Shareware Overload/ShartewareOverload.cdr/progm/ctutor1.zip/CHAP10.TXT

Text File | 1989-11-10 | 17KB | 411 lines

                                                   Chapter 10
                                            FILE INPUT/OUTPUT


OUTPUT TO A FILE
____________________________________________________________

Load and display the file named FORMOUT.C for   =============
your first example of writing data to a file.     FORMOUT.C
We begin as before with the include statement   =============
for STDIO.H, then define some variables for
use in the example including a rather strange
looking new type.

The type FILE is used for a file variable and is defined in
the STDIO.H file.  It is used to define a file pointer for use
in file operations.  The definition of C requires a pointer
to a FILE type to access a file, and as usual, the name can
be any valid variable name.


OPENING A FILE
____________________________________________________________

Before we can write to a file, we must open it.  What this
really means is that we must tell the system that we want to
write to a file and what the filename is.  We do this with the
fopen() function illustrated in line 11 of the program.  The
file pointer, fp in our case, points to the file and two
arguments are required in the parentheses, the filename first,
followed by the file attribute.  The filename is any valid DOS
filename, and can be expressed in upper or lower case letters,
or even mixed if you so desire.  It is enclosed in double
quotes.  For this example we have chosen the name
TENLINES.TXT.  This file should not exist on your disk at this
time.  If you have a file with this name, you should change
its name or move it because when we execute this program, its
contents will be erased.  If you don't have a file by this
name, this program will create one and put some data into it.



READING ("r")
____________________________________________________________

The second parameter is the file attribute and can be any of
three letters, "r", "w", or "a", and must be lower case.
There are actually additional attributes available in C to
allow more flexible I/O.  When an "r" is used, the file is
opened for reading, a "w" is used to indicate a file to be
used for writing, and an "a" indicates that you desire to
append additional data to the data already in an existing
file.  Opening a file for reading requires that the file

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                               Chapter 10 - File Input/Output

already exist.  If it does not exist, the file pointer will
be set to NULL and can be checked by the program.


WRITING ("w")
____________________________________________________________

When a file is opened for writing, it will be created if it
does not already exist and it will be reset if it does
resulting in deletion of any data already there.


APPENDING ("a")
____________________________________________________________

When a file is opened for appending, it will be created if it
does not already exist and it will be initially empty.  If it
does exist, the data input point will be the end of the
present data so that any new data will be added to any data
that already exists in the file.


OUTPUTTING TO THE FILE
____________________________________________________________

The job of actually outputting to the file is nearly identical
to the outputting we have already done to the standard output
device.  The only real differences are the new function names
and the addition of the file pointer as one of the function
arguments.  In the example program, fprintf() replaces our
familiar printf() function name, and the file pointer defined
earlier is the first argument within the parentheses.  The
remainder of the statement looks like, and in fact is
identical to, the printf() statement.


CLOSING A FILE
____________________________________________________________

To close a file, you simply use the function fclose() with the
file pointer in the parentheses.  Actually, in this simple
program, it is not necessary to close the file because the
system will close all open files before returning to DOS.  It
would be good programming practice for you to get in the habit
of closing all files in spite of the fact that they will be
closed automatically, because that would act as a reminder to
you of what files are open at the end of each program.

You can open a file for writing, close it, and reopen it for
reading, then close it, and open it again for appending, etc.
Each time you open it, you could use the same file pointer,
or you could use a different one.  The file pointer is simply
a tool that you use to point to a file and you decide what
file it will point to.

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                               Chapter 10 - File Input/Output


Compile and run this program.  When you run it, you will not
get any output to the monitor because it doesn't generate any.
After running it, look at your directory for a file named
TENLINES.TXT and examine it's contents.  That is where your
output will be.  Compare the output with that specified in the
program.  It should agree.

Do not erase the file named TENLINES.TXT yet.  We will use it
in some of the other examples in this chapter.


OUTPUTTING A SINGLE CHARACTER AT A TIME
____________________________________________________________

Load the next example file, CHAROUT.C, and      =============
display it on your monitor.  This program         CHAROUT.C
will illustrate how to output a single          =============
character at a time.

The program begins with the include statement, then defines
some variables including a file pointer.  The file pointer is
named point this time, but we could have used any other valid
variable name.  We then define a string of characters to use
in the output function using a strcpy() function.  We are
ready to open the file for appending and we do so with the
fopen() function, except this time we use the lower cases for
the filename.  This is done simply to illustrate that DOS
doesn't care about the case of the filename.  Notice that the
file will be opened for appending so we will add to the lines
inserted during the last program.

The program is actually two nested for loops.  The outer loop
is simply a count to ten so that we will go through the inner
loop ten times.  The inner loop calls the function putc()
repeatedly until a character in the string named others is
detected to be a zero.



THE putc() FUNCTION
____________________________________________________________

The part of the program we are interested in is the putc()
function in line 16.  It outputs one character at a time, the
character being the first argument in the parentheses and the
file pointer being the second and last argument.  Why the
designer of C made the pointer first in the fprintf()
function, and last in the putc() function is a good question
for which there may be no answer.  It seems like this would
have been a good place to have used some consistency.

When the textline others is exhausted, a newline is needed
because a newline was not included in the definition above.

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                               Chapter 10 - File Input/Output

A single putc() is then executed which outputs the \n
character to return the carriage and do a linefeed.

When the outer loop has been executed ten times, the program
closes the file and terminates.  Compile and run this program
but once again there will be no output to the monitor.

Following execution of the program, examine the contents of
the file named TENLINES.TXT and you will see that the 10 new
lines were added to the end of the 10 that already existed.
If you run it again, yet another 10 lines will be added.  Once
again, do not erase this file because we are still not
finished with it.


READING A FILE
____________________________________________________________

Load the file named READCHAR.C and display it  ==============
on your monitor.  This is our first program      READCHAR.C
which can read from a file.                    ==============

This program begins with the familiar
include, some data definitions, and the file opening statement
which should require no explanation except for the fact that
an "r" is used here because we want to read from this file.
In this program, we check to see that the file exists, and if
it does, we execute the main body of the program.  If it
doesn't exist, we print a message and quit.  If the file does
not exist, the system will set the pointer equal to NULL which
we can test.

The main body of the program is one do while loop in which a
single character is read from the file and output to the
monitor until an EOF (end of file) is detected from the input
file.  The file is then closed and the program is terminated.


CAUTION  CAUTION  CAUTION
____________________________________________________________

At this point, we have the potential for one of the most
common and most perplexing problems of programming in C.  The
variable returned from the getc() function is a character, so
we can use a char variable for this purpose.  There is a
problem that could develop here if we happened to use an
unsigned char however, because C returns a minus one for an
EOF which an unsigned char type variable is not capable of
containing.  An unsigned char type variable can only have the
values of zero to 255, so it will return a 255 for a minus
one.  This is a very frustrating problem to try to find.  The
program can never find the EOF and will therefore never
terminate the loop.  This is easy to prevent, always use a
char type variable for use in returning an EOF.

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                               Chapter 10 - File Input/Output


There is another problem with this program but we will worry
about it when we get to the next program and solve it with the
one following that.

After you compile and run this program and are satisfied with
the results, it would be a good exercise to change the name
of TENLINES.TXT and run the program again to see that the NULL
test actually works as stated.  Be sure to change the name
back because we are still not finished with TENLINES.TXT.



READING A WORD AT A TIME
____________________________________________________________

Load and display the file named READTEXT.C     ==============
for an example of how to read a word at a        READTEXT.C
time.                                          ==============

This program is nearly identical to the last
except that this program uses the fscanf() function to read
in a string at a time.  Because the fscanf() function stops
reading when it finds a space or a newline character, it will
read a word at a time, and display the results one word to a
line.  You will see this when you compile and run it, but
first we must examine a programming problem.



THIS IS A PROBLEM
____________________________________________________________

Inspection of the program will reveal that when we read data
in and detect the EOF, we print out something before we check
for the EOF resulting in an extra line of printout.  What we
usually print out is the same thing printed on the prior pass
through the loop because it is still in the buffer named
oneword.  We therefore must check for EOF before we execute
the printf() function.  This has been done in READGOOD.C,
which you will shortly examine, compile, and execute.

Compile and execute the original program we have been
studying, READTEXT.C and observe the output.  If you haven't
changed TENLINES.TXT you will end up with "Additional" and
"lines." on two separate lines with an extra "lines."
displayed because of the printf() before checking for EOF.
Note that some compilers apparently clear the buffer after
printing so you may get an extra blank line instead of two
lines with "lines." on them.

Compile and execute READGOOD.C and observe that the extra
"lines." does not get displayed because of the extra check for
the EOF in the middle of the loop.  This was also the problem

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                               Chapter 10 - File Input/Output

referred to when we looked at READCHAR.C, but  ==============
I chose not to expound on it there because       READGOOD.C
the error in the output was not so obvious.    ==============



FINALLY, WE READ A FULL LINE
____________________________________________________________

Load and display the file READLINE.C for an    ==============
example of reading a complete line.  This        READLINE.C
program is very similar to those we have been  ==============
studying except that we read a complete line
in this example program.

We are using fgets() which reads in an entire line, including
the newline character, into a buffer.  The buffer to be read
into is the first argument in the function call, and the
maximum number of characters to read is the second argument,
followed by the file pointer.  This function will read
characters into the input buffer until it either finds a
newline character, or it reads the maximum number of
characters allowed minus one.  It leaves one character for the
end of string NULL character.  In addition, if it finds an
EOF, it will return a value of NULL.  In our example, when the
EOF is found, the pointer named c will be assigned the value
of NULL.  NULL is defined as zero in your STDIO.H file.

When we find that the pointer named c has been assigned the
value of NULL, we can stop processing data, but we must check
before we print just like in the last program.  Last of
course, we close the file.



HOW TO USE A VARIABLE FILENAME
____________________________________________________________

Load and display the program ANYFILE.C for an   =============
example of reading from any file.  This           ANYFILE.C
program asks the user for the filename          =============
desired, reads in the filename and opens that
file for reading.  The entire file is then
read and displayed on the monitor.  It should pose no problems
to your understanding so no additional comments will be made.

Compile and run this program.  When it requests a filename,
enter the name and extension of any text file available, even
one of the example C programs.






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                               Chapter 10 - File Input/Output

HOW DO WE PRINT?
____________________________________________________________

Load the last example program in this          ==============
chapter, the one named PRINTDAT.C for an         PRINTDAT.C
example of how to print.  This program should  ==============
not present any surprises to you so we will
move very quickly through it.

Once again, we open TENLINES.TXT for reading and we open PRN
for writing.  Printing is identical to writing data to a disk
file except that we use a standard name for the filename.
Most C compilers use the reserved filename of PRN that
instructs the compiler to send the output to the printer.
There are other names that are used occasionally such as LPT,
LPT1, or LPT2.  Check the documentation for your particular
compiler.

Some of the newest compilers use a predefined file pointer
such as stdprn for the print file.  Once again, check your
documentation.

The program is simply a loop in which a character is read, and
if it is not the EOF, it is displayed and printed.  When the
EOF is found, the input file and the printer output files are
both closed.  Note that good programming practice would
include checking both file pointers to assure that the files
were opened properly.

You can now erase TENLINES.TXT from your disk.  We will not
be using it in any of the later chapters.


PROGRAMMING EXERCISES
____________________________________________________________

1.   Write a program that will prompt for a filename for a
     read file, prompt for a filename for a write file, and
     open both plus a file to the printer.  Enter a loop that
     will read a character, and output it to the file, the
     printer, and the monitor.  Stop at EOF.

2.   Prompt for a filename to read.  Read the file a line at
     a time and display it on the monitor with line numbers.

3.   Modify ANYFILE.C to test if the file exists and print a
     message if it doesn't.  Use a method similar to that used
     in READCHAR.C.




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