.  The organs involved include the EYES, EARS, NASAL CAVITY, TONGUE, and
SKIN.

Ear
     The EARS are complex hollow organs that provide the senses of hearing and
ballance as they are sensitive to both sound and air pressure.  Sound
vibrations in the air vibrate the eardrum in the outer ear, and that vibration
is amplified by the tiny bones of the middle ear called malleus, incus, and
stapes.  This vibration than travels through the cochlea of the inner ear, a
seashell shaped organ that contains hairlike receptors which in turn vibrate
and stimulate the auditory nerves that send impulses to the BRAIN to be
interpreted as sound.

Eye
     The EYES are the two sensory organs that are sensitive to light allowing
us the ability of sight.  Light travels through the cornea, the outer
transparent window of the EYE toward the iris.  But then, only light that the
iris allows to pass through, as it can dilate or contract to allow more or
less light, travels through to the lens.  The lens then focuses the light on
the retina at the back of the EYE.  The retina has rod and cone shaped sensors
that are sensitive to low intensity light and color respectively.  These rods
and cones stimulate the optic nerves that send impulses to the BRAIN to be
interpreted as vision.

Brain
     The BRAIN is the major organ of the nervous system, protected by the
skull, it is responsible for sensory impulse interpretation, thought
processing, and initiating motor impulses.  The BRAIN as an organ has wrinkles
and groves and is made of billions of nerve cells, especially PYRAMIDAL CELLS.
The cerebellum is the largest structure of the hindbrain and it is involved in
unconscious motor activities.  The brain stem of the midbrain links to the
SPINAL CORD, hindbrain, and forebrain, and is the network system that
transmits nerve impulses to and from the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.  The cerebrum
of the forebrain is where conscious motor activity, emotion, complex thought,
and memory all take place.  The BRAIN also wraps over and connects to the
HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY, and PINEAL GLANDS.

Brain & Brain Stem
     The BRAIN is the major organ of the nervous system, protected by the
skull, it is responsible for sensory impulse interpretation, thought
processing, and initiating motor impulses.  The BRAIN as an organ has wrinkles
and groves and is made of billions of nerve cells, especially PYRAMIDAL CELLS.
The cerebellum is the largest structure of the hindbrain and it is involved in
unconscious motor activities.  The brain stem of the midbrain links to the
SPINAL CORD, hindbrain, and forebrain, and is the network system that
transmits nerve impulses to and from the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.  The cerebrum
of the forebrain is where conscious motor activity, emotion, complex thought,
and memory all take place.  The BRAIN also wraps over and connects to the
HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY, and PINEAL GLANDS.

Frontal Lobe
     The FRONTAL LOBE is the front portion of the BRAIN that contains the
cerebrum of the forebrain.  It is where conscious motor activity, emotion,
complex thought, and memory all take place.  The BRAIN is the major organ of
the nervous system, protected by the skull, it is responsible for sensory
impulse interpretation, thought processing, and initiating motor impulses.
The BRAIN as an organ has wrinkles and groves and is made of billions of nerve
cells, especially PYRAMIDAL CELLS.  The cerebellum is the largest structure of
the hindbrain and it is involved in unconscious motor activities.  The brain
stem of the midbrain links to the SPINAL CORD, hindbrain, and forebrain, and
is the network system that transmits nerve impulses to and from the BRAIN and
SPINAL CORD.  The BRAIN also wraps over and connects to the HYPOTHALAMUS,
PITUITARY, and PINEAL GLANDS.

Left Hemisphere
     The LEFT HEMISPHERE is the left half of the BRAIN for the BRAIN is
divided into two halves.  The separate halves are connected at there base by
the Medulla Oblongata.

Parietal Lobe
     The PARIETAL LOBE is the upper rear portion of the BRAIN.  The BRAIN is
the major organ of the nervous system, protected by the skull, it is
responsible for sensory impulse interpretation, thought processing, and
initiating motor impulses.  The BRAIN as an organ has wrinkles and groves and
is made of billions of nerve cells, especially PYRAMIDAL CELLS.  The
cerebellum is the largest structure of the hindbrain and it is involved in
unconscious motor activities.  The brain stem of the midbrain links to the
SPINAL CORD, hindbrain, and forebrain, and is the network system that
transmits nerve impulses to and from the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.  The cerebrum
of the forebrain is where conscious motor activity, emotion, complex thought,
and memory all take place.  The BRAIN also wraps over and connects to the
HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY, and PINEAL GLANDS.

Temporal Lobe
     The TEMPORAL LOBE is side portion of the BRAIN.  The BRAIN is the major
organ of the nervous system, protected by the skull, it is responsible for
sensory impulse interpretation, thought processing, and initiating motor
impulses.  The BRAIN as an organ has wrinkles and groves and is made of
billions of nerve cells, especially PYRAMIDAL CELLS.  The cerebellum is the
largest structure of the hindbrain and it is involved in unconscious motor
activities.  The brain stem of the midbrain links to the SPINAL CORD,
hindbrain, and forebrain, and is the network system that transmits nerve
impulses to and from the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.  The cerebrum of the forebrain
is where conscious motor activity, emotion, complex thought, and memory all
take place.  The BRAIN also wraps over and connects to the HYPOTHALAMUS,
PITUITARY, and PINEAL GLANDS.

Iliohypogastric Nerve
     The ILIOHYPOGASTRIC NERVE is a nerve that connects from the SPINAL CORD
at the first LUMBAR VERTEBRA, curves around the abdomen, and connects to the
groin.

Ilioinguinal Nerve
     The ILIOINGUINAL NERVE is a nerve that connects from the SPINAL CORD at
the first LUMBAR VERTEBRA, and follows the Inguinal Ligament of the pelvis to
the groin.

Long Thoracic Nerve
     The LONG THORACIC NERVE is a nerve that extends along and connects to
nerves all along the side of the rib cage.

Lateral Cutaneous Femoral Nerve
     The LATERAL CUTANEOUS FEMORAL NERVE is a nerve tha connects from the
SPINAL CORD at the middle of the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE to nerves at the side of the
hip.

Suprascapular Nerve
     The SUPRASCAPULAR NERVE is a nerve that connects from the SPINAL CORD at
the neck to nerves above the scapula at the back of the shoulder.

Cochlea
     The COCHLEA is a small bone of the inner ear used for hearing.  It is
coiled into a shape like a snail shell.  It also contains many small holes
through which the Acoustic Nerve transmits vibrations as impulses to the
brain.

Cerebellum
     The CEREBELLUM is the part of the BRAIN located at the brain's base along
side the brain stem.  It coordinates voluntary muscle activities like ballance
and walking.

Nervous System
     The NERVOUS SYSTEM is a complex system of nerve cells that control all
body functions.  It is divided into the central nervous system and the
peripheral nervous system.  The central nervous system consists of the BRAIN
and SPINAL CORD.  Where as, the peripheral nervous system includes the CRANIAL
NERVES and the spinal nerves.  Sensory nerves, also called afferent fibers,
carry signals like cold and pain to the central nervous system.  Motor nerves,
also called efferent fibers, carry movement commands from the central nervous
system to muscles and other organs.  There are Somatic nerve linked to
muscles, bones, and skin; and there are Visceral nerves linked to internal
organs, blood vessels, and mucous membranes.

Lymph System
     The LYMPH SYSTEM is a complex network of thin vessels, valves, ducts,
nodes, and a few special organs that work to maintain fluid ballance and fight
disease.  It transports fats, proteins, and lymphocytes (white blood cells)
into the blood stream.  The LYMPH SYSTEM, also called the Lymphatic System,
includes the TONSILS, THYMUS, and SPLEEN.

Brain Stem
     The BRAIN STEM is the lower part of the BRAIN that includes the Medulla
Oblongata, Pons, and Mesencephalon.  It connects the BRAIN to the SPINAL CORD
and the twelve pairs of nerves from the brain to the rest of the body branch
off the brain stem.

Spinal Cord
     The SPINAL CORD is the long stream of nerve fibers that extend from the
BRAIN STEM through a canal in the spine.  The cord caries nearly all sense and
motor signals to and from the brain.  It is also called chorda spinalis, and
medulla spinalis.

Cranial Nerves
     The CRANIAL NERVES are twelve pairs of nerves that emerge from the
cranial cavity through openings in the skull.  They are referred to Roman
numerically and named as follows:  (I) olfactory, smell; (II) optic, sight;
(III) oculomotor, eye muscles; (IV) trochlear, eye muscles; (V) trigeminal,
jaws/chewing; (VI) abducens, eye muscles; (VII) facial, taste; (VIII)
acoustic, hearing; (IX) glossopharyngeal, throat/swallowing; (X) vagal, heart,
lungs, digestion; (XI) accessory, upper spine; and (XII) hypoglossal,
tongue/speaking.

Digital Nerves
     The DIGITAL NERVES are nerves throughout the fingers.

Pudendal Nerve
     The PUDENDAL NERVE is a nerve that branches from the SACRUM to connect to
the rectum and genitals.

Dorsal Digital Nerves
     The DORSAL DIGITAL NERVES are nerves throughout the toes.

Superficial Peroneal Nerve
     The SUPERFICIAL PERONEAL NERVE is a nerve of the outer part of the leg.

Sural Nerve
     The SURAL NERVE is a nerve that run the length of the leg.

Tibial Nerve
     The TIBIAL NERVE is a nerve that follows the tibia bone in the foreleg.

Lymph Node
     The LYMPH NODES are small oblong filters of lymphatic fluid.  They help
fight infection by producing white blood cells called lymphocytes.

Lymph Vessels
     The LYMPH VESSELS are thin canals that carry lymphatic fluid to LYMPH
NODES.  Various body movements, like lung pressure changes, muscular
contractions, and organs surrounding LYMPH VESSELS combine to squeeze the
lymphatic fluid through the LYMPH SYSTEM.

Arteries & Veins
     Arteries and Veins are blood vessels.  Oxygenated blood which is pumped
from the HEART travels through the Arteries to all parts of the body.
Deoxygenated blood then returns from the body to the HEART through the Veins.
Arteries are red as is the blood they carry.  However, veins are blue even
though the blood they carry is only a darker red.

Abdominal Aorta
     The ABDOMINAL AORTA is the lower potion of the AORTA that leads to the
COMMON ILIAC arteries, and it is the source of blood for the abdominal organs,
the pelvic organs, and the legs.

Common Iliac Artery
     The COMMON ILIAC ARTERY, also called the ilica communis artery, is an
artery that branches off the ABDOMINAL AORTA and branches into the INTERNAL
and EXTERNAL ILIAC arteries.

Brachial Artery
     The BRACHIAL ARTERY, also called the brachialis artery, is an artery of
the arm that leads from the AXILLARY artery to the RADIAL and ULNAR arteries.

Deep Temporal Artery
     The DEEP TEMPORAL ARTERY, also called the temporalis profunda artery, is
an artery that branches off the MAXILLARY artery to supply blood to the inner
portions of the BRAIN.

Superficial Temporal Artery
     The SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL ARTERY, also called the temporalis superficialis
artery, is an artery that leads from the EXTERNAL CAROTID artery to branch off
and supply blood to the upper and outer portions of the BRAIN.

Lingual Artery
     The LINGUAL ARTERY, also called the lingualis artery, is an artery that
branches off the EXTERNAL CAROTID artery and supplies blood to the TONGUE.

Subclavian Artery
     The SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY, also called the subclavia artery, is an the major
artery of the collar and shoulder that leads from the BRACHIOCEPHALIC artery
to the AXILLARY artery and arteries of the arm.

Brachiocephalic Artery
     The BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTERY, also called the brachiocephalicus,
innominata, and innominate artery, is the short artery that leads from the
AORTIC ARCH and then splits into the CAROTID and SUBCLAVIAN arteries.

Ophthalmic Artery
     The OPHTHALMIC ARTERY, also called the ophthalmica artery, is an artery
that branches of the INTERNAL CAROTID artery to supply blood to the EYE.

Dorsal Artery
     The DORSAL ARTERY, also called the dorsalis pedis, is an artery of the
foot that leads from the ANTERIOR TIBIAL artery to supply blood to the DORSAL
METATARSAL arteries.

Deep Femoral Artery
     The DEEP FEMORAL ARTERY, also called the femoralis profunda artery, is an
artery that branches off the EXTERNAL ILIAC artery and branches into smaller
arteries that supply blood to the upper leg.

Femoral Artery
     The FEMORAL ARTERY, also called the femoralis artery, is an artery that
branches off the EXTERNAL ILIAC artery and leads to the DESCENDING GENICULAR
and POPLITEAL arteries.

Palmar Digital Arteries
     The PALMAR DIGITAL ARTERIES, also called the digitales palmares arteries,
are arteries of the fingers that lead from the PALMAR METACARPAL arteries.

Aorta
     The AORTA is the primary artery that leads from the AORTIC ARCH to the
ABDOMINAL AORTA.

Aortic Arch
     The AORTIC ARCH is the large curving artery that starts at the left
atrium of the HEART, branches into the BRACHIOCEPHALIC artery and continues
into the ABDOMINAL AORTA.

Coronary Artery
     The CORONARY ARTERY, also called the coronaria artery, is one of two
branches of arteries, called CORONARIES, that branch off the AORTA and supply
blood to the HEART.  Heart disease and heart attacks are most commonly caused
by a blockage of these arteries.

Pulmonary Artery
     The PULMONARY ARTERY, also called the pulmonalis artery, is an artery
that leads from the right ventricle of the HEART to the LUNGS in order to
oxygenate blood.

External Iliac Artery
     The EXTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY, also called the iliaca externa artery, is an
artery that leads from the COMMON ILIAC artery and branches into the FEMORAL
and DEEP FEMORAL arteries.

Internal Iliac Artery
     The INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY, also called the iliaca interna artery, is an
artery that branches off the COMMON ILIAC artery and then branches to supply
blood to the lower pelvic organs.

Inferior Mesenteric Artery
     The INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY, also called the mesenterica inferior
artery, is an artery that branches off the ABDOMINAL AORTA and supplies blood
to the left and lower portions of the SMALL INTESTINE and the COLON.

Superior Mesenteric Artery
     The SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY, also called the mesenterica superior
artery, is an artery that branches off the ABDOMINAL AORTA and supplies blood
to the right and upper portions of the SMALL INTESTINE and the COLON.

Facial Artery
     The FACIAL ARTERY, also called the facialis artery, is an artery that
branches off the EXTERNAL CAROTID artery and in turn branches into and
supplies blood to the facial organs.

Mental Artery
     The MENTAL ARTERY, also called the mentalis artery, is an artery that
branches off the MAXILLARY artery and follows the jawbone (MANDIBLE) in order
to supply blood to the mouth.

Popliteal Artery
     The POPLITEAL ARTERY, also called the poplitea artery, is an artery of
the inside of the knee that leads from the FEMORAL artery and branches into
the ANTERIOR TIBIAL, POSTERIOR TIBIAL, and PERONEAL arteries.

Common Carotid Artery
     The COMMON CAROTID ARTERY, also called the carotis communis artery, is a
major artery that travels from the HEART and branches into the INTERNAL and
EXTERNAL CAROTID arteries as it leads to the head.

External Carotid Artery
     The EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY, also called the carotis externa artery, is
the outer branch of the COMMON CAROTID artery that supplies blood to the BRAIN
and outer portions of the head.

Internal Carotid Artery
     The INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY, also called the carotis interna artery, is
the inner branch of the COMMON CAROTID artery that supplies blood to the BRAIN
and inner portions of the head.

Occipital Artery
     The OCCIPITAL ARTERY, also called the occipitalis artery, is an artery
that branches off the EXTERNAL CAROTID artery and supplies blood to the lower
and rear portions of the BRAIN.

Palmar Arch Arteries
     The PALMAR ARCH ARTERIES are arteries of the hand that connect many other
arteries including the RADIAL, ULNAR, and PALMAR METACARPAL arteries.

Palmer Metacarpal Arteries
     The PALMAR METACARPAL ARTERIES, also called the metacarpales palmares
arteries, are arteries of the palms that connect the PALMAR ARCH arteries to
the PALMAR DIGITAL arteries.

Radial Artery
     The RADIAL ARTERY, also called the radialis artery, is an artery of the
forearm, following the RADIUS bone, that leads from the BRACHIAL artery to the
PALMAR ARCH arteries.

Intercostal Arteries
     The INTERCOSTAL ARTERIES, also called the intercostales arteries, are
arteries of the RIBS that branch off from The AORTA.

Axillary Artery
     The AXILLARY ARTERY, also called the axillaris artery, is an artery of
the shoulder that leads from the SUBCLAVIAN to the BRACHIAL arteries.

Celiac Artery
     The CELIAC ARTERY is an artery that branches off the ABDOMINAL AORTA and
branches into the LIVER, the STOMACH, and the SPLEEN.

Anterior Tibial Artery
     The ANTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY, also called the tibialis anterior, is an
artery of the foreleg, following the TIBIA bone, that leads from the POPLITEAL
artery to the DORSAL artery.

Posterior Tibial Artery
     The POSTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY, also called the tibialis posterior artery,
is an artery of the foreleg, following the TIBIA bone, that leads from the
POPLITEAL artery to the LATERAL PLANTAR and MEDIAL PLANTAR arteries.

Dorsal Metatarsal Arteries
     The DORSAL METATARSAL ARTERIES, also called the metatarsles dorsales and
metatarseae plantares arteries, are arteries of the toes that lead from the
DORSAL ARTERIES.

Ulnar Artery
     The ULNAR ARTERY, also called the ulnaris artery, is an artery of the
forearm, following the ULNA bone, that leads from the BRACHIAL to the PALMAR
ARCH arteries.

Maxillary Artery
     The MAXILLARY ARTERY, also called the maxillaris artery, is an artery
that branches off the EXTERNAL CAROTID artery and in turn branches into many
other arteries that supply blood to the front and upper portions of the head.

Brachial Vein
     The BRACHIAL VEIN, also called the brachialis vein, is a vein of the
upper arm that leads from the RADIAL and ULNAR veins to the AXILLARY vein.

Pulmonary Vein
     The PULMONARY VEIN, also called the pulmonalis vein, is a vein that
returns from the LUNGS with oxygenated blood to the left ventricle of the
HEART.

Hepatic Veins
     The HEPATIC VEINS, also called the hepaticae veins, are veins of the
LIVER that return blood from the LIVER to the INFERIOR VENA CAVA.

Inferior Vena Cava
     The INFERIOR VENA CAVA is the large lower vein that leads from the COMMON
ILIAC veins to the right atrium of the HEART.

Axillary Vein
     The AXILLARY VEIN, also called the axillaris vein, is a vein of the
shoulder that leads from the BRACHIAL vein to the SUBCLAVIAN vein.

Brachiocephalic Vein
     The BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEIN, also called the brachiocephalicus vein, is a
vein that leads from the intersection of the INTERNAL JUGULAR and SUBCLAVIAN
veins and in turn leads into the SUPERIOR VENA CAVA.

Superior Vena Cava
     The SUPERIOR VENA CAVA is the large upper vein that leads from the
BRACHIOCEPHALIC veins to the right atrium of the HEART.

Portal Vein
     The PORTAL VEIN, also called the portalis hepatis and portae hepatis
vein, is a vein that carries blood from the SMALL INTESTINE and the SPLEEN to
the LIVER.

Great Saphenous Vein
     The GREAT SAPHENOUS VEIN, also called the saphena magna vein, is a long
vein of the leg that leads from many veins of the foot and outer leg to the
external iliac vein.

Internal Jugular Vein
     The INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN, also called the jugularis interna vein, is a
vein of the side of the neck that returns blood from the head and leads to the
BRACHIOCEPHALIC vein.

Heart
     The HEART is the central organ of the circulatory system.  Its pumping
action provides the circulation of blood through the arteries and veins.
Deoxygenated blood that comes from the veins flows into the right atrium, the
first chamber of the HEART.  Then the atrium contracts and blood is forced
through a tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, the second chamber of the
HEART.  Next the ventricle contracts forcing blood through the pulmonary valve
into the PULMONARY ARTERY to go to the LUNGS and get oxygenated.  When the
blood returns through the PULMONARY VEIN to the left atrium it is pumped from
atrium to left ventricle and from ventricle to the AORTIC ARCH in the same
manner as it was on the right side of the HEART.  And in actuality, the atria
and then the ventricles contract at the same time on both sides of the HEART
creating a continuous flow of blood and the double "thump" sound of the heart
beat.

Respiratory System
     The RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, also called the respiratory tract, is a group of
organs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood through inhaling
and releasing air.

Diaphragm
     The DIAPHRAGM is a large flat muscle that separates the chest from the
abdomen and it has three holes in it for passage of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA,
AORTA, and ESOPHAGUS.  The DIAPHRAGM is the muscle used in breathing.  When it
contracts and lowers, the resultant lack of pressure from the bottom of the
LUNGS causes air to rush in and fill them.  Then when the DIAPHRAGM relaxes
and rises, air is released from the LUNGS and they partially collapse.  This
breathing cycle continues about 12 times per minute whether one is conscious
or not, up to 80 breaths per minute during heavy exercise.

Lung
     The LUNGS are two large elastic organs of the chest that are the
fundamental part of the respiratory system.  The LUNGS, that contain the
BRONCHI, are where the PULMONARY arteries and veins exchange oxygen for carbon
dioxide in the blood.  Breathing is performed by the DIAPHRAGM in which four
quarts of air is exchanged with every breath.

Pharynx
     The PHARYNX, commonly called the throat, is a tubelike structure that is
the cross roads for the eustachian (hearing) tubes, NASAL CAVITIES, mouth,
LARYNX, and ESOPHAGUS.  The PHARYNX contains the tonsils and it is used to
make vowel sounds in speech.

Bronchi
     The BRONCHI, also called the bronchial tree, is a double trunked treelike
structure made of tubelike air passages in the LUNGS that channels air from
the TRACHEA to and from the alveoli sacs where blood reoxygenation actually
happens.

Nasal Cavities
     The NASAL CAVITIES are two openings behind the face that connect the nose
to the throat (PHARYNX) and TRACHEA.  Air that travels through the cavities is
warmed by the mucus membranes that line the cavities.  Smell receptors are
located at the top of these cavities.

Larynx
     The LARYNX is the air passage between the PHARYNX and the TRACHEA that
forms the Adam's apple.  Commonly called the voice box, the LARYNX contains
the vocal cords that modify sound pitch and tone in speech.

Trachea
     The TRACHEA, commonly called the wind pipe, is the air passage that
connects the LARYNX to the two beginning BRONCHI trunks in the LUNGS.

Circulatory System
     The CIRCULATORY SYSTEM is a system of vessels in which blood circulates
through the body providing the cells of the body with food and oxygen; as well
as, removing waste products and carbon dioxide.  This system includes the
HEART and all the ARTERIES & VEINS.

Cephalic Vein
     The CEPHALIC VEIN is the long vein of the thumb side of the arm that
leads from the hand to the shoulder.

Alveoli
     The ALVEOLI, singularly called alveolus, are small air sacs that form in
bunches in the lungs.  These sacs are where carbon dioxide leaves and oxygen
enters the blood stream.

Left Ventricle
     The LEFT VENTRICLE is the fourth chamber of the HEART.  It receives
oxygenated blood from the left atrium and then pumps the blood into the AORTIC
ARCH.

Right Atrium
     The RIGHT ATRIUM is the first chamber of the HEART.  It receives
deoxygenated blood from both the SUPERIOR and INFERIOR VENA CAVA.  Then it
pumps the blood into the RIGHT VENTRICLE.

Right Ventricle
     The RIGHT VENTRICLE is the second chamber of the HEART.  It receives
deoxygenated blood from the RIGHT ATRIUM and then pumps the blood into the
PULMONARY ARTERY to go to the LUNGS and get oxygenated.

Basilic Vein
     The BASILIC VEIN is the long vein of the inner side of the arm that
leads from the hand to the shoulder.

Iliac Arteries & Veins
     The ILIAC ARTERIES & VEINS are many arteries and veins of the pelvic are
that include the DEEP ILIAC CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY and the INTERNAL ILIAC VEIN.

Medial Cubital Vein
     The MEDIAL CUBITAL VEIN is a vein at the inside of the elbow that
connects the CEPHALIC VEIN and BASILIC VEIN.

Superior Mesenteric Vein
     The SUPERIOR MESENTERIC VEIN is a vein of the abdomen that drains blood
from the SMALL INTESTINE, CECUM, and COLON and delivers it to the INFERIOR
VENA CAVA.

Common Iliac Vein
     The COMMON ILIAC VEIN is vein of the pelvis that gets blood from the
Femoral VEIN and GREAT SAPHENOUS VEIN and transports it to the base of the
INFERIOR VENA CAVA.

Deep Iliac Circumflex Artery
     The DEEP ILIAC CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY is the artery that branches off the
COMMON ILIAC ARTERY to provide blood for upper hip.

External Iliac Vein
     The EXTERNAL ILIAC VEIN is a vein that collects blood from the FEMORAL,
DEEP FEMORAL, and GREAT SAPHENOUS VEINS.  It then carries the blood to the
COMMON ILIAC VEIN.

Femoral Vein
     The FEMORAL VEIN is a vein of the upper leg that transports blood to the
EXTERNAL ILIAC VEIN.

Internal Iliac Vein
     The INTERNAL ILIAC VEIN is a vein that collects blood from the upper hip
and caries it to the COMMON ILIAC VEIN.

Popliteal Vein
     The POPLITEAL VEIN is a vein of the knee that takes blood from the
ANTERIOR TIBIAL and POSTERIOR TIBIAL VEINS and the gives it to the FEMORAL
VEIN.

Anterior Tibial Vein
     The ANTERIOR TIBIAL VEIN is a vein of the front of the foreleg that
collects blood from veins of the foot and transports it to the POPLITEAL VEIN.

Posterior Tibial Vein
     The POSTERIOR TIBIAL VEIN is a vein of the back of the foreleg that
collects blood from veins of the heel and ankle.  Then it transports the blood
to the POPLITEAL VEIN.

Endocrine System
     The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM is a group of gland organs that secrete hormones
into the blood stream in order to modify the function of certain target
organs.  The release of hormones is regulated by other hormones, nerve
impulses, impulses from the target organs, and sometimes by hormones released
by the gland itself.  The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM consists of the HYPOTHALAMUS,
PITUITARY, PINEAL, THYROID, PARATHYROIDS, THYMUS, ADRENALS, PANCREAS, OVARIES,
AND TESTES.

Adrenal
     The ADRENALS are two endocrine glands that sit on the top of the KIDNEYS.
The outer part of the ADRENALS, called the cortex, releases hormones that
promote carbohydrate metabolism and reduces muscle fatigue, and affects sexual
functions.  The inner part of the gland, called the medulla, secretes
epinephrine that increases heart rate but constricts blood vessels.

Pancreas
     The PANCREAS is an endocrine gland located behind and under the STOMACH.
The PANCREAS releases insulin that promotes carbohydrate metabolism, and it
releases glucagon that counters the insulin.  The PANCREAS also releases
enzymes that aid digestion of fats and proteins.

Hypothalamus
     The HYPOTHALAMUS is an endocrine gland linked to the PITUITARY located in
the front of the center of the BRAIN.  The hormones of the HYPOTHALAMUS
regulate the endocrine system, body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and
secondary sexual characteristics.

Pituitary
     The PITUITARY, also called the hypophysis, is a small endocrine gland
linked with the HYPOTHALAMUS.  It is located at the base of the BRAIN.  The
PITUITARY has two lobes.  The front lobe, is called the adenohypophysis, and
the back lobe is called neurohypophysis.  The hormones it secretes control
other glands, and affect metabolism, growth, and maturation.  It also releases
Luteinizing Hormone which stimulates the release of hormones that stimulate
the production of sperm in men and the production of ova (egg cells) in women.

Testis
     The TESTIS, plurally called the testes, is an endocrine gland of the male
reproductive system that produces testosterone which promotes male
characteristics and regulates the production of sperm for reproduction.

Thymus
     The THYMUS is an endocrine gland located on top of the HEART, and it is
important for the immune system until puberty ends.  The THYMUS promotes
development of lymph node tissue and produces T-lymphosytes, the "killer
cells" of the immune system.

Ovary
     The OVARY, plurally called the ovaries, is an endocrine gland of the
female reproductive system that produces estrogen which promotes female
characteristics and regulates menstruation and pregnancy.  The OVARIES also
produce the eggs, called ova, used in reproduction every 28 days.

Parathyroids
     The PARATHYROIDS are four endocrine glands located in the THYROID.  The
hormones of the PARATHYROIDS regulate blood calcium and phosphorus levels,
which in turn regulates muscle tone, blood clotting, and cell membrane health.

Thyroid
     The THYROID is an endocrine gland located at the throat that surrounds
the PARATHYROID glands.  The hormones released by the THYROID increase
metabolism, body temperature, and growth.

Urinary System
     The Urinary System consists of the RENAL VESSELS, KIDNEYS, URETERS,
BLADDER, and URETHRA.  The purpose of these organs is to filter out nitrogen
waste products from the blood, like urea, made from body processes that break
down proteins, and then remove this waste from the body.

Kidney
     The KIDNEYS are two organs that filter blood delivered by the RENAL
VESSELS via millions of filtering units called NEPHRONS.  Liquid waste that is
filtered out then is transmitted to the URETERS.

Bladder
     The BLADDER is a hollow organ that receives and stores urine transmitted
from the URETERS at its upper corners.  The BLADDER also expels the urine out
the URETHRA located at its bottom, but this opening is usually kept closed by
u Urethra The URETHRA is a canal that expels urine from the BLADDER to outside
of the body.  The URETHRA is located in the PENIS in men and the VAGINA in
women.

Cervix
     The CERVIX is the opening to the UTERUS from the VAGINA.

Uterus
     The UTERUS is a hollow organ that connects to the FALLOPIAN TUBES and
provides a growing area for fertilized eggs and developing embryos during
pregnancy.

Ureter
     The URETERS are long thin tubes that carry urine filtered out by the
KIDNEYS to the BLADDER.

Renal Vessels
     The RENAL VESSELS are blood vessels that deliver blood to and from the
KIDNEYS to be filtered of waste products, like urea.

Female Reproductive System
     The Female Reproductive System consists of the VAGINA, CERVIX, UTERUS,
FALLOPIAN TUBES, and OVARIES which are involved in the reproductive cycle of
egg production, menstruation, pregnancy, and birth.

Vagina
     The VAGINA is an orifice of the female reproductive system which provides
exit for urine from the URETHRA and the release of menstrual fluid from the
UTERUS.  The VAGINA also allows the entrance of semen for egg fertilization.

Male Reproductive System
     The Male Reproductive System consists of the PENIS, SEMINAL VERSICLES,
PROSTATE, and TESTIS.  These organs are involved in production and
transmission of sperm containing semen for fertilization of the female egg in
reproduction.

Penis
     The PENIS is an outer organ of the male reproductive system composed of
three circular spongy tissues and it has the URETHRA running through it for
urine and semen release.

Fallopian Tubes
     The FALLOPIAN TUBES are thin canals that connect to the OVARIES with
fingerlike fimbriae and connect to the UTERUS to allow passage of eggs from
the OVARIES to the UTERUS.

Prostate
     The PROSTATE is a spherical gland around the neck of the BLADDER and
where the ejaculatory ducts from the SEMINAL VESICLES intersect the URETHRA.
The PROSTATE secretes the substance necessary to liquefy the coagulated semen
stored in the SEMINAL VESICLES.

Seminal Vesicle
     The SEMINAL VESICLES are tubelike glands that connect to the TESTES and
the URETHRA and produce the major fluid of semen as well as store the semen.

Genitourinary System
     The GENITOURINARY SYSTEM is the system that combines the reproductive,
sexual, and urinary systems and organs of the body.  It is also called the
Urogenital System.

Pineal
     The PINEAL, commonly called the pineal gland, is a small gland protruding
from the brain.  It is uncertain what function it performs.  It may release a
hormone called Melatonin, which appears to stop the release of a hormone from
the PITUITARY GLAND called Luteinizing hormone.

Cowper's Gland
     The COWPER'S GLANDS are two tiny glands at the end of the urine canal
near the prostate.  They secrete mucous into the urethra contributing to
semen.  It is also called the Bulbourethral Gland.

Epididymis
     The EPIDIDYMIS is one of two long, coiled tubes that carry sperm from the
TESTES to the VAS DEFERENS.

Scrotum
     The SCROTUM is a bag of skin under the PENIS that holds the TESTES,
EPIDIDYMIS, and VAS DEFERENS.

Vas Deferens
     The VAS DEFERENS is a tube that passes sperm from the EPIDIDYMIS to the
SEMINAL VESICLE.

Renal Cortex
     The RENAL CORTEX is the soft, grainy, outer layer of the KIDNEY.  It
contains more that a million tiny tubes that remove wastes from the blood in
the form of urine.

Renal Pelvis
     The RENAL PELVIS is a funnel shaped cavity in the kidney that collects
urine before it is discharged to the URETER.

Renal Artery
     The RENAL ARTERY is one of two branches from the ABDOMINAL AORTA into the
KIDNEYS, ADRENALS, and URETERS.

Renal Vein
     The RENAL VEIN is a vein that transports blood from the KIDNEY to the
INFERIOR VENA CAVA.

Pyramid
     The PYRAMIDS are tubules in the kidney that collect urine and lead it to
the RENAL PELVIS.

Nephrons
     The NEPHRONS are the filtering units of the KIDNEYS.  They resemble a
funnel with a long stem and two twisted tubes.  There are over a million
NEPHRONS in each KIDNEY.  They are made up of a renal corpuscle that contains
a ball of blood vessels called glomerulus.  These are surrounded by a Bowman's
capsule and several long tubes.  Urine is formed by filtering of blood that
passes through these corpuscles.