[�� . �� . � �., 2003. � �. 129-138.]

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1. � �� A Critique of Philosophical Conversation�, Michael Kelly, ed., Hermeneutics and Critical Theory in Ethics and Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), pp. 182-96. ��. �� Georgia Warnke�s �Reply�, pp. 197-203 � �� , �� (Jurgen Habermas).

2. �� (Thomas Scanlon) ��, �� Contractualism and Utilitarianism�, Amarya Sen and Bernard Williams, eds., Utilitarianism and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), �� p. 116.

3. Stuart Hampshire, Morality and Conflict (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983), pp. 146-48.

4. ��, �� , �� , �� : John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism 1860-1925, 2d ed. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1988); Orlando Patterson, Ethnic Chauvinism: The Reactionary Impulse (New York: Stein and Day, 1977); Stephen Steinberg, The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in /130/ America (Boston: Beacon, 1981); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Disuniting of America (New York: Norton, 1992); David Hollinger Postethnic America (New York: Basic Books, 1995); Todd Gitlin, The Twilight of Common Dreams (New York: Henry Holt, 1995); and Charles Taylor, Multiciilturalism and �the Politics of Recognition� (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994). �� , � �� .

�� 1. �� 

1. Joseph Raz, �Multiculturalism: A Liberal Perspective�, Dissent (winter 1994): 67-79.

2. �� , �� , �� XVI ��: �� Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, vol. 2: The Age of Reformation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), pp. 249-54.

3. �� ; �� , �� . �� . ��. David Heyd, ed.. Toleration: An Elusive Virtue (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996), �� ӳ�� (Bernard Williams).

4. �� , ��. � �� Wilbur K. Jordan, The Development of Religious Toleration in England, 4 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1932-40). /131/

�� 2. ϒ�� 

1. �� , �� 㳺�, � �� : ��., ��, �� Moses Hadas, The Complete Works of Tacitus (New York: Modern Library, 1942).

2. ��, �� , �� , ��, �� Ruschuk (Ruse), �� , �� (Elias Canetti). ϳ� �� , �� , ��, ��, ��, �� . ��. Elias Canetti, The Tongue Set Free, trans. Joachim Neugroschel (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1979).

3. �� P. M. Fraser, Ptoloma�� Alexandria, 3 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972), �� vol. 1, chap. 2, � �� Victor Tcherikover, Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews, trans. S. Applebaum (New York: Atheneum, 1979), �� pt. 2, chap. 2.

4. ��. �� Benjamin Braude and Bernard Lewis, eds. Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: the Functioning of a Plural Society, vol. 1: The Central Lands (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1982), ��. �� , �� Will Kymlicka, �Two Models of Pluralism and Tolerance�, Toleration: An Elusive Virtue, pp. 81-105.

5. �� . �� (David Luban) � �� Charles Beitz, Marshall Cohen, Thomas Scanlon, and A. John Simmons, eds. International Ethics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985), pp.165-243. /132/

6. ֳ �� , �� , �� (John Rawls).

7. ��. Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977).

8. �� , �� , ��. �. �. Bach, The German Jew: A Synthesis of Judaism and Western Civilization, 1730-1930 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), � �� Donald L. Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980).

9. �� , �� ӳ�� ʳ�� (Will Kymlicka) � �� Multicultural Citizenship (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), �� , �� . ³� �� -�� , �� , �� ʳ�� .

10. �� Patrick Thornberry, International Law and the Rights of Minorities (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991); ��. �� pp. 132-37.

11. �� , � �� (John Higham) � �� : ��.. Strangers in the Land, � �� Send These to Me: Jews and Other Immigrants in Urban America (New York: Atheneum, 1975). � �� Stephan Thernstrom, ed.. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980), � �� . What It Means to Be an American (New York: Marsilio, 1992). � ��, ��, �� , �� .

12. �� ó�� (Clifford Geertz). /133/

�� 3. �� 

1. ��. William Rogers Brubaker, ed. Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship in Europe and North America (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America [for the German Marshall Fund], 1989), p. 7.

2. �� , �� . ³�� Roger Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992).

3. �� Gary Kates, �Jews into Frenchmen: Nationality and Representation in Revolutionary France�, Social Research 56 (spring 1989): 229.

4. Jean-Paul Sartr, Anti-Semite and Jew, trans. George J. Becker, preface by Michael Waltzer (New York: Schocken, 1995), pp. 56-57.

5. �� francisation� �� .

6. �� Dan Horowitz and Moshe Lissak, Trouble in Utopia: The Overburdened Polity of Israel (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989).

7. Alex Weingrod, �Palestinian Israelis?,� Dissent (summer 1996): 108-10.

8. James Tully, Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 145-46. �� , �� , �� . �� , �� , �� Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship.

9. ��. �� : Charles Taylor, Reconciling the Solitudees: Essays on Canadian Federalism /134/ and Nationalism, ed. Guy Laforest (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1993).

10. Martin Holland, European Integration: From Community to Union (London: Pinter Publishers, 1994), p. 156. �� . �� ﳻ � �� Maurice Roche, Rethinking Citizenship: Welfare, Ideology and Change in Modern Society (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992), chap. 8.

�� 4. �� 

1. ��. �� Stephen L. Carter, The Culture of Disbelief (New York: Basic Books, 1993), p. 96: �� .

2. ��. �� Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (New York: Random House, 1952).

3. ��, ��, �� : Marc Galanter, Competing Equalities: Law and the Backward Classes in India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984). �� , �� , � �� , �� , �� , �� .

4. Sir Percival Griffiths, The British Impact on India (London: MacDonald, 1952), pp. 222, 224.

5. � �� Bronwyn Winter, �Women, the Law, and Cultural relativism in France: the Case of Excision�, Signs 19 (summer 1994), pp. 939-74.

6. �� (�� , �. 951) �� , �� (Martine Lefeuvre) � �� 1989 �� Mouvement Anti-Utilitariste dans les Science Sociales (MAUSS). � �� . /135/

7. �� , �. 957.

8. � �� , �� , � �� . ӿ�� , �� : �� , �� (�� , pp. 966-72). ��. �� , �� : Raphael Cohen-Almagor, �Female Circumcision and Murder for Family Honor Among Minorities in Israel�, Kirsten E. Schuize, Martin Stokes, and Colm Campbell, Nationalism, Minorities and Diasporas: Identities and Rights in the Middle East (London: I. B. Tauris, 1996), pp. 171-87.

9. ��. �� Anna Elisabetta Galleoti, �Citizenship and Equality: The Place for Toleration�, Political Theory 21 (Nov. 1993): 585-605. � �� .

10. �� (��, �� ) �� . � �� Ian Shapiro, Democracy�s Place (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1996), chap. 6: �Democratic Authonomy and Religious Freedom: A Critique of Wisconsin v. Yoder� (�� Richard Arneson), � �� Amy Gutmann, �Civil Education and Social Diversity�, Ethics 105 (Apr. 1995): 557-79.

11. ��. �� , �� Lillian Schlissel, ed., Conscience in America (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1968).

12. �� . � �� Amy Gutmann, Democratic Education (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1987). /136/

13. The Social Contract, bk. 4, chap. 8; �� . � �� Robert Bellah, The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial (New York: Seabury, 1975).

14. ³��  �� . � �� Norni Maya Stolzenberg, ��He Drew a Circle That Shut Me Out�: Assimilation, Indoctrination, and the Paradox of Liberal Education�, Harvard Law Review 106(1993): 581-667. �� , � � �� , �� , �� , ��, �� . �� : ��. �� (Sanford Levinson) �� Stephen Carter, Culture of Disbelief � �� Michigan Law Review 92, no. 6 (May 1994): 1873-92.

15. �� , �� . �� , � �� , �� ; �� , ��, ��, � �� . �� , �� .

16. ��. � �� : �� 䳺�, �� 䳿 ��, �� (�Repressive Tolerance�, in Robert Paul WoltY, Barrington Moore, Jr., and Herbert Marcuse, A Critique of Pure Tolerance [Boston: Beacon, 1965], p. 109), �� , �, ��, �� . /137/

�� 5. �� 

1. ³�� , �� , �� , �� , �� (�� ), �� , �� , �� . ��. �� Anti-Semite and Jew.

2. �� (Robert Frost) �Mending Wall� (The Poems of Robert Frost [New York: Modern Library, 1946], pp. 35-36). �� .

3. Julia Kristeva, Nations Without Nationalism, trans. Leon S. Roudiez (New ork: Columbia University Press, 1993), p. 21 � passim. �� . Kristeva, Strangers to Ourselves, trans. Leo S. Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991).

4. Kristeva, Nations Without Nationalism, pp. 35-43.

��. �� 

1. (New York: Knopf, 1963).

2. �� (Irvine Howe) �� Socialism and America (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985), �� , �� , � �� . �� , �� . �� , ��, �� . ��. �� pp. 78-81, 141. /138/

3. �� (Robert Putnam) �� , �� . � �� , �� , �� , �� (��, ��, �� ), �� (��, �� ), �� . �� , �� , �� , �� , �� , �� . ��. �� Bowling Alone: America�s Declining Social Capital�, Journal of Democracy 6 (Jan. 1995): 65-78.

4. �� , �� , �� U. S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1994, 114th ed. (Washington D. C, 1994); ��. �� Andrew Hacker, U/S: A Statistical Portaitvf the American People (New York: Viking, 1983).

5. �� , �� Arthur M. Schlesinger, The Dissuniting of America (New York: Norton, 1992), �� 򳺿, �� , � �� .

6. A. D. Lindsay, The Modern Democratic State, vol. 1 (2-� �� ) (London: Oxford University Press, 1943), chap. 5.

7. ��. John Kenneth Galbraith, American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952), and Richard B. Freeman and James L. Medoff, What Do Unions Do? (New York: Basic Books, 1984).

8. Gabriel A. Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (Princetown, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1963), �� chap. 10.

9. ��. �� Gutmann, Democratic Education.

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