Shareware Overload

home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search

/ Shareware Overload / ShartewareOverload.cdr / progm / designer.zip / DESIGNER.DOC < prev next >

Wrap

Text File | 1985-01-21 | 45KB | 1,366 lines

The Designer User's Manual - V1.0 THE DESIGNER Version 1.0 A BASIC Animation Programming Tool for the IBM PC User's Manual Copyright 1983 by Jan B. Young April 29, 1983 Manual Updated November 23, 1984 The Designer User's Manual - V1.0 Table of Contents I. Introduction A. Overview 3 B. Capabilities 4 C. Benefits and Advantages 4 D. Requirements 4 II. General Information A. Description of Functions 5 B. Definition of Terms 6 C. Explanation of General Concepts 6 III. How to Use the Program A. What to Do The First Time (Only) 8 B. Using The Designer 9 C. Using Files Created by The Designer 12 D. "DEMO" 14 E. What To Do If an Error Occurs 15 IV. Administration A. Warranty and Disclaimer 16 B. Program Distribution 16 C. Questions and Problems 16 D. Maintenance and Enhancements 17 V. Reference Material A. Command Summary 18 Page 2 The Designer User's Manual - V1.0 I. INTRODUCTION A. OVERVIEW The Designer is a programming tool for BASIC users working with animated graphics on an IBM-PC. It can be of significant value to people writing graphic games and to people interested in experimenting with animation. The Designer is written in IBM advanced BASIC (BASICA). The source code is included for those who wish to study and/or modify it. Since The Designer uses dynamic array dimensioning, it cannot be compiled. Included with The Designer is a demonstration program which illustrates one way to program animation. "Demo" is also provided in source code form so you can study and/or modify it as you wish. The Designer is distributed without charge. If you are using it and find it to be of value, a contribution ($20 suggested) would be appreciated. Jan B. Young 767 N. Holden St. Port Washington, Wi. 53074 Regardless of whether you make a contribution or not, individuals, clubs, and other non-profit organizations are granted permission to copy and distribute programs, data files, and documentation to others, providing that no charge is made for the software. Distribution costs may be charged to recipients providing they do not exceed $7 per copy. The programs, data files, and documentation may be modified as desired by any individual or non-profit organization, and the modified materials distributed providing the following is retained without modification: all appearances of the copyright notice, all warranty disclaimers, all material explaining distribution policies, and all requests for contributions. Users distributing modified program or documentation copies are also required to add the words "User Modified" wherever The Designer's version number appears and must distribute without charge (other than the $7 maximum distribution cost). Page 3 The Designer User's Manual - V1.0 B. CAPABILITIES The objective of The Designer is to create data files of two types, "screens" and "sprites". A "screen file" contains the image of a fixed background (the scenery behind your game). A "sprite file" contains the image of a character which your BASIC programs can move about. The completed screen and sprite files are input data for your animation programs. The Designer features full use of the PC's function keys to control program function. It has online-help capabilities and is able to print a handy reference card on your printer. This documentation is included on the disk. C. BENEFITS AND ADVANTAGES The Designer was born of the frustration involved in an early attempt on my part to write a game. I found that I was spending as much time creating the images as I was programming the game logic and decided that a generalized tool would be of value. With The Designer, your PC can be used like an artist's canvas. You can draw on the screen in color, store your work in either "screen" or "sprite" form, and recall it later to make changes. All calculations required to create the files are performed automatically and you need concern yourself only with the artwork and the graphic appearance of your images. The Designer, together with Demo, can also be a learning experience for you if you aren't familiar with animation programming. Since Demo is modifiable, it gives you a starting place and some ideas for program architecture and design. Whether your programs are modifications of Demo or not, they can directly read both screen and sprite files created by The Designer, limiting your programming effort to the game logic and its presentation to the user. D. REQUIREMENTS The Designer requires an IBM-PC with at least 64K of memory, PC-DOS with BASICA, a color/graphics adapter, an 80-character display, and at least one disk drive (two recommended). The Designer, and this manual, assume that you have a beginning understanding of programming concepts and a beginning knowledge of BASIC. Page 4 The Designer User's Manual - V1.0 II. GENERAL INFORMATION A. DESCRIPTION OF FUNCTIONS The Designer supports ten different functions, each accessed by pressing a function key on the IBM PC. All functions are available at any time, simply by pressing the appropriate function key. The Designer's ten functions are: Fctn Key Function -------- ------------------------------------------------------------ 1 NEW - Begin a new image on the screen. Both high and medium resolution are supported. Colors are supported to the extent that the color/graphics adapter supports them. The cursor control keys are used to draw lines. Special commands draw diagonals, circles, arcs and paint-in areas with color. 2 SCL - Scale. The Designer can expand and contract images on the screen. This allows you to create an original image in a convenient size and then enlarge or reduce it for actual use. 3 SSP - Store Sprite. Function key 3 causes the image now on the display to be stored as a sprite. 4 SSC - Store Screen. Function key 4 causes the image now on the display to be stored as a background screen. 5 RSP - Retrieve Sprite. The Designer can, of course, read the sprite files it creates and permits sprites to be modified. Modified sprites can be saved either as a new sprite or as a screen. 6 RSC - Retrieve Screen. Similar to sprites, saved screens can be retrieved from disk, modified and saved. Segments of screens can be saved as sprites, giving flexibility in the application of your artwork. 7 TXT - Add Text. Sometimes background screens (or even sprites) involve text characters. The Designer includes a library of characters, and is able to locate them on your artwork as you direct. 8 ANI - Test Animation. Since the overall effectiveness of animated graphics is dependent on the integration of screens and sprites, The Designer includes the ability to simultaneously retrieve a screen and a sprite, to display both, and to permit movement of the sprite. Page 5 The Designer User's Manual - V1.0 9 INS - Instructions. Function key 9 returns you to the master menu from any place in The Designer. From the master menu, helps covering all functions and general system use can be requested. In addition, the master menu permits changes to the default disk drive and the printing of a handy reference card. 10 Stop. Function key 10 stops execution of The Designer. These functions are explained in further detail in section III.C. B. DEFINITION OF TERMS The Designer uses the following terms which may be new to you: Pixel - The color/graphics adapter's display is made up of a large number of dots, called pixels. The pixels can be colored in medium resolution and black or white in high resolution. Medium resolution graphics gives you 200 pixels vertically by 320 horizontally. High resolution gives you 200 by 640. Screen - "Screens" are commonly used as backgrounds in animation programming. By definition, a screen is the full size of your display (200x320 pixels in medium resolution and 200x640 in high resolution). Screens are retrieved using the BASIC BLOAD statement. Sprite - "Sprites" are smaller figures which can be superimposed on screens and moved about as dictated by game logic. Sprites require more memory per unit area than screens, but are movable in single pixel increments. The smaller the sprite, the faster it moves and the less memory it uses. Image & Figure - The Designer uses the terms Image and Figure interchangably to denote artwork on the display. Since artwork can become either a "screen" or a "sprite" at your command, The Designer refrains from using terms which imply one orientation or the other. C. EXPLANATION OF GENERAL CONCEPTS BASICA supports two key statements of value to the programmer working with animation BLOAD and PUT. You should read about these statements in the BASIC manual, as well as reviewing the short explanations given here. Page 6 The Designer User's Manual - V1.0 BLOAD The BASIC BLOAD statement moves data from a file to a location in memory specified by the programmer. One of the major uses for BLOAD is the transfer of an image from a file into the screen buffer. The color/graphics screen buffer is 16K long, so the operation of BLOAD takes a few seconds. BLOAD fills the buffer linearly. Since the display unit scans the display (and uses the buffer) in an odd-even pattern, you will be able to watch BLOAD work first in horizontal stripes, and then filling in between the stripes. When programming with BLOAD, remember that the statement assumes that files to be loaded will be qualified with ".BAS". If you rename a screen file that was created by The Designer, be sure to retain the .BAS suffix. PUT PUT differs from BLOAD in several respects. First, it moves data only into the screen buffer and only from a basic subscripted variable. Second, it is able to load a portion of the buffer as directed by the programmer, while BLOAD is really effective only for loading the entire buffer. And third, it is able to restore the screen to its prior appearance, simply by executing another PUT (using the XOR mode). PUT works under four modes: AND, OR, XOR, and PSET. The use of these modes is explained in the BASIC manual, but may be best understood by experimenting with them. Try creating a screen and sprite using The Designer, and then use The Designer's animation test facility to experiment with the different modes. Remember that PUT runs much faster on small sprites than on large ones. Animation of small characters, therefore, will be much faster and smoother than large ones. Page 7 The Designer User's Manual - V1.0 III. HOW TO USE THE PROGRAM A. WHAT TO DO THE FIRST TIME (ONLY) When you first receive The Designer, it will have the following files on the diskette: DESIGNER.BAS The Designer program VERBIAGE Helps, menus, and the like. This file is input data. The Designer won't run without it. TEXTCHAR Text character images. If this file is deleted, The Designer will work, but use of Function Key 7 will cause an abend. DESIGNER.DOC This document, which can be printed by typing "COPY A:DESIGNER.DOC LPT1:" DEMO.BAS Animation Demo Program MOUSE.SPR Input to Demo (See IV.C) MAZE.RES Input to Demo (See IV.C) MAZE.BAS Input to Demo (See IV.C) Starting The Designer the first time is done like this: Step 1: If you're anxious to play with your new toy (as I always am when I get new software) do step 2. If you want to do it "right" the first time, then skip step 2 and proceed to step 3. Step 2: Insert your DOS disk in drive A and boot the system. Type BASICA to invoke advanced basic. Remove the DOS disk and insert The Designer. Type RUN "DESIGNER" (including the quotation marks). Step 3. To do it "right": a. Insert your DOS diskette in drive A and boot the system. b. Insert a blank diskette in drive B and type: FORMAT B:/S <Enter> COPY COMMAND.COM B: <Enter> COPY BASICA.COM B: <Enter> c. Now type the following commands: COPY CON: AUTOEXEC.BAT <Enter> BASICA DESIGNER/S:512 <Enter> <Function key 6> <Enter> Page 8 The Designer User's Manual - V1.0 d. Now remove the DOS diskette from drive A and replace it with The Designer's diskette. Type: COPY *.* B: <Enter> e. If you have only one disk drive, you may want to create a "production" version of The Designer. To do this, go through steps 3.a, 3.b, and 3.c. In place of 3.d, type the following: COPY DESIGNER.BAS B: <Enter> COPY VERBIAGE B: <Enter> COPY TEXTCHAR B: <Enter> The other files delivered on The Designer's diskette are not required for operation of the system. Once you have completed step 3, The Designer can be started by booting your PC with The Designer's diskette in drive A. 4. Regardless of whether you use step 2 or step 3, the first time you operate The Designer, it will ask you which drive should be used for storage. Respond with A, B, C, or D. This data will be stored in a new file called DESIGNER.DRV and you will not be asked the question again (unless the new file is destroyed). If you want to change the designation at any time, you can do so. See section B.3 below for details. 5. If you want to use The Designer from a hard disk (or from any disk other than drive A), modify line 15530 to reflect the drive that the "VERBIAGE" file will be residing on. The Designer assumes that it will be on drive A. B. USING THE DESIGNER Detailed instructions for operating The Designer appear in the helps which are available online during any session. For reasons of space economy, most of this information is not duplicated here. Instead, this section of the manual contains additional information and hints which may be of value. The helps can be printed and appended to this manual if you wish to do so. Printing can be done by running The Designer, calling the helps from the main menu, and using PrtSc to print them. 1. Overall Scheme The Designer is intended to be a tool for the programmer who is interested in experimenting with animated graphics or writing games or other animations using the IBM BASICA lanugage on an IBM PC. Page 9 The Designer User's Manual - V1.0 BASIC provides several powerful animation statements permitting the programmer to display backgrounds and movable elements and to move them around the screen. In particular, the BLOAD and PUT statements are valuable. These statements move images onto the screen and are capable of animation. You should refer to the IBM BASIC manual for more information. But, BLOAD and PUT both require images which have already been created and exist either in memory or in a disk file. BASIC provides no significant support for the creation of the images. This is The Designer's role - the creation of backgrounds and movable characters in a form usable by the BASIC BLOAD and PUT statements. Assuming you are writing a game involving animated graphics, The Designer is intended to be used as follows: - Design your game. Divide the display images into fixed backgrounds and movable characters. Get a rough idea of the game logic and think about the shape, form and color of screens and sprites. - Use The Designer to draw and save, one by one, the screens and sprites your game will use. - Use The Designer's animation test facilities to inspect the screens and sprites in combination to assure that things fit and look good together. - Start the programming. Use the BASIC manual for help with the BLOAD and PUT statements. Look over the Demo program that comes with The Designer for ideas and for help in applying the screen and sprite files created by The Designer. - If you find that additional screens and sprites are required, use The Designer to make them. - If you find that changes are needed to screens and sprites, The Designer will help you make them. 2. Starting If you have been through the steps in section III.A of this manual, starting The Designer is a matter only of inserting the diskette in drive A and booting your PC. If you have not done III.A, refer to it for instructions on starting The Designer. Page 10 The Designer User's Manual - V1.0 3. Using the Function Keys With only a very few exceptions, any function key can be used at any time throughout The Designer. However, be careful when you have artwork in progress. If, for instance, you use function key 9 (which calls up the main menu) with artwork in progress, The Designer will assume that you are done with the artwork and will clear the screen to fill your request for the menu. 4. Changing the Default Disk Drive To change the default diskette drive used by The Designer for storage of screen and sprite files, move to the master menu (F9) and type DRV. The menu will be refreshed and the notation (last line) showing the default drive will change. Moving from A to B requires one entry of DRV. Moving from B to A requires cycling through C and D. All changes to the default drive are permanent and will remain in effect through future uses of The Designer until explicity changed by you. 5. Cursor Management The use of function keys 2, 5, or 6 immediately results in changing the cursor to the current foreground color. Therefore, the cursor can be made to disappear by setting the foreground color as appropriate to your situation before using these function keys. If the foreground color is not correctly set, the cursor will become a permanent part of the image and it will be necessary to retrieve the saved image to erase it. Therefore, always check foreground color before using function keys 2, 5, or 6. 6. Using the Enter Key The Designer is largely controlled with fixed-length commands and function keys. To make it easier to use, it is designed to respond to commands without waiting for you to press the enter key. In most cases the enter key has been rendered inoperative. The exception to this rule lies in the entry of file names which can be anywhere from one to eight characters long. Since The Designer does not know how long a file name will be, it waits for you to press enter before responding. Page 11 The Designer User's Manual - V1.0 7. File Names. When storing or retreiving either screens or sprites, The Designer requests a file name. The Designer will append file qualifiers, relieving you of the need to type them. It is best to refrain from using "DESIGNER" as a file name. You might overwrite the program itself, permanently loosing it. Unless Demo has been moved to another diskette, "DEMO", "MOUSE", and "MAZE" should also be considered reserved names. 8. Upper and Lower Case In all cases but one, if you type lower case characters into The Designer, they will be converted into upper case before being displayed or used. Therefore, you need not be concerned about cases. The exception is function 7, which allows inclusion of text on your images. Since both upper and lower case characters are supported, the status of the shift and capslock keys will be recognized and used. 9. Sound The Designer involves a great deal of full-screen work which cannot be disturbed by printing messages on the display. Yet in some cases, The Designer needs to confirm that it has completed a requested task, and in some cases it has to report problems. The display-in-use problem is circumvented using the PC's speaker. When The Designer wants to confirm that it has done what you asked it to (and particularly when its actions do not make any visible change to the screen), it will confirm with three high-pitched beeps. When The Designer encounters an error, it reports with a low-pitched warble. C. Using Files Created by The Designer The Designer is intended to be a tool to create data files which will be read by your programs. Discussion of the contents of these files and of their use in your programs is, therefore, important. Page 12 The Designer User's Manual - V1.0 Screen Files When you save a screen using The Designer, two files are created. The file names default to SCREEN.RES and SCREEN.BAS, but can be changed by The Designer if you tell it to do so, or can be changed using RENAME later. The RES file will consist of a single record containing the following information: The resolution (2= high, 1=medium) The background color (0 through 15) The palette (0 or 1) The RES file is necessary because this information is not stored by BSAVE in creating the BAS file. Since BASIC does not provide a simple way of appending the screen to the RES file, two files are used. The RES file should be read with the following BASIC statements (obviously you should use the correct file and variable names for your program) taken from DEMO. OPEN "A:MAZE.RES" FOR INPUT AS #1 INPUT #1,RES,BAK,PAL CLOSE #1 Use of the RES file is not required in your program. If you know the correct values for the resolution, background color, and palette, you can write them into the program and avoid using the RES file. You can even erase the RES file. If, however, you aren't sure what the values might be in the future, data in the RES file can be checked to prevent errors. The BAS file is used directly by BLOAD. Its format and contents are controlled entirely by BASIC. The required statements are: SCREEN RES COLOR BAK,PAL CLS DEF SEG=&HB800 BLOAD "A.MAZE",0 DEF SEG Sprite Files Saving a sprite results in the creation of a single data file bearing a name you specified (there is no default in this case) with a .SPR extension. Page 13 The Designer User's Manual - V1.0 The first record in a sprite file contains the following: The resolution (2= high, 1=medium) The palette (0 or 1) The size of the array required to hold the sprite The width of the sprite (in pixels) The height of the sprite (in pixels). Subsequent records contain the ASCII values of the characters that need to be loaded into the array to represent the sprite. The statements required to load a sprite from a file created by The Designer are: OPEN "A:MOUSE.SPR" FOR INPUT AS #1 INPUT #1,RES,PAL,ARR,WID,HGHT DIM MOUSE(ARR) FOR I=0 to ARR INPUT #1, J(0),J(1),J(2),J(3) P=VARPTR(MOUSE(I)) FOR N = 0 to 3 POKE P+N,J(N) NEXT N NEXT I CLOSE #1 Similar to Screen files, if you know the resolution and palette information and the array size, you can avoid a small amount of computing by writing the values directly into your program. In this case, you will have to delete the first line from the sprite file using either EDLIN or some other editor. The sprite width and height are supplied only as a convenience to you. They need not be used at all in your program. When your program has finished loading the array, and has moved the screen into the screen buffer, the BASIC PUT statement is used to apply and remove the sprite from the screen according to your program's logic. D. DEMO The program "Demo" is intended only as a demonstration of the abilities of The Designer and of BASICA animation. It is not a game, nor is it the ultimate in animation technique. In fact, Demo is purposefully less than optimum to enhance program legibility. Page 14 The Designer User's Manual - V1.0 Demo, when run, displays a maze and a mouse that wanders randomly (and slowly) through the maze. Compiling this program will make the mouse move much faster and will make watching it more fun, but will eliminate the real benefit of the program, reading the code. To run Demo, stop The Designer with function key 10 and type RUN "DEMO" (including the quotation marks). Demo requires no user input - you can just sit and watch it go. When you are tired of it, stop it with Cntl-Break and type "LIST" (excluding the quotation marks) to see the program. Print the program using LLIST and study, especially, the use of the MOUSE.SPR, MAZE.RES, and MAZE.BAS files in lines 10180 through 10410. E. IF AN ERROR OCCURS The Designer should catch all possible user errors and provide complete error diagnostics and opportunities to correct errors online. Since the online diagnostics are very complete, they are not documented here, with one exception. The Designer uses dynamic array definition to build arrays for transferring sprites from your display to diskette. It is possible for you to attempt to store a sprite which is so large that the required array would exceed the available memory. Should you exceed the available memory, The Designer will detect the problem before crashing. Since your sprite is still on the screen, and is stored nowhere except the screen buffer, The Designer refrains from clearing the screen and provides only an error tone (a low warble - see above). When this happens, you have a choice: you can reduce the size of the sprite by closing down the box further, or you can abort the whole thing by pressing a function key. The Designer is affected by one significant BASICA bug. Occasionally when saving a screen, you may get a syntax error on either a non-existent line number or on line number 15530. When this happens The Designer will probably lock up and you will have to re-boot your PC. However, the DIR command will reveal that all is not lost - your screen has been saved as SCREEN.BAS. If you rename it and restart The Designer, you can continue from where you were when you were interrupted. Page 15 The Designer User's Manual - V1.0 In addition to these errors and messages, you may run across an error message in the form: Error Number nnn on Line Number nnn followed by a BASIC OK. This message means that The Designer has crashed. I would like very much to know about crashes. Please write to Jan Young, 767 N. Holden St., Port Washington, Wi. 53074, and include as much detail as possible about what you were doing when the problem arose, and what suspicions you have, if any, about the causes. Page 16 The Designer User's Manual - V1.0 IV. ADMINISTRATION A. WARRANTY AND DISCLAIMER In view of the fact that The Designer is distributed entirely without charge and contributions are wholly voluntary, all warranties are disclaimed. I cannot be responsible in any way for direct, indirect, or consequential damages. Any and all risk associated with using The Designer, Demo, their data files and/or the documentation is the user's. B. PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION The Designer is distributed without charge. If you are using it and find it to be of value, a contribution ($20 suggested) would be appreciated. Jan B. Young 767 N. Holden St. Port Washington, Wi. 53074 Regardless of whether you make a contribution or not, individuals, clubs, and other non-profit organizations are granted permission to copy and distribute programs, data files, and documentation to others, providing that no charge is made for the software. Distribution costs may be charged to recipients providing they do not exceed $7 per copy. The programs, data files, and documentation may be modified as desired by any individual or non-profit organization, and the modified materials distributed providing the following is retained without modification: all appearances of the copyright notice, all warranty disclaimers, all material explaining this distribution policy, and all requests for contributions. Users distributing modified program or documentation copies are also required to add the words "User Modified" wherever The Designer's version number appears and must distribute without charge (other than the $7 maximum distribution cost). C. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS If you have questions about The Designer, or have experienced problems with it, I will try to help. Write to me (please don't phone) and enclose a stamped self-addressed envelope for my reply. Please don't expect return-mail responses since I travel quite a bit and may not even read your letter for a week or two. Page 17 The Designer User's Manual - V1.0 If The Designer crashes while you are using it, please let me know so I can fix the problem. The more details you provide, the easier it will be for me to make the fix. D. MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENTS If there is a reasonable level of interest in The Designer (measured by the number of contributions I receive), I will create and make available new releases. Some possibilities for future enhancements include: 1) Variable line widths in the "NEW" mode, 2) Separation of scaling into a compilable module so it will run faster, 3) use of color in high resolution (it is possible, but limited), 4) the ability to rotate images, and 5) extension into text-mode graphics. If you have other ideas, please write and let me know what they are. If you contribute once, the suggested contribution is reduced to $2 for a new release. Just send me a diskette, a postpaid, self-addressed mailer, and a brief note requesting a copy of the latest version. The same policy holds if you accidentally destroy the program and want a fresh copy of the current version. I will be unable to supply replacement copies of obsolete versions. Page 18 The Designer User's Manual - V1.0 V. REFERENCE MATERIAL A. COMMAND SUMMARY Function Command Explanation -------- ------- ---------------------------------------------------- 1 NEW Cursor Arrows move the cursor. Fn Set foreground color to n, where n is 0 or 1 in high resolution; 0, 1, 2, or 3 in medium resolution. Color received depends on palette selelction. D1 Defines the first end of a diagonal line at the current cursor location. D2 Defines the second end of a diagonal line at the current cursor location and causes the line to be drawn in the current foreground color. C1 Defines the center of a circle at the current cursor location. C2 Defines the periphery of a circle at the current cursor location and causes the circle to be drawn in the current foreground color. A1 Defines the center of a circular arc at the current cursor location. A2 Defines the radius of a circular arc and the start- ing position at the current cursor location. (The arc will be drawn counterclockwise from this position. A3 Defines the ending position of a circular arc as a line from the A1 location to the current cursor position and causes the arc to be drawn in the current foreground color. 2 SCL En Expand the image by 4*n percent. Cn Contract the image by 4*n percent. 3 SSP Cursor Arrows reduce the box size. The up arrow, for instance, raises the bottom of the box. n Used as a multiplier for the speed of the cursor arrows. G Signals that the box now represents the size of the sprite and initiates creation of the sprite files. 4 SSC No commands 5 RSP No commands (but return to NEW is automatic and the NEW commands can be used). 6 RSC No commands (but return to NEW is automatic and the NEW commands can be used). 7 TXT Any key (ASCII 33 to 125) can be used to create the corresponding character. Cursor arrows move the most recently created char- acter. Space bar deletes the most recently created char- acter and blanks anything under it. Page 19 The Designer User's Manual - V1.0 A. COMMAND SUMMARY (Continued) F u n c t i o n C o m m a n d E x p l a n a t i o n -------- ------ --------------------------------------------------- 8 ANI Cursor arrows move the sprite. A Begins use of ADD mode PUTs. O Begins use of OR mode PUTs (alpha Oh). X Begins use of XOR mode PUTs. P Begins use of PSET mode PUTs (the default). 9 INS Typing any of the three-letter abbreviations will display a series of helps explaining the use of the corresponding function. GEN Initiates display of helps explaining general topics about The Designer. CRD Causes printing of the reference card. DRV Alters the default disk drive. 10 Stop No commands. Page 20 0 Stop No commands. Page 20