Shareware Overload/ShartewareOverload.cdr/progm/ctutor1.zip/CHAP07.TXT

Text File | 1989-11-10 | 17KB | 412 lines

                                                    Chapter 7
                                           STRINGS AND ARRAYS

WHAT IS A STRING?
____________________________________________________________

A string is a group of characters, usually letters of the
alphabet.  In order to format your printout in such a way that
it looks nice, has meaningful names and titles, and is
aesthetically pleasing to you and the people using the output
of your program, you need the ability to output text data.
Actually you have already been using strings, because the
second program in this tutorial, way back in Chapter 2, output
a message that was handled internally as a string.  A complete
definition of a string is a series of char type data
terminated by a NULL character.

When C is going to use a string of data in some way, either
to compare it with another string, output it, copy it to
another string, or whatever, the functions are set up to do
what they are called to do until a NULL, which is a zero, is
detected.  Such a string is often called an ASCIIZ string.
We will use a few ASCIIZ strings in this chapter.


WHAT IS AN ARRAY?
____________________________________________________________

An array is a series of homogeneous pieces of data that are
all identical in type, but the type can be quite complex as
we will see when we get to the chapter of this tutorial
discussing structures.  A string is simply a special case of
an array, a series of char type data.

The best way to see these principles is by    ===============
use of an example, so load the program           CHRSTRG.C
CHRSTRG.C and display it on your monitor.     ===============
The first thing new is in line 6 which
defines a char type of data entity.  The
square brackets define an array subscript in C, and in the
case of the data definition statement, the 5 in the brackets
defines 5 data fields of type char all defined as part of the
variable.  In the C language, all subscripts start at 0 and
increase by 1 each step up to the maximum which in this case
is 4.  We therefore have 5 char type variables named, name[0],
name[1], name[2], name[3], and name[4].  You must keep in mind
that in C, the subscripts actually go from 0 to one less than
the number defined in the definition statement.  This is due
to the original definition of C and these limits cannot be
changed or redefined by the programmer.




                                                     Page 7-1

                               Chapter 7 - Strings and Arrays

HOW DO WE USE THE STRING?
____________________________________________________________

The variable name is therefore a string which can hold up to
5 characters, but since we need room for the NULL terminating
character, there are actually only four useful characters.
To load something useful into the string, we have 5
statements, each of which assigns one alphabetical character
to one of the string characters.  Finally, the last place in
the string is filled with the numeral 0 as the end indicator
and the string is complete.  (A define would allow us to use
NULL instead of a zero, and this would add greatly to the
clarity of the program. It would be very obvious that this was
a NULL and not simply a zero for some other purpose.)  Now
that we have the string, we will print it out with some other
string data in the output statement, line 14.

The %s is the output definition to output a string and the
system will output characters starting with the first one in
the string name until it comes to the NULL character, and it
will quit.  Notice that in the printf() statement, only the
variable name which happens to be name needs to be given, with
no subscript since we are interested in starting at the
beginning.  (There is actually another reason that only the
variable name is given without brackets.  The discussion of
that topic will be given in the next chapter.)


OUTPUTTING PART OF A STRING
____________________________________________________________

The printf() in line 15 illustrates that we can output any
single character of the string by using the %c and naming the
particular character of the variable name we want by including
the subscript.  The last printf() illustrates how we can
output part of the string by stating the starting point by
using a subscript.  The & specifies the address of name[1].
We will study this in the next chapter but I thought you would
benefit from a little glimpse ahead, so don't worry about this
construct yet.

This example may make you feel that strings are rather
cumbersome to use since you have to set up each character one
at a time.  The next example program will illustrate that
strings are very easy to use.  Be sure to compile and run this
program.


SOME STRING FUNCTIONS
____________________________________________________________

Load the example program STRINGS.C for an example of some ways
to use strings.  First we define four strings.  Next we come
to a new function that you will find very useful, the strcpy()

                                                     Page 7-2

                               Chapter 7 - Strings and Arrays

function, or string copy.  It copies from one
string to another until it comes to the NULL    =============
character in the source string.  Remember         STRINGS.C
that the NULL is actually a zero and is added   =============
to the character string by the system.  It is
easy to remember which one gets copied to which if you think
of them like an assignment statement.  Thus if you were to
say, for example, x = 23;, the data is copied from the right
entity to the left one.  In the strcpy() function, the data
is also copied from the right entity to the left, so that
after execution of the first statement, the string variable
name1 will contain the string "Rosalinda", but without the
double quotes, they are the compiler's way of knowing that you
are defining a string.

Likewise, the string "Zeke" is copied into name2 in line 11,
then the title string is copied into the string named title.
The title and both names are then printed out.  Note that it
is not necessary for the defined string to be exactly the same
size as the string it will be called upon to store, only that
it is at least as long as the string plus one more character
for the NULL.


ALPHABETICAL SORTING OF STRINGS
____________________________________________________________

The next function we will look at is the strcmp() or the
string compare function illustrated in line 18.  It will
return a 1 if the first string is larger than the second, zero
if they are the same length and have the same characters, and
-1 if the first string is smaller than the second.  One of the
strings, depending on the result of the compare is copied into
the string variable mixed, and the largest name alphabetically
is printed out.  It should come as no surprise to you that
Zeke wins because it is alphabetically larger, length doesn't
matter, only the alphabet.  It might be wise to mention that
the result would also depend on whether the letters were upper
or lower case.  There are functions available with your C
compiler to change the case of a string to all upper or all
lower case if you desire.  These will be used in an example
program later in this tutorial.



COMBINING STRINGS
____________________________________________________________

Lines 25 through 28 illustrate another new feature, the
strcat(), or string concatenation function.  This function
simply adds the characters from one string onto the end of
another string taking care to adjust the NULL so everything
is still all right.  In this case, name1 is copied into mixed,
then two blanks are concatenated to mixed, and finally name2

                                                     Page 7-3

                               Chapter 7 - Strings and Arrays

is concatenated to the combination.  The result is printed out
with both names in the one string variable mixed.

Strings are not difficult and are extremely useful.  You
should spend some time getting familiar with them before
proceeding on to the next topic.

Compile and run this program and observe the results for
compliance with this definition.


AN ARRAY OF INTEGERS
____________________________________________________________

Load the file INTARRAY.C and display it on     ==============
your monitor for an example of an array of       INTARRAY.C
integers.  Notice that the array is defined    ==============
in much the same way we defined an array of
char in order to do the string manipulations
in the last example program.  We have 12 integer variables to
work with not counting the one named index.  The names of the
variables are values[0], values[1], ... , and values[11].  In
lines 9 and 10 we have a loop to assign nonsense, but well
defined, data to each of the 12 variables, then print all 12
out in lines 12 and 13.  Note carefully that each element of
the array is simply an int type variable capable of storing
an integer value.  The only difference between the variables
index and values[2], for example, is in the way you address
them.  You should have no trouble following this program, but
be sure you understand it.  Compile and run it to see if it
does what you expect it to do.


AN ARRAY OF FLOATING POINT DATA
____________________________________________________________

Load and display the program named BIGARRAY.C  ==============
for an example of a program with an array of     BIGARRAY.C
float type data.  This program has an extra    ==============
feature to illustrate how strings can be
initialized.  Line 4 of the program
illustrates how to initialize a string of characters.  Notice
that the square brackets are empty leaving it up to the
compiler to count the characters and allocate enough space for
our string including the terminating NULL.  Another string is
initialized in line 11 of the body of the program but it must
be declared static here.  This prevents it from being
allocated as an automatic variable and allows it to retain the
string once the program is started.  There is nothing else new
here, the variables are assigned nonsense data and the results
of all the nonsense are printed out along with a header.  This
program should also be easy for you to follow, so study it
until you are sure of what it is doing before going on to the
next topic.

                                                     Page 7-4

                               Chapter 7 - Strings and Arrays


GETTING DATA BACK FROM A FUNCTION
____________________________________________________________

Back in chapter 5 when we studied functions,   ==============
I hinted to you that there was a way to get      PASSBACK.C
data back from a function by using an array,   ==============
and that is true.  Examine the program
PASSBACK.C for an example of doing that.  In
this program, we define an array of 20 variables named matrix
in line 8, then assign some nonsense data to the variables,
and print out the first five.  In line 16 we call the function
dosome() taking along the entire array by putting the name of
the array in the parentheses.

The function dosome() beginning in line 22 has a name in its
parentheses also but it prefers to call the array list.  The
function needs to be told that it is really getting an array
passed to it and that the array is of type int.  Line 22 does
that by defining list as an integer type variable and
including the square brackets to indicate an array.  It is not
necessary to tell the function how many elements are in the
array, but you could if you so desired.  Generally a function
works with an array until some end-of-data marker is found,
such as a NULL for a string, or some other previously defined
data or pattern.  Many times, another piece of data is passed
to the function with a count of how many elements to work
with.  In our present illustration, we will use a fixed number
of elements to keep it simple.

So far nothing is different from the previous functions we
have called except that we have passed more data points to the
function this time than we ever have before, having passed 20
integer values.  We print out the first 5 again in lines 26
and 27 to see if they did indeed get passed here.  In lines
29 and 30 we add ten to each of the elements and print out the
new values.  Finally we return to the main program and print
out the same 5 data points.  We find that we have indeed
modified the data stored in the calling program from within
the function, and when we returned to the main program, we
brought the changes back.  Compile and run this program to
verify this conclusion.


ARRAYS PASS DATA BOTH WAYS
____________________________________________________________

We stated during our study of functions that when we passed
data to a function, the system made a copy to use in the
function which was thrown away when we returned.  This is not
the case with arrays.  The actual array is passed to the
function and the function can modify it any way it wishes to.
The result of the modifications will be available back in the
calling program.  This may seem strange to you that arrays are

                                                     Page 7-5

                               Chapter 7 - Strings and Arrays

handled differently from single point data, but they are.  It
really does make sense, but you will have to wait until we get
to pointers to understand it.



A HINT AT A FUTURE LESSON
____________________________________________________________

Another way of getting data back from a function to the
calling program is by using pointers which we will cover in
the next chapter.  When we get there we will find that an
array is in reality a pointer to a list of values.  Don't let
that worry you now, it will make sense when we get there.  In
the meantime concentrate on arrays and understand the basics
of them because when we get to the study of structures we will
be able to define some pretty elaborate arrays.



MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS
____________________________________________________________

Load and display the file named MULTIARY.C     ==============
for an example of a program with doubly          MULTIARY.C
dimensioned arrays.  The variable big is an    ==============
8 by 8 array that contains 8 times 8 or 64
elements total.  The first element is
big[0][0], and the last is big[7][7].  Another array named
large is also defined which is not square to illustrate that
the array need not be square.  Both are filled up with data,
one representing a multiplication table and the other being
formed into an addition table.

To illustrate that individual elements can be modified at
will, one of the elements of big is assigned the value from
one of the elements of large after being multiplied by 22 in
line 17.  Next big[2][2] is assigned the arbitrary value of
5, and this value is used for the subscripts of the assignment
statement in line 19.  The assignment statement in line 19 is
in reality big[5][5] = 177; because each of the subscripts
contain the value 5.  This is only done to illustrate that any
valid expression can be used for a subscript.  It must only
meet two conditions, it must be an integer (although a char
will work just as well), and it must be within the range of
the subscript it is being used for.

The entire matrix variable big is printed out in a square form
in lines 21 through 25 so you can check the values to see if
they did get set the way you expected them to.





                                                     Page 7-6

                               Chapter 7 - Strings and Arrays

PROGRAMMING EXERCISES
____________________________________________________________

1.   Write a program with three short strings, about 6
     characters each, and use strcpy to copy the string
     literals "one", "two", and "three" into them. Concatenate
     the three strings into one string and print the result
     out 10 times.

2.   Define two integer arrays, each 10 elements long, called
     array1 and array2. Using a loop, put some kind of
     nonsense data in each and add them term for term into
     another 10 element array named arrays.  Finally, print
     all results in a table with an index number.

       1    2 + 10 = 12
       2    4 + 20 = 24
       3    6 + 30 = 36   etc.

     Hint; The print statement will be similar to;
        printf("%4d %4d + %4d = %4d\n",index,array1[index],
                array2[index],arrays[index]);































                                                     Page 7-7