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1990-02-06
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░░░│ Hello, and welcome to the PC-WREAD documentation!
░░░│
░░░│ In just a moment, we'll take you right into that documentation;
░░░│ first, though, let's explain how you move around in the document.
░░░│
░░░│ All the active keys will be continually displayed along the bottom
░░░│ line--you see them there now. They are the usual movement keys:
░░░│
░░░│ ∙ the four cursor keys (plus Ctrl-Left and Ctrl-Right);
░░░│ ∙ the PageUp and PageDown keys; and,
░░░│ ∙ the Home and End keys.
░░░│
░░░│ The Esc key is the Exit key.
░░░│
░░░│ By and large, everything does what you might expect it should: the
░░░│ cursor keys scroll one line or column at a time, the Page keys scroll
░░░│ one screenful at a time, and Home and End jump to the top and bottom--
░░░│ respectively--of the document. (Ctrl-Left and Ctrl-Right jump 10
░░░│ columns at a time.) And Esc returns you peacefully to DOS.
░░░│
░░░│ To see this document as was intended, use just the Page keys.
░░░└─────────────────────────────────────────────────
░░░ (Press PgDn when you're ready to move on.)
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
PC-WREAD
──────────
┌──────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ A software product │
│ │
│ from │
│ │
│ High Boskage House │
│ │
└──────────────────────────┘
V. 1.00 Copyright 1990 by Eric Walker
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
╔════════════════════════════════╗
║ PC-WREAD: Its Legal Status ║
╚════════════════════════════════╝
Please be sure to read this section!
PC-WREAD is a "shareware" product. Its author retains the copyright and
all rights in the program, including the exclusive right to license its
use by others.
The author hereby grants you the following limited license:
You may install and use this program without notification or
payment in any amount to the copyright holder, provided such use
does not extend longer than thirty (30) days from the date of
first installation; by no later than the end of the aforesaid
period, you must either register the program by notifying the
author of your intent and paying the registration fee or else
remove the program from your system and thereby cease using it.
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
It is the intent of this license that you have an opportunity to
evaluate the program and its suitability for your needs before
having to decide whether or not to purchase a full license. You
are permitted, and indeed encouraged, to distribute this program
to others, subject to the folowing conditions: all files in the
original distribution package--SEE.EXE, SEEDOC.EXE, SEEDOC.TXT,
COLORS.DOC, and README.1ST--must be distributed together, each
unaltered in any way whatsoever, and not bundled with any other
programs; you may not charge any fee for the distribution, except
that established user's groups may charge a nominal amount (not
to exceed ten dollars); and you must not represent, explicitly or
implicitly, that any recipient is receiving any rights in this
program beyond this shareware limited license.
Registration will bring you the following: a slightly augmented version of
the program (described more fully below); a license to use the program and
any successor versions in perpetuity at any one site (multiple-site
licensing is available at moderate incremental costs); a few modest but
perhaps useful little utilities; the right to--at reasonable hours and for
reasonable periods--harass the author by telephone; the peace of mind that
comes with having fulfilled a moral obligation on the honor system; and
the satisfaction of having helped support the shareware concept.
Registration for a single site is $10; if, however, you send along a
diskette in a suitable mailer, or do not require the augmented program,
the cost is only $8. For multiple-site use, the license-fee structure is:
Number Of Sites: License Fee Per Site:
2 - 5 $7
6 - 10 $6
10 - 20 $5
over 20 $4
These figures are registration costs only; distribution diskettes are $2
each, regardless of number of sites.
Please: Bear in mind that such modest costs for software, representative
of the shareware movement, are only possible if you register the programs
that you use. It is neither honorable nor reasonable to expect "the other
guy" to do it all. There are very few--if any--software needs for which
the best answer is not available in the shareware world.
Whether or not you find this particular program worth registering, please
keep these low prices for high quality possible by supporting shareware
authors.
╔════════════════════════════╗
║ PC-WREAD: What It Does ║
╚════════════════════════════╝
PC-WREAD is a file-viewing tool. It can be used as a general-purpose file
viewer, and it will do that job decently, but candidly it does not have
the full panoply of features that an all-purpose file viewer (such as the
shareware program LIST from Vernon Buerg) should ideally possess.
Rather, PC-WREAD is a special-purpose tool: it was designed to work in
tandem with the highly successful shareware word-processor PC-Write, from
Quicksoft, Inc., although--as described in the Appendix hereto--it can be
of significant use even without PC-Write.
Briefly stated, what PC-WREAD does is present on screen a display of any
file that is exactly the same as the display that PC-Write would show for
that file when displaying in "Hide" mode (font characters invisible).
Note: if any of the terms used in this discussion are unclear to you,
there is an extended introduction to the basics further down, under the
heading "Basic Background."
The remainder of this discussion will assume that you are a user of and
at least reasonably familiar with the operation and features of PC-Write.
PC-WREAD evolved to fill a perceived gap between the features of PC-Write
and of LIST (and similar programs). Frequently, situations arise in which
the user (that's you for now, but stay tuned) wants to simply view on
screen--as opposed to edit or print out--a text file. PC-Write can, of
course, be invoked for this purpose, either in the ordinary Edit mode or
in the Read-Only mode. Each of these two cases, however, has drawbacks.
In Edit mode, there is the very real possibility (and, over time, that
becomes probability) of inadvertently altering the file, perhaps
disastrously--there are a lot of ways to cause havoc by a single careless
or accidental keypress. Worst of all are the instances in which such file
alterations are not even noticed at the time, which is assuredly possible
in the most likely case, the accidental keypress (everyone--everyone--
brushes a finger or a notepad against the keyboard on occasion), because
the alteration will usually only be caught if it was dramatic.
Read-Only mode has its own problems. PC-Write, wonderful as it is, is an
editor; that's its job. The Read-Only mode was included primarily as a
way to work around locked files in networks, and it thus works in all ways
just like Edit mode, except that you cannot save any editing changes to
the file directly but must write the file under another name. So, besides
the very real problem of remembering to call PC-Write in the Read-Only
mode (and of remembering how to do so), there is the fact that while you
can't actually damage the file, you can certainly appear to be doing so.
Further, it would be all too easy to call up a file to review and after
kicking around in it for a few minutes forget that you're in Read-Only and
start editing; you wouldn't be reminded what was happening until you first
went to save your work. Yes, you can and would then use another file
name, but--all in all--while using PC-Write in Read-Only as a straight
file-viewing tool works, it's not the ideal solution.
An obvious alternative is a full-blown file viewer such as the above-cited
LIST program. But such programs can't know when they're looking at a PC-
Write-created file, so they have to be equal-opportunity displayers of
files' contents. This means that they can have no way of knowing that a
Code-2 character is supposed to make the following text look like this
until another Code-2 character is encountered, then revert to "normal";
in fact, they can't even know what "normal" means to you (especially on a
color monitor) without special configuration.
Furthermore, general-purpose file-view programs have to present all
characters (whether or not you made them "enhanced") in one appearance,
plus thay have to decide what to do with the font characters themselves.
If they display them like ordinary text, the result will be, to say the
least, distracting, especially in any areas of your document making heavy
use of text enhancements. But if they don't display the font characters
at all, you have no idea what text sections may be enhanced in some way.
Enter PC-WREAD. PC-WREAD does know that it's viewing a PC-Write-created
file (actually, it doesn't know, it assumes). As you will have seen from
reading this file, PC-WREAD very obviously does know what to do with font
characters used by PC-Write, even when they're nested:
Normal, then elite going bold with italic in it within the elite area.
Note: the specific font-display characteristics in this document are
customized PC-Write font characteristics, discussed further below.
PC-WREAD displays them all just as PC-Write would. So, the very obvious
first major use for PC-WREAD is as a quick, easy, safe way to look over
document files created with PC-Write. You're reading one now--but that
brings us to a second (if related) major use for PC-WREAD.
PC-Write uses font characters primarily to send instructions to your
printer. The altered screen display is only a support feature for that
primary purpose, there to let you know what text is affected. It isn't
perfect in that respect--your screen can't actually show italics or
different pitches or sub- and superscripts--but it doesn't have to be; it
is enough to tell you the text is affected, and leave the "how" it is
affected to categorical (e.g. differing-pitch) display variations.
But why not utilize that facility--variant screen displays--as the primary
function? That's exactly what this very file does. It is not intended to
be printed out--if you tried it, you'd get some very peculiar results! It
is intended for just this: being read "on line," as you are doing now.
Have you noticed how the text, without (we hope) any manifest signs of
forcing, makes complete screenloads of information?
It must strike any thoughtful observer as both bizarre and ludicrous that
programs--software, the essence of the computer age--are to this hour
documented almost exclusively in hard copy or in files intended for
no other use than to be printed out. "On-line documentation" is a phrase
that rarely means anything but Help screens in a program. Actual outside-
the-program documentation intended exclusively or even mainly for screen
reading is almost nonexistent. The shoemaker's children go barefoot.
Having PC-WREAD available, you can now readily create documents for on-
line reading. You could, of course, always do this and use a general-
purpose file viewer to read them, but now you have the full spectrum of
text presentation available to you. In monochrome, you can use--
∙ normal
∙ boldfacing
∙ underlining
∙ boldfaced underlining
∙ reversed video
(which, if you are viewing this in color, is what those lines show as in
monochrome). In color, you can use anything on anything, provided it is
coded into PC-Write, either by default or by your customization of the
font characters' screen effects (discussed further below).
This added capability makes on-line files a good deal more attractive,
both literally and figuratively. Consider how vastly simpler the giving
of even elementary instructions is when you can create lines like:
Type F <Enter> and wait for a response, then press <F1> and type R2
While the mind immediately seizes on the marvellous prospects for
improvement in text files, such as program documentation (like this
file), the fun has only started. Virtually every programming language,
even DOS's Batch Files, has some "remarks" delimiter: after the delimiter
(the ' in BASIC or--effectively--the : in a Batch File), the language
ignores the rest of the line. Consider this fragment of a PC-Write
"commented" AUTOEXEC.BAT file seen via PC-WREAD, and ponder the
possibilities:
: THIS IS THE NORMAL, FULL AUTOEXEC VERSION
: (The "fast start" version is in AUTOEXEC.HOT.)
echo off
cls
prompt $P$G
path C:\;C:\EDITOR;C:\UTILS;C:\DOS;C:\FILTERS;C:\AMPLE
set CPMDISK=D
set W=ALONGNAMEDESIGNEDTOASSURETHATTHEREWILLBELOTSOFENVIRONMENTSPACE
set X=ALONGNAMEDESIGNEDTOASSURETHATTHEREWILLBELOTSOFENVIRONMENTSPACE
set Y=ALONGNAMEDESIGNEDTOASSURETHATTHEREWILLBELOTSOFENVIRONMENTSPACE
set Z=ALONGNAMEDESIGNEDTOASSURETHATTHEREWILLBELOTSOFENVIRONMENTSPACE
:This adds 256 bytes to Environment space--must occur before 1st TSR program
synchdos
Programmers: you know it's good practice to extensively comment your
code; now look what you can do:
cls
system
'
'══════════════════SUBROUTINES, PROCEDURES, & FUNCTIONS═════════════════════════
'
'∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Get A Keypress∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
sub KB
shared kb$,scancode
'
do:loop until instat
kb$=ucase$(inkey$) '--won't run except in TurboBasic
if len(kb$)=2 then scancode=asc(right$(kb$,1)) else scancode=0
end sub
'
'∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Interpret Key Presses∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
sub INTERPRET(scancode)
shared daymax,day,month,year
local ok
Or this:
'∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙change default disk drive∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
sub SETDRIVE inline
'
' call setdrive(drive)
'
$inline &H55 ' push BP save Base Pointer
$inline &H89,&HE5 ' mov BP,SP use extant stack
$inline &H8B,&H5E,&H06 ' mov BX,[BP+6] load DRIVE's pointer
$inline &H8B,&H17 ' mov DX,[BX] move DRIVE into DL
$inline &HB4,&H0E ' mov AH,0E load op code into AH
$inline &HCD,&H21 ' int 21 set DRIVE as current drive
$inline &H5D ' pop BP restore BP
end sub
'
'∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙scan file contents for custom attributes∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
sub SCAN inline
'
'call scan(mono,aa(0),codes(1),prdefsize,holdtext$)
' +22 +18 +14 +10 +6
'
Examples and possible uses could be endlessly multiplied, but your own
imagination can probably make the point even better than we can.
This PC-Write/PC-WREAD marriage is made in heaven for writing reminder
instructions for, as a start, yourself. Here at High Boskage House, when
we get a new piece of software in, the very first thing we do--before ever
dreaming of installing the program--is to take the supplied .DOC file and
very materially rewrite it for our own benefit. The first benefit is
ensuring that the documentation is completely and thoroughly understood;
one cannot rewrite what one has not definitively understood. The second
benefit is that when we're through, we have (we think) a comprehensible,
clear document; it is a sad fact that far too many software creators are
much more adept at a computer language than at the English language.
(As an aside, it is our firm opinion that many fine programs--especially
shareware programs, and most especially large and powerful shareware
programs--often don't get the distribution they deserve because many users
cannot fathom the opaque "explanations" provided in the .DOC files.)
The third benefit is that we can use PC-Write font characters to enhance
the screen text to make fast spotting of key points and summaries
available when we later screen-review the file for a specific datum.
Now, however, consider the case of leaving instructions for third parties,
whether on your system or theirs. What a picnic! You can get flashy,
attention-getting screen displays without cumbersome batch files or
special ANSI coding or suchlike. Just use good old PC-Write to create the
information file--like this one--and what you see is what they'll get.
Granted that PC-Write is possibly the premier word processor around, you
can't write files--.DOC or otherwise--on the assumption that every end
viewer will have and know how to use PC-Write. (Their loss.)
But--all that's necessary is that the viewer have PC-WREAD available, a
simple enough requirement. And it's so very easy to use that even the
rankest beginner can be trusted to use it properly to read your
instruction (or other information) files. (See the end of this document
for information on bundling PC-WREAD with other products.)
|
|
|
|
(more follows)
╔══════════════════════════════╗
║ PC-WREAD: How To Work It ║
╚══════════════════════════════╝
The operational program comes to you named SEE.EXE. You may freely rename
it to whatever you find quick and easy. If you do not rename it, you
would display the contents of a hypothetical file FIXIT.DOC by typing:
SEE FIXIT.DOC <Enter>
You may include, as necessary, Path or Drive specifications:
SEE B:\WORK\MISC\FIXIT.DOC <Enter>
All Path specifications--Drive specified or not--must begin with a \.
You can also call PC-WREAD without a file specification, with just:
SEE <Enter>
When so invoked, PC-WREAD will come up prompting for a file specification;
it will be showing a list of all files in the current default directory.
(We will discuss dealing with that screen a little further on.)
If you call PC-WREAD with a file specification that is in some way
defective or is nonexistent, PC-WREAD will show you your specification and
an error message explaining the problem it is finding (it can, however,
only signal one kind of error at a time). PC-WREAD will at this point be
asking you whether you want to quit the program or try again--the only two
options then available (the screen is utterly self-explanatory). If you
choose to continue, PC-WREAD will then take you to the same screen that
you get after exiting a normal file presentation (which is also the same
screen that you get if you invoke PC-WREAD with no file name at all--the
one we just said we will discuss a little further on).
When PC-WREAD successfully locates a file you have specified, it will
display it--as you are now seeing. The top "framing" line will show the
file name as specified and the Line Number of the topmost line of the
current screen display. Line numbering can occasionally be slightly
tricky; the problem is that certain "phantom lines" which appear on the
screen display don't figure into the displayed Line Count.
A PC-Write file contains three "classes" of lines: real text lines, which
could be printed out if desired; Guide Lines, which are in essence private
messages from you to PC-Write about formatting your document and which
neither print out nor even appear in the "hide" screen-display mode; and
Page-Break Lines, which show where you or PC-Write have inserted page
breaks, and which don't print out as lines (just as form feeds) but which
do display on screen, even in the "hide" screen-display mode.
PC-Write itself is a bit ambivalent about Page-Break lines. The normal
Status-Line display is relative: lines are numbered relative to the page
they're on, and Break Lines are designated "Line 0" in that display. But
if you request an all-document absolute location, Break Lines (and even
Guide Lines) are counted in the displayed total!
PC-WREAD both displays and counts text lines; no problem. It neither
displays nor counts Guide Lines; no problem. It does not count, but does
display Page-Break Lines--problem: a "line" not counted in the displayed
Line Number count appears on screen.
In PC-WREAD, Break and Guide Lines never figure in the Line Count. Just
remember: If a Break Line is the top screen line, the displayed Line Count
will be that of the first real text line below that Break Line.
This need to treat Break Lines slightly differently than does PC-Write
itself (because PC-WREAD always shows an absolute Line Number count)
leads to one small, curious difference in screen display: when you
scroll a Page-Break Line up off the top of the screen, you see what
appears to be a "jump" effect. What happens is that your one-line
scroll command is telling PC-WREAD to move to the next line; but the
"next" line--the next real line--is the one whose line number follows
that displayed in the top framing line. The Break Line that was being
shown atop the display area has no real existence; the displayed number
was that of not the Break Line, but that of the "real" text line shown
right after it--the second displayed line on the screen. So, the one-
line scroll moves two display lines off the screen--the phantom Break
Line and the real text line.
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ NOTE: │
│ Using PC-WREAD to view any file containing characters of code │
│ 11 or code 12 that do not conform to PC-Write's requirement of │
│ one per line, in the very first column only, will lead to some │
│ VERY bizarre-looking screen displays! No others are problems. │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
The bottom "framing" line shows all the keys PC-WREAD will recognize:
<Left Arrow> = scroll one column left (stops at left document edge)
<Right Arrow> = scroll one column right (goes indefinitely)
<Ctrl>-<Left Arrow> = scroll ten columns left (to document edge)
<Ctrl>-<Right Arrow> = scroll ten columns right (indefinitely)
<Up Arrow> = scroll one line up (stops at document top)
<Down Arrow> = scroll one line down (stops at last document line)
<Pg Up> = scroll one screen up (stops at document top)
<Pg Dn> = scroll one screen down (stops at last document line)
<Home> = jump to top of document (cancels any horizontal scrolling)
<End> = jump to bottom of document (cancels any horizontal scrolling)
<Esc> = exit from current document (returns to menu)
The Line Number display on the top framing line gives you an idea where in
a document you are, but this information is supplemented by the presence
or absence of four "pointer arrows" on the screen. An arrow at any one of
the four extreme corners of the display screen signifies that more of the
file can be seen by scrolling in the direction indicated by the arrow.
Right now, you will see at the bottom corners the "Up" and the "Down"
arrows; they mean that you are neither at the start nor the end of this
document. You can scroll up and see more, or you can scroll down and see
more. (On very rare occasions, you can find a ? where the Down arrow
would go; this means that PC-WREAD is at the very last line of the current
"block"--explained later--and that it doesn't yet know if this is the last
block of the file.)
The Left Arrow appears whenever you are scrolled horizontally away from
the left margin. The Right Arrow only appears if a document line is
longer than the 80 characters that will fit on the screen at once, like
the 100-character "ruler" below; the Right Arrow will remain on until you
scroll far enough right to display the end of the longest line of the
current screen. Use the Left and Right cursors now to see what we mean.
----+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8----+----9----+----0
When you quit a file's display via the <Esc> key, or when you have invoked
PC-WREAD with no file specification or with an invalid one, you are
presented with a "what next?" screen. The top part of this screen will be
a list of all the files in a Directory (in which Directory depends on
things we'll explain shortly), bracketed by two "framing" lines; below
this will be a request for a new file to display. The top framing line
will identify the displayed Directory; the bottom one will usually tell
you how to list some other Directory. We say "usually" because PC-WREAD
makes allowance for the fact that a very long Directory list might
overflow the available list space; if that happens, the bottom framing
line will instead be showing a blinking message to that effect.
PC-WREAD can list 72 files (and it lists only files, never SubDirectory
names); if you have more than that in one SubDirectory, it's past time to
reorganize! It's poor practice to overload directories; they were created
to avoid just that happening. Make some new SubDirectories and rearrange.
The normal bottom framing line display is a note to the effect that you
can elect to display some other Directory by entering as a "dummy" file
selection the * asterisk character. Although the screen message does not
say so, the [ and ] bracket characters will also work for that purpose.
The two bracket signs were included because they are among the few lower-
case characters not recognized by DOS as valid in commands--so that they
cannot be taken as real file names (and both were included so you don't
have to remember "left bracket or right?")--and lower-case characters are
much easier for hunt-and-peck typists to enter when they're in a hurry.
What happens if you use these "dummy" file names will be covered in a
moment, but let's finish the "what next?" screen first. The bottommost
screen line will be a message to the effect that pressing the <Enter> key
with no file entry will exit PC-WREAD. This is, in fact, the normal and
proper way to exit PC-WREAD; although the <Break> key should work, it
should never be needed, since there is error-trapping.
(If PC-WREAD encounters an unanticipated error, it will jump to a special
Error-Display screen; the only exit from there is to DOS, via any key.)
PC-WREAD tries to be accomodating with respect to your file-request
entries. It is totally indifferent to case in letters. It tolerates (and
ignores) leading or trailing blank spaces. It assumes that if no Drive is
specified, the current (DOS default) Drive is intended; likewise, it
assumes that if no Path is specified, the current (DOS default) Path is
intended.
You can explicitly specify either a Drive or a Path, but you do have to
follow the DOS rules: Drives must be one letter followed by a : colon, and
Paths--whether or not there is a Drive specification preceding them--must
begin with the \ backslash character. And, of course, the Drive, Path,
and file named must all exist for PC-WREAD to find the file!
Something that should be of interest to all shareware veterans: PC-WREAD
will work with CED! If you don't know about or haven't got CED (the
Command Editor), a shareware program, you don't know what you're missing.
For the rest of you: remember that PC-WREAD is a CED application program,
and that CED maintains completely separate DOS-Command and Application-
Program stacks, and has a completely separate set of Application-Program
synonyms. Check the CED documentation if you're unclear about this.
(Note: CED has a new--at this writing--shareware competitor, ANARKEY; it
sounds good and comes well recommended, but we have not yet obtained it
and so cannot guarantee that PC-WREAD can make use of it, although it
probably can.)
If you don't have CED or a similar program, note that your keyboard input
to PC-WREAD's file-name requests is "DOS-buffered"; this means that the
keys on your keyboard should work just as they do when you are entering
input at the DOS Command line, so that the <F1> and <F3> keys, for
example, could be used to recall and edit--primitively--the last entry.
Comment: if you do have CED, please use the CED edit keys, not the DOS
keys; at least in our version of CED (version 1.0D), such use within an
application causes fascinating but annoying CED conflicts. PC-WREAD can,
we believe, deal with all of these in stride, but try not to tempt fate.
Now about the Directory display: again, PC-WREAD tries to be accomodating.
It will display the files in the last valid Drive:\Path named to it,
whether or not it located the specific file requested there. Note the
words "last" and "valid"--the to-be-displayed Directory doesn't change, no
matter how many file-request attempts you make, until one of those
attempts contains at least a Drive-Path combination that is valid
(regardless of the file name's validity). Naming no Drive or Path is
equivalent to specifying the current Directory, so that's what PC-WREAD
will show if you call a file (whether or not at first entry) by file name
only, and also if you call no file name at all when first invoking it.
And as to changing the Directory display without calling for a particular
file: when you use a *, a [, or a ] by itself as a "file name" request,
PC-WREAD will take you to a special Path-select screen. The rules here
are very similar to those at the main "what-next?" screen, except that no
specific file is to be named. You can end your Path specification with a
\ or not, as you may be used to--PC-WREAD will take it either way.
Here too, PC-WREAD will tell you what problem it may be having with an
invalid entry. And, as the screen will inform you, just pressing <Enter>
with no entry will be interpreted as a request for the current Directory.
Understand this: changing the PC-WREAD display Directory does NOT change
the DOS default Directory, nor will PC-WREAD recognize the displayed
Directory as a default for file selection unless it really is also the DOS
default Directory (and if it is, the top framing line will say so). If
you want to see a file from the displayed list, unless it happens to be
the current Directory, you must enter the complete Path as part of the
file specification. (The same applies concerning Drives.) The PC-WREAD
display is only a tool to help you remember the full, correct name of
files you may want to see. PC-WREAD never changes its startup DOS default
Drive and Path, and always returns you to them when you exit from it.
A last note: Because PC-WREAD takes in files in "blocks," as detailed
later, when scrolling through a long file you will every so often
experience a very brief delay--noticeable, but just barely so--between
some pair of screens. Because PC-WREAD uses overlapping blocks, you will
have to move some distance through the file before experiencing another
such delay; you cannot find yourself jumping back and forth between blocks
at some specific line-count position.
╔════════════════════════════╗
║ PC-WREAD: How It Works ║
╚════════════════════════════╝
In this section, we explain some of PC-WREAD's functioning and detail its
capabilities and limitations.
PC-WREAD does not necessarily load the entire document file into memory
all at once. To save start-up time, and allow handling of files of any
length, it deals with document files in "blocks" of 32Kbytes at a time
(of course if the entire file is 32K or less, PC-WREAD takes it all at
once). If you ask PC-WREAD to scroll the file such that it needs text
outside the 32K block currently in memory, it will load in a new 32K
block, but one offset (up or down, as appropriate) only 16Kbytes from the
block that was current. In this way, your current screen position in the
document--which was the edge of the former block--is now at the midpoint
of the new block. You thus have plenty of room to move around in either
direction before you will force PC-WREAD to read another new block.
When we say PC-WREAD can handle files of "any" length, we mean any length
that can be stored on today's storage media, or most likely even on
tomorrow's: PC-WREAD's file-length specifier is 32 bits long, allowing
files of up to 4,096 Megabytes. Even laser disks won't be a problem!
Scrolling in PC-WREAD is limited top, bottom, and left by the file's
"edges"; rightward scrolling, described earlier as unlimited, actually is
limited, but only to 32,767 columns--you'd get a crick in the fingers
scrolling out that far, even ten columns at a time. There's no reason to
ever go that far, nor for PC-WREAD to be able to; it just happens that it
can. (At bottom, you can scroll up until the last file line is atop the
screen, facilitating exact line-number referencing without counting.)
When scrolling rightward, PC-WREAD does not ignore the columns off-screen
leftward; it keeps track of font-effect characters in that invisible area,
and knows what the current screen effect should be even if the font
character that turned it on is a thousand columns leftward.
Speed of operation with PC-WREAD will, of course, vary depending on quite
a variety of factors, the foremost of which is the specific hardware that
makes up your computer system: from a basic PC or XT to a PS/2 Model 80,
there is an almost 16-to-1 clock ratio, and that by no means tells it all.
Also remember (or learn) that when measuring intervals internally on a
computer, such as with the TIMER function in BASIC, we can get results as
precise as we want, but they will only be accurate to about .027 second.
(Never confuse precision with accuracy; you can say that the time now is
4:37 p.m. and 17.3 seconds, which is very precise, but if you're using a
sundial to get it, probably not very accurate.) In the IBM/clone family
of computers, the standard software "clock tick" occurs roughly 18.2 times
a second, or about every 55 milliseconds (.055 second).
Note one point: the first time that you press the <End> key, for a jump to
file end, there will be a definite pause, the length of which will depend
directly on the length of the file. Because PC-WREAD displays the line
number of its position in the file, it must go through the entire file
counting line ends before actually making the jump; this can take time
perceptible on the human scale, as noted below. After that first time,
PC-WREAD has the all-file line count and will simply make the jump, like
any other block jump. (PC-WREAD does not need the all-file line count for
itself; it just wants to be able to show it to you.)
Also note that, depending on file size and your location in the file,
"jumps" to file-top and file-bottom may not involve loading new blocks (if
the whole file is under 32K, nothing does), and may thus take no longer
than scrolling up or down by one line (a "screen jump").
On a "Turbo XT clone" with a decent hard drive, we found these times:
∙ initial start-up, file 32K or larger: circa 1.35 seconds
∙ " " " , " very small: circa 0.60 second
∙ "block jump," full 32K block: circa 0.78 second
∙ screen jump: circa .05 second
∙ first jump-to-file-end: circa 1 second for every 46K of file
As noted, these will vary, but all in all--regardless of your exact
hardware configuration--you should find PC-WREAD comparable in speed of
operation to whatever you're accustomed to in your environment from any
good-quality screen-display program, and perfectly usable.
About screen colors: you are not seeing this document with SEE, the actual
evaluation version of PC-WREAD, but rather with SEEDOC, a special-purpose
version of SEE. The effects displayed here (particularly if you are
seeing this in color) are--in effect--what you would get if you had
customized your PC-Write configuration files in a specific way pertaining
to displays, a process we strongly recommend. Please review (with SEE of
course!) the supplementary file COLORS.DOC for a fuller discussion of the
fascinating and subtle matter of customizing displays in PC-Write.
The actual evaluation version of PC-WREAD, SEE.EXE, simply uses all the
PC-Write default screen-display colors or attributes. If you have
customized those, PC-WREAD in that version will not know that.
The full-registration version is smarter. It will search the Path for the
two PC-Write configuration files, ED.DEF and PR.DEF; if it finds them, it
will search them for any screen-display redefinitions that you may have
placed there, and will use that information itself. It will recognize any
and all <Alt>-<letter key> font redefinitions, plus any redefinition of
the "normal text" display or the line-end-fill display (but not any
redefinition of the "lines under last text" area display).
PC-WREAD does not at this time have a text-string search capability. If
the response to the initial release is sufficient, such may be added.
Whether or not you elect to use and register PC-WREAD, we would certainly
appreciate any feedback, positive or negative, about it, and especially
about features you would like to see added (or subtracted). Please send
any comments to the registration address at the end of this file.
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╔════════════════════════════════╗
║ PC-WREAD: Basic Background ║
╚════════════════════════════════╝
Some Primers For Newcomers
All "characters"--things that can be typed, printed out, or displayed on a
screen--are single bytes of data; a byte, being 8 bits of data, can have 2
to the 8th power, or 256, different values, ranging from 0 to 255. The
numerical value of a byte used as a character is referred to as its code;
the phrases "ASCII code" or "ASCII value" are also often used, but
properly speaking only the codes from 32 to 127 inclusive are "ASCII"
codes. ASCII is an acronym for American Standards Committee on
Information Interchange, which long ago defined standard meanings to be
assigned to the "ASCII" codes: for example, code 65 universally
denominates the capitalized form of the letter A.
Codes outside the ASCII range are not standardized. Two near standards--
by no means universal--have evolved for the "extended ASCII" range of
characters with codes from 128 to 255: the Epson version and the IBM
version (these are not their formal names--they don't have any such). In
the Epson version, the ASCII characters repeat but in italics; thus,
character code 193, which is 65 (the ordinary capital A) plus 128 (to
shift it to "high-order"), is an italicized capital A. In the IBM
version, the 128 so-called "high-order" codes produce a fascinating
variety of graphic characters, many of which can be combined to draw neat
boxes like this:
╔═════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║ DON'T FORGET TO REGISTER YOUR COPY OF PC-WREAD! ║
╟─────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
║ It's the honorable thing to do, and it's cheap! ║
╚═════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
The characters with codes below 32 are less standardized yet. Virtually
no printer, unless especially instructed to (and not all can be so
instructed), will print any such character. Screen-display responses vary
with programming language, but many of these low-code characters will not
even show on the screen (unless poked directly into video memory).
There is a reason for this apparent discrimination: these 32 codes are
very commonly used to send commands to peripherals, especially printers.
PC-Write makes use of these 32 low-code characters as what it calls font-
control characters. As you create a document with PC-Write, you embed
font-control characters in your text, either explicitly with the <Alt> key
plus a letter key, or implicitly (as, for example, by pressing the
<Enter> key). As you will know, embedded <Alt>-<letter>--that is, font-
control--characters are used by PC-Write to send instructions to your
printer as to how to treat the affected text: "normal," boldfaced, italic,
and so on.
PC-Write does not send these codes directly to your printer, which would
not understand them; the print portion of PC-Write (as contrasted with the
edit portion that you use to create the file) translates each such font
character into the corresponding codes specifically appropriate to your
brand of printer. You will remember that at your first use of PC-Write
you had to tell it what printer you have; this was so that it would know
into what codes to translate each embedded font-control character in your
document. Printer control codes are scandalously nonstandardized; even
so-called "compatible" printers often have their individual quirks (but
again, the two quasi-standards are Epson and IBM).
As you also should know, PC-Write varies the on-screen appearance of
document portions that are influenced by an embedded font-control
character, so that you can keep track of what you've done to what. It
normally distinguishes 22 such modes on screen (10 others have no special
effect on screen-display text). For color-monitor users, PC-Write
normally uses 10 "non-standard" color combinations to distinguish between
those 22 modes, while monochrome-monitor users have 4 "non-standard"
looks: reverse, bright, underline, and bright underline.
Obviously, unique identification of the text alteration mode is never
possible in monochrome, and is not completely implemented even in color,
at least in the PC-Write defaults. The folks at Quicksoft grouped their
default font-display choices into quite reasonable, and thus informative,
patterns, although the color choices in particular are rather bland--
inoffensive but unexciting.
We strenuously urge you to review the file COLORS.DOC, which is part of
the PC-WREAD evaluation package, for a thorough discussion of the topic, a
discussion too long to be included in this already lengthy outline of PC-
WREAD. There, we examine the various conflicting criteria for screen font
displays, and derive and explicitly list the values used in the document
you are now reading. (Use SEE to view COLORS.)
PC-Write allows you to toggle font-control characters from visible to
invisible and vice-versa very easily (that's the characters themselves,
not their display effects on affected text), but unless you have a special
need to briefly examine what's where, it's far easier to keep them
invisible while working (for once, contrary to the PC-Write manual), and
most PC-Write users we know do so most of the time.
You can change the way PC-Write screen-displays text affected by a given
font-control character via appropriate customization commands placed in
the PC-Write PR.DEF file. You can also, via the PC-Write ED.DEF file,
change the appearance of "normal" text and other screen-display areas
(such as the Status Line). Again, see COLORS.DOC for more information.
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╔═════════════════════════════════════╗
║ AN APPENDIX: ║
╟─────────────────────────────────────╢
║ PC-WREAD: Uses Without PC-Write ║
╚═════════════════════════════════════╝
If you are a confirmed proponent of some word processor other than PC-
Write, PC-WREAD is by no means useless to you. Certainly it does lose
some of its value as a simple reviewer of files you have created with your
word processor, unless that word processor also uses an embedded-character
scheme involving the 32 low-order codes (Codes 0 - 31). In that case, you
can readily make PC-WREAD work for you directly by creating a PR.DEF and
an ED.DEF file pair with such characters "customized." PC-WREAD scans any
file named PR.DEF located anywhere on the Path for appropriately formatted
screen-display characteristics definitions. A format for such definitions
is supplied somewhat farther on; by following it out, one can define the
screen appearance for text controlled by any 26 of the 0-to-31 low codes.
But the second main area of use for PC-WREAD, simply reading on-screen
documentation files, remains highly useful. All that need be done is to
create a file that is "flat ASCII"--that is, which initially contains no
below-code-32 characters. It should then not be difficult to embed such
characters wherever desired by manually inserting them. PC-Write uses the
<Alt> key in combination with letter keys to generate and embed such
characters, but lacking PC-Write you can use the DOS keypad method.
By depressing and holding down the <Alt> key, one can generate from the
keyboard any character by pressing at the numerical keypad, digit by
digit, the code for that character. In other words, to generate a capital
A (code 65), you can depress Alt, press the 6 key of the numeric keypad
and then the 5 key of that keypad, then release the <Alt> key. This is
vital: Only the NUMERIC KEYPAD keys work in this instance! The regular
"typewriter" number keys will NOT perform this function.
That's a clumsy way to enter a capital A, but it works just fine for any
character you can't enter via a straightforward keypress. You can also,
in some programs, use a Ctrl-letter key combination, but many programs
intercept such key actions and interpret them as special commands.
Remember that making a PC-WREAD-readable file is a one-time task; after
that, it's always available for reading (attention software developers!).
To return to adapting PC-WREAD to work with a word processor that is not
PC-Write but that does work by embedding low-code characters: all one need
do is make a pair of files, named PR.DEF and ED.DEF, to redefine for PC-
WREAD what the embedded characters mean.
Note: this discussion applies only to the full-featured version of PC-
WREAD; the shareware distribution version does not read the .DEF files for
display redefinitions.
The key to the redefinitions, beyond the simple mechanics of the syntax,
presented below, is understanding the "attributes." An attribute is,
somewhat like a character, a one-byte datum; each of the 2000 character
positions on the screen (80 x 25 = 2000) has an attribute byte associated
with it that determines how the character at that position will be
displayed: the foreground/background colors (and intensity and blink) in
color, or the mode in monochrome (normal, bold, underline, bold underline,
or reverse). Each bit in the byte controls some aspect of the display; to
explain it all here would be a bit much--consult the file COLORS.DOC
for details--but the attribute value is simply the bit pattern of the
attribute byte reckoned as a number (e.g. attribute code 23 signifies an
attribute byte with bit pattern 00010111, blue on white in color or
"normal" in monochrome).
In the example below, M is the attribute value that you want for for
monochrome monitors, X is a dummy value (PC-WREAD does not support single-
color-graphics type displays), and C is the attribute value you want for
color monitors; code is, obviously, the code value of the low (0 to 31
inclusive) "font character" that you want to have generate these effects.
>> THERE MUST BE SOME VALID ENTRY FOR EACH OF THE THREE VALUES!! <<
Technically, "valid" means between 0 and 255 inclusive, but use 7 as a
"dummy" entry for any monitor type you don't currently care about.
This is a general format for the definitions in a non-PC-Write PR.DEF:
#Z:M.X.C=<code>
For the Z shown, you can use any letter from A to Z inclusive; thus, you
can associate screen-display attributes with up to 26 Code-0-to-32
characters. Which letter is associated with what code is unimportant.
REMEMBER: use this format only if you DO NOT use PC-Write!!
You can also make an ED.DEF file to define the "normal" and line-fill
attributes. Use this format:
&1:M.X.C will define the "normal" attribute, while
&2:M.X.C will define the line-fill attribute.
"Line-fill" is the unused space between the actual end of a file line and
the right margin of the screen; very few people will want the line-fill
attribute to differ from the "normal text" attribute. One exception might
be a text data file where all lines must be of a fixed length; a differing
fill value would let you see the line's true length (otherwise you can't
tell space characters from unused columns). And again:
>> THERE MUST BE SOME VALID ENTRY FOR EACH OF THE THREE VALUES!! <<
and:
REMEMBER: use this format only if you DO NOT use PC-Write!!
By the way, why don't you?
╔══════════════════════════════════╗
║ PC-WREAD: How To Register It ║
╚══════════════════════════════════╝
Registration of PC-WREAD for single-site use is $10. This will bring you
a diskette with the latest full-featured version of PC-WREAD, plus a few
other little HBH utilities--nothing big, but one or more might be of some
interest to some of you (the exact list may vary from time to time). It
will also bring you a telephone number if you have questions, suggestions,
or whatever to offer.
Remember: you have 30 days maximum to use PC-WREAD without registering it!
Obviously, no one and nothing can police such a restriction except your
conscience and ethics, in which we--like all shareware authors--trust.
Saving Money: If you send with your registration request a 5¼-inch DSDD
(double-sided, double density) diskette in a plausibly reusable diskette
mailer, you need only send $8 as the registration fee. Or, if you want to
fulfill your ethical obligation but don't feel the need for the augmented
version of PC-WREAD (the sole difference is that the augmented version
reads your PR.DEF and ED.DEF files for screen-appearance redefinitions),
or the utilities surprise package, $8 will again suffice for the
registration fee (and you will get the phone number in your return
acknowledgement).
Multi-Site Users: the fee schedule for multiple sites appears near the
front of this document. When registering, please specify the number of
sites at which you will be using PC-WREAD.
Customization: we can and gladly will customize PC-WREAD at extremely
modest costs. Please write to us and outline your needs.
"Bundling": Software authors--High Boskage House Software would be glad to
work with you. We can customize PC-WREAD and, if desired, edit/rewrite
your .DOC files. We are flexible and reasonable--write to us.
Commercial Users: we make no distinctions. Checks with orders, please.
HERE'S THE ADDRESS:
High Boskage House
63500 Argyle Road
King City, CA 93930-9713
Please do not send cash (does anyone ever do that?).
HERE'S HOW TO MAKE OUT THE CHECK:
Make the check or other payment instrument (Money Order, whatever) payable
to:
High Boskage House Software
We thank you for your interest in PC-WREAD, hope you find it useful, hope
you pass it along to others, and very much hope that you register it.
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