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Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 61
will preserve the Unix file modes and modification times, and bypass
pathname restrictions imposed by DOS.
As with rz, Unix Professional-YAM is linked to sz to support the full
ZMODEM-90(TM) feature set. Otherwise the separate Unix sz program may
be obtained as described in the previous subchapter.
12.6 VMS File Transfers
Most of the comments made above about Unix file transfers apply to VMS
as well.
Automatic uploads to VMS may require setting the zmodem d (delay)
numeric parameter to allow VMS rz to properly initialize.
SEE ALSO: zmodem d numeric parameter
The abovementioned rz and sz sources also compile on the DEC VMS C
compiler. Instructions for compiling, linking, and installing the
programs are contained in the rz.c and sz.c source files.
The command source vupl.t calls the vupl.t script to upload the files
needed to compile the programs on VMS. The script attempts to invoke
a Kermit server and use Kermit to upload the files. If no Kermit
server is found, the script uses the DCL create command to upload the
files by emulating a paper tape reader.
Make certain to "install" the VMS sz command to the DCL interpreter.
12.7 GEnie File Transfers
The General Electric Consumer Information Service service (GEnie) uses
ZMODEM-90(TM) for efficient downloads. GEnie's new ZMODEM server[8]
selects ZMODEM RLE Compression or MobyTurbo(TM) for optimum download
speed on each file.
GEnie uses a large network to provide callers with local access
numbers. This requires technical tradeoffs to control data flow in
the network. If you are using an MNP modem, download speeds can be
improved by increasing GEnie's ZMODEM window size.
EXAMPLE: genie24 speed 4800 249-8365/mnp set adlopts "W16384"
Startup on Genie ZMODEM AutoDownloads can be speeded up by disabling
__________
8. Sz version 4.x
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 12 Protocol File Transfers
Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 62
Security Verification.
EXAMPLE: ena -yZ :: Disable ZMODEM Security verification to
save time
The sx file.exe command is used for XMODEM-CRC uploads to GEnie. When
uploading with XMODEM-CRC, Wait for GEnie's "READY FOR INPUT, start
your XMODEM upload." message, and then wait for the XMODEM-CRC C to
appear before issuing the sx command. Issuing the sx command before
the C appears may corrupt the uploaded file.
12.8 CompuServe File Transfers
ZCOMM supports CompuServe Quick-B and the faster Extended Quick-B (B+)
file transfer protocols.
As this is being written, these protocols are being revised. Please
check the newest.me file for possible changes.
B+ Protocol is used by the CompuServe Timesharing Service through the
CompuServe, Tymnet, and Telenet networks. B+ Protocol file transfers
are initiated by the CompuServe computer. The B+ Protocol file
transfer protocol is well supported by this timesharing service.
Under typical conditions, the B+ Protocol saves 35 per cent or more in
file transmission time and connect charges compared to XMODEM protocol
transfers.
The c or C mode must be set with ena -c or ena -C to allow the B+
protocol to seize control and transfer files.
The adlopts string parameter allows the y and v file transfer options
to be specified for CIS-B transfers.
The w numeric parameter controls the block length used by the
CompuServe B+ Protocol. A longer length increases throughput, but may
overload some networks, resulting in excessive retransmissions or
failed transfers. With the new Extended Quick-B protocol, the maximum
block length is 1024 data bytes. A value of 0 (the default) allows
the Compuserve computer to control the block length, up to 1024 with
Extended Quick-B.
A negative value controls the upload block length but still allows
Compuserve to control the download block length (1024 with Extended
Quick B).
Uploads to Compuserve using longer block lengths are especially
sensitive to poor flow control, especially when error correcting
modems (MNP, etc.) are used. If B protocol uploads fail or require
excessive retransmissions, correct the flow control arrangements,
disable the modem's error correction, or try a smaller upload block
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 12 Protocol File Transfers
Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 63
size.
The data contents of successfully transferred file(s) are not affected
by this parameter.
Some networks may garble data when Quick-B's streaming causes ZCOMM to
respond to incoming data concurrently with incoming data. The o
numeric parameter can be set to 0 to disable streaming (send-ahead).
It is essential to use the same interface speed to the modem as the
modem's transmission rate when uploading files with B+ protocol. If
the modem buffers any characters, ZCOMM's response to CompuServe's
flow control will be too slow to prevent loss of data.
The CompuServe B+ Protocol controls all file transfer operations
(except permission to overwrite files) from the timesharing system.
Waiting for long files to download can be boring. You can start the
transfer and walk away from the computer, but CompuServe will stay
connected for 15 minute$ after the transfer is finished if you don't
come back when the download finishes. This expense can be avoided by
typing ALT-Q once the protocol transfer has started. ALT-Q tells
ZCOMM to disconnect as soon as the protocol transfer is completed,
stopping the connect charges. An alternative method is to control the
transfers with a script, using either ejryam or the less sophisticated
cissig and dow.t scripts included with the software distribution.
When "browsing" through CompuServe's software "downloading section"
libraries, the kcisdl.t script file and ZCOMM allow you to download a
file with a single keystroke: F3. Installation instructions are
provided in that file.
12.9 BIX File Transfers
BIX (Byte Information Exchange) supports ZMODEM, and Kermit file
transfers.
The Tymnet phone number in the bix telephone directory entry should be
changed for your calling area. Other scripts are provided to handle
BIX mail and conferences.
When setting up a new BIX account, give the command call bix,new to
force a login to the BIX new account program.
Be sure to select ZMODEM downloads and Kermit (sliding windows)
uploads with the "OPTIONS" menu choice. BIX's transfer time
predictions are about 40 per cent too pessimistic for ZMODEM
transfers.
A number of BIX scripts are included in SCRIPTS.ZOO.
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 12 Protocol File Transfers
Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 64
12.10 User Exit Processing
The onclosetx and oncloserx string parameters provide a facility to
perform user defined file related functions ("user exits") immediately
after each file is closed, while the protocol is still active. Wild
card filename expansionss are not allowed in this context.
The oncloserx string parameter may be used to perform user commands or
call a script once for each file received with a file transfer
protocol.
EXAMPLE: set oncloserx @crc %rname; obey "!%mv %rname /tmp"
When each file is received, the crc command calculates and displays a
CRC for the file.
Then the !% command calls the mv program to move the file just
received to the /tmp directory. The "%" in the "!%" command causes
the rest of the command string to be processed for string
substitutions.
The onclosetx string parameter may be used to perform user commands or
call a script once for each file sent with a file transfer protocol.
Wild card file name expansions may not be used in onclosetx.
EXAMPLE: The following causes each successfully sent file to be moved
to the /done directory.
set onclosetx
@if !d? obey "!%mv %rname /done"
SEE ALSO: rname, tname, drive, pwd string parameters, ?, d? test
conditions
User exits will cause protocol timeouts if their execution takes too
long. Since both Zcomm and the remote machine are still executing
file transfer protocols when user exits are called, user exits can not
use the serial port.
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 12 Message Transfers
Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 65
13. MESSAGE TRANSFERS
13.1 Downloading Messages
ZCOMM is flexible capturing output from other systems. The trick is
to make the remote send the information without too much
embellishment.
When downloading files without a file transfer protocol, set the
timesharing system to send tabs as tab characters without expanding
them to spaces. Turn off fill characters. These extra characters
waste time and money and ZCOMM doesn't need them. ZCOMM's s and S
modes can be used to strip control characters and escape sequences
from the capture download.
EXAMPLE: t -s file
If the remote system responds to XOFF and XON, E mode may be enabled
to allow Error Containment(TM) to reduce the number of characters
garbled by "line hits".
EXAMPLE: t -E7e file1 uses Error Containment to download file1 from a
system using 7 bits even parity. Error Containment works best when
even or odd parity is available.
SEE ALSO: E, j, S, s modes
13.1.1 XON/XOFF Files of arbitrary length may be transferred if the
remote supports flow control with the ASCII XOFF and XON control
characters. Output from most timesharing services may be captured to
a file using this method.
To download a file with XON/XOFF flow control: t file1
13.1.2 DC2/DC4 (^R/^T) Some bulletin boards support file downloads
by issuing a DC2 to open a capture buffer, sending the file, and
terminating the capture with DC4. ZCOMM does not support this
"protocol" directly. The review t and b commands can be used to strip
excess characters from the circular buffer before writing the file to
disk.
This "protocol" can be implemented with Turbodial(TM) script commands:
EXAMPLE: pat 1c "\022" "@kill; create capture.fil"
pat 2c "\024" "close"
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Message Transfers
Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 66
13.1.3 Data Dump Sometimes no flow control is available. The fget *
command allows ZCOMM to accept a continuous stream of data at a
maximum data rate determined by the hardware and software environment.
With a hard disk, excellent results have been obtained with a 4.77 mHz
PC accepting graphics dumps at 9600 bps.
EXAMPLE: fget file1
At slower speeds or with a fast computer, the term function j mode*
may be used for nonstop file capture.
EXAMPLE: t -j file1
The fget command does not provide a progress display. While this
allows the fastest possible data capture (38400 bps on a suitable
computer), sometimes there is no handy way to monitor the flow of
data.
The term function I (super-image) mode may be used to capture a binary
file, provided CRT emulation is disabled with a display dumb command
or by enabling v mode.
EXAMPLE: display dumb; t -Ij file1
The fax directory entry in PHONES2.T gives another example of how
ZCOMM's data capture modes may be used to capture binary data.
13.2 Uploading Messages
It is often possible to upload files using the f command with one or
more modes (such as w or p, possibly in combination with t).
Message uploads are more reliable if you keyboard enab flow before
connecting through Telenet. If using Tymnet, type ^R^X just before
the host computer name to enable flow control with XOFF and XON.
Check with your network's documentation for further details or updates
to this information.
It often helps to use "half duplex" ( h mode) with the computer echo
disabled when uploading files to the computer. This saves the
computer from wasting precious time echoing characters.
Another tactic is to avoid uncorrected message transfers during peak
hours. Telephone usage peaks during midday with a resulting increase
in noise induced line hits. Timesharing computers and communications
networks are more likely to drop characters due to buffer overloading
during high traffic periods as well.
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Message Transfers
Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 67
13.2.1 Paced Some systems accept characters only at a certain rate,
a slow speed for each character and possibly a pause at the end of
each line. Depending on the particular system, data transfer may have
to pause briefly at the end of the line,[1] or wait for a particular
character to signify readiness to accept the next line. There may be
an additional delay after that[2] before the remote is able to accept
more data.
EXAMPLE: f -p file1 uploads file1 with a wait for the linefeed echo at
the end of each transmitted line.
EXAMPLE: pg63; f -p file1 Sets the prompt character to decimal 63
("?") and sends the file with a wait for "?" after each transmitted
line.
As with the fpute command, the remote system must be commanded to open
and close the file.
13.2.2 Throttle Another method of slowing message uploads is the
throttle, activated by t mode. Throttle artificially slows Zcomm's
character transmission to allow more time for the receiving system to
digest each character. The speed of transmission with t mode is
controlled by the t numeric parameter.
EXAMPLE: f -t secret.msg
Really slow systems may require both throttle and pacing to send data
efficiently without loss.
EXAMPLE: f -tp turkey.slo
13.2.3 Uploading to IBM Mainframes Text files can be uploaded to IBM
mainframes using the P (upper case) mode. When the P mode is
activated, ZCOMM will wait for an XON (^Q) after sending each line.
In this special mode, ZCOMM will not time out waiting for the XON, no
matter how long it takes for the IBM front end to send it. If, for
some reason, the front end fails to send the XON, (or if it is garbled
in transmission), Ctrl-Q may be keyboarded.
EXAMPLE: f -P file1
__________
1. Controlled by the p numeric parameter
2. Controlled by the q numeric parameter
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Message Transfers
Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 68
SEE ALSO: P mode, Kermit protocol
13.2.4 Uploading Messages to Bulletin Boards The greatest file
transfer challenge is to upload a file to a bulletin board message
system running on a tiny microcomputer. Bulletin board message
systems have a rich variety of operating sequences and timing
dependencies matched only by the proliferation of incompatible
dialects of Basic and Pascal.
Message upload from files to bulletin boards reduces connect time and
$welling of the Phone Bill. Unattended message transfer saves the
user's time, especially if the board is difficult to access.
The t, p and w modes and the g, p, t, and q numeric parameters allow
disk files to be uploaded to such systems.
The basic program cbbsck.bas may be used (perhaps with modifications)
to check that a message file does not violate the restrictions of the
message system being uploaded to. A C version is also available.
EXAMPLE: f -pt file1
13.2.5 Uploading to CompuServe SIGS A file may be uploaded to a
CompuServe SIG (Special Interest Group) editor with p mode and the g
numeric parameter set to colon. When the file has been transferred,
hit ENTER to send a blank line to terminate message entry.
EXAMPLE: set eolstr "\r."; pp1000; pg58; f -p FILE Is useful for
uploading a prepared message to Compuserve's bulletin boards. This
setting for eolstr inserts a carriage return and period after each
line to prevent the CompuServe software from reformatting the message.
EXAMPLE: pp1000, pg58, and f -p FILE transmits FILE waiting for the
prompt character ":" before sending each line after the first.
An alternative is to set the SIG "FIL" option, which calls the EDIT
editor. The cisupl script file referenced by phones2.t uses the SIG
"FIL" editor option.
Compuserve nodes often drop characters when files are uploaded at full
speed in full duplex. This can be avoided by using h mode (local
echo) and turning off Compuserve's echo.
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Message Transfers
Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 69
13.3 Fpute: Echoplex Uploads
Text files can often be uploaded reasonably efficiently using the
fpute command.* Fpute waits for an echo to each character sent to the
remote. Fpute provides modest throughput without loss of data for
systems with terminal ports designed for keyboard data entry. The
maximum speed with fpute is limited to about 1/3 the normal character
rate by echo delays. There is no error correction with fpute, but
character by character handshaking prevents lost data caused by buffer
overflow. If possible, TABS should be set to echo as TAB characters
and not as spaces. Before the fpute command is given, the remote
system must be instructed to enter data from the "terminal" to a file.
After the file has been sent, the remote system must be instructed to
close the file.
EXAMPLE: fpute file1
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Flow Control
Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 70
14. FLOW CONTROL
All of us must sometimes tell people to "slow down" lest they overload
us with information faster than we can write it down. "Wait!" is a
Flow Control Signal for the English language.
When buffered modems, timesharing systems, networks, or computers of
differing speeds are involved, a machine readable "Wait!" signal is
required.
Flow control is sometimes necessary to display long messages without
skipping over the good parts. If you see pieces of text missing from
messages but don't see the usual funny characters caused by line
noise, ypu have a flow control problem.
File transfers that use long blocks or streaming protocols may not
work well unless slower parts of the system regulate the speed of
transmission to prevent loss of data. With ZMODEM, SuperKermit, and
other streaming protocols, inexplicable retransmissions of data
blocks, often at regular intervals, indicate flow control failure.
If you wish to keep things simple, the sending computer should not
operate at a higher interface speed than the slowest link in the
network. Otherwise precautions must be taken to prevent data loss
with interactive operations and unnecessary retransmissions with
streaming file transfer protcols.
ZCOMM, ZCOMM, and DSZ default to software flow control with XON and
XOFF characters.[1] When used with modems that require hardware flow
control, the handshake command (q.v.) should be used to specify which
hardware lines are to be used for flow control.
Non transparent software flow control is incompatible with Emacs
editors, XMODEM and YMODEM transfers. XMODEM and YMODEM require
complete transparency to all 256 8 bit codes. An XMODEM transfer that
always fails at the same block results from non transparent flow
control. When XMODEM-1k and YMODEM-1k are used, the network must
assert flow control, or handle bursts of 1040 characters without data
loss. When X.25 or hardware CTS is unavailable, flow control that
does not "eat" any characters may be used with XMODEM and YMODEM.
When buffers fill up, an XOFF should be emitted. An XON should be
sent when the buffer has emptied. Otherwise, the network should
neither generate nor eat XON or XOFF characters.
__________
1. The PCDOS flavor enables "handshake both" when selecting a port
with an active Clear To Send (CTS) signal that was previously
initialized to a speed greater than 2400 bps
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 14 Flow Control
Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 71
On Telenet, this is obtained by setting CCIT X3 5:1 and 12:1 in the
PADs (Packet Assembler Dissassembler) at both ends of the network.
Packets should be forwarded when the packet is a full 128 bytes, or
after a moderate delay (3:0,4:10). Set parameter 5 to 1 at both ends
AFTER one is connected to the remote modem. (Sorry, these commands
must be given each time you connect to a modem in the far city!)
<ENTER>@<ENTER>
set 5:1<ENTER>
rst? 5:1<ENTER>
cont<ENTER>
ZMODEM and Kermit protect all 4 XOFF and XON characters, commonly used
network control characters and trigger strings. ZMODEM and Kermit are
compatible with many networks that do not support XMODEM family
protocols, including some that claim network compatibility. For PADs
that do not accept "rst?", use:
<ENTER>@<ENTER>
set 4:2,5:1,12:1<ENTER>
cont<ENTER>
For best Telenet download throughput, parameter 64 (advance ACK)
should be set to 7. The parameter 0 is a dummy argument that
distinguishes Telenet parameters from CCIT parameters.
<ENTER>@<ENTER>
set 0:0,64:7<ENTER>
cont<ENTER>
Sometimes Telenet flow control stops data transmission when the
network buffers are not yet full. If you often see "STOPPED" flashing
in the status line (DOS versions), or if you see the modem send data
light pause in a ZMODEM or SuperKermit file send, poor flow control
may be the culprit. Such slowdowns are typical when a network is
overloaded. If this condition persists, the network should take steps
to reduce the congestion. Turning OFF network flow control and
activating ZMODEM's or SuperKermit's protocol flow control may
increase throughput under these conditions.
Instead of or in addition to XON/XOFF flow control, the sending
program's ZMODEM w numeric parameter can restrict the window size to a
value that does not overload the network. A zmodem pw2048 command
restricts the window size (maximum number of bytes in transit) to
2048. This causes the sz command to trigger the receiver's
acknowledgement every 512 bytes (one fourth the value of the ZMODEM w
numeric parameter). The sender monitors these responses and suspends
transmission when necessary to restrict the window to the specified
size. Until a network dependent lower limit is reached, lower window
sizes improve the speed of error recovery at the expense of slight
increases in protocol overhead. When the window size becomes less
than the number of characters sent within the network's transit time,
throughput falls off rapidly. Frequent protocol acknowledgements slow
down high speed psuedo full duplex modems (US Robotics HST, Telebit
TrailBlazer) and should be avoided.
ZMODEM-90(TM) allows the receiver to specify the window size with the
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 14 Flow Control
Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 72
-Wn option where n is the desired window size.
EXAMPLE: set adlopts W8192 requests an 8193 byte window size.
Some modems and networks can be configured to flush (discard the
contents of) their buffers when a break signal is received. If this
is possible, error recovery with ZMODEM transfers may be speeded up by
setting the ZMODEM b parameter to 1, which sends a break whenever the
ZMODEM sending program gets a retransmission request.
Network and Flow Control (FC) Compatibility
______________________________________________________________________
| Network | Interactive | XMODEM | WXMODEM | S-KERMIT | ZMODEM |
|________________|_____________|________|_________|__________|________|
|No Network | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
|8 bit, no FC | NO | YES | YES | YES(1) | YES(1) |
|Transparent FC | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
|Non Transparent | YES | NO | NO | YES | YES |
|7 bit | YES | NO | NO | YES | NO |
|________________|_____________|________|_________|__________|________|
(1) Window size must be restricted to avoid buffer overrun if the
network cannot transfer data at full speed.
14.1 Got ZRPOS Errors
Got ZRPOS indicates the receiving program has detected a transmission
error and has requested retransmission. In other words, ZMODEM is
doing its job of detecting and correcting missing and garbled data.
If this happens more often than observed line errors would indicate is
reasonable, the receiver's error messages must be studied. Line
Status Register errors generally indicate a local problem; if the
receiver gives "Line Status Register 02" errors the problem lies with
the receiver.
Otherwise, the sender may have a flow control problem in one of four
areas:
+ Between the sending program and its modem. If using an interface
speed higher than the transmission speed, or modem to modem error
correction (MNP, LAPB, PEP, etc.), check that the modem and the
sending program are configured for the same flow control methods.
Omen Technology's software is faster than most other programs, and
may expose flow control problems not seen with slower software.
+ Between the sending modem and the network. Correcting this
requires "handshake both" to allow the sending program to honor
both hardware (CTS) flow control from the modem and software flow
control (XON/XOFF) from the network.
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 14 Flow Control
Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 73
+ Between parts of the network.
+ Between the receiving modem and the receiving program. This can
happen at high transmission speeds when the receiver has specified
a large I/O buffer size with the B numeric parameter.
Excessive interrupt latency from extended memory ramdisks or disk
caches, and poorly written hard disk drivers also wreak havoc on
streaming protocols but do not affect start-stop protocols
(XMODEM, etc.). Problems with extended memory disk caches may
cause errors at regular intervals; check the receiver's error
messages.
To work around these problems, give the "handshake slow" command
to the receiver.
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 14 Running ZCOMM
Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 74
15. RUNNING ZCOMM
Before running ZCOMM, the keyboard Caps Lock should be turned off.
ZCOMM commands and most arguments must be entered in lower case.
15.1 Running ZCOMM from DOS
ZCOMM is called from DOS as ZCOMM [A] [DPORT=n] [command ...]
The following special commands may be given from the command line
only.
A PcAnywhere host mode must be disabled to allow another program
to access the serial port in order to prevent port contention
and lockup. The A command may be given to disable pcAnywhere
host mode for the duration of the program. The A command is
only recognized when it is the first command on the command
line.
EXAMPLE: ZCOMM A DPORT=2 remote
COMSPEC ZCOMM uses the DOS COMSPEC environment variable to load
COMMAND.COM or similar program to parse and execute DOS
gateways (shell escapes).
DPORT=n is an optional override to the default comm port. If another
program is using the default comm port, ZCOMM may be told to
use another port to prevent interference.
SEE ALSO: DPORT environment variable
Command may be any desired combination of ZCOMM commands. Command
line arguments to ZCOMM must be in lower case excpet as noted.
EXAMPLE: C>ZCOMM call cissig invokes ZCOMM and executes the commands
in the "cissig" telephone directory entry.
EXAMPLE: C>ZCOMM DPORT=2 call othersys
Selects COM2 before initializing the serial port
15.1.1 DOS Environment Variables ZCOMM searches the DOS Environment
for the following variables:
CBSIZE overrides the default allocation for the circular buffer.** If
memory is limited, the DOS command SET CBSIZE=3000 will leave
more memory for DOS Gateway or other programs. On medium model
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 15 Running ZCOMM
Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 75
DOS flavors, CBSIZE may be set as high as 65500.
DIRRX, DIRSX, DIRCX, DIRPX, DIRFX Contain optional receive (DIRRX),
send (DIRSX), capture (DIRCX), paste (DIRPX), and file (DIRFX)
directory presets. When ZCOMM starts, these environment
variables preset the dirrx, dirsx, dircx, dirpx and dirfx string
variables respectively.
DIRSIZE controls the number of directory items that may be sorted with
each wildcard. It should be set to 23 * times the desired
number of entries (default = 200). If more directory entries
are encountered, they are processed without sorting.
EXAMPLE: C>set DIRSIZE=8000
DPORT overrides the default modem port (COM1) initially accessed by
ZCOMM.
EXAMPLE: C>set DPORT=2
The DPORT environment variable can also be specified as a hex
port address,vector number pair.
EXAMPLE: C>set DPORT=2f8,5
SEE ALSO: portx command
EGA Stting this to MONO causes ZCOMM to use video mode 7 for 80x25
column text instead of the default video mode 3. This is needed
when using some EGA cards with an Monochrome MDA compatialbe
monitor.
EXAMPLE: C>set EGA=MONO
HOTPORT Suppresses the "Warning: Old dport=" message (q.v.) seen when
Zcomm is called from certain operating systems or programs.
EXAMPLE: C>set HOTPORT=1
SEE ALSO: port, portx commands
MODEM Describes the type of modem used by the mm224 script. See
Chapter 7 for details.
EXAMPLE: C>set MODEM=MM224E
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 15 Running ZCOMM
Version 17.61 TurboDial 2.33 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 76
PATH must include the directories containing ZCOMM and the help
processor YHP.
PHONES overrides the default pathname used to fetch ZCOMM's telephone
directory. Forward slashes should be used to indicate
directories.
EXAMPLE: C>set PHONES=c:/PHODIR.t
YAMQUIET Inhibits the display and locks the keyboard, preventing ZCOMM
from writing on the screen. * This is useful when calling ZCOMM
from another program.
EXAMPLE: C>set YAMQUIET=257 Performs the equivalent of an
initial kbdlock 257 command.
SEE ALSO: kbdlock command
ZONE sets the z numeric parameter to the number of minutes the
current local time lags GMT time.
EXAMPLE: C>set ZONE=420
SEE ALSO: z numeric parameter
Before running the X.PC* version of Pro-YAM, you must run the Tymnet
X.PC driver to make it resident by calling the driver from DOS. The
driver announces itself and returns control to DOS. The Tymnet X.PC
driver uses approximately 40kb memory.
EXAMPLE: xpcmain
15.1.2 Help Program Environment Variables The flash-up help
processor program YHP examines the environmnet for the NORMATTR,
REVATTR, and UNDLATTR variables. These set help screen parameters for
normal, reverse video, and underline attributes corresponding to the
n,r, and u numeric paramters.
EXAMPLE: C>set NORMATTR=3
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15.2 Dialing out from Unix
ZCOMM is called from Unix as [DPORT=S] yam [command ...]
DPORT=S is an optional override to the initial default serial line.
If another program is using the line, ZCOMM complains that the port is
busy and will refuse to open it.
Command may be any desired combination of ZCOMM commands.
EXAMPLE: yam call cissig invokes ZCOMM and executes the commands in
the "cissig" telephone directory entry.
EXAMPLE: DPORT=tty77 ZCOMM call othersys
Selects /dev/tty77 before executing the othersys telephone directory
entry.
If ZCOMM is run in the background, it will exit if it reached the main
command prompt.
EXAMPLE: yam call cissig&
As a form of shorthand, ZCOMM may be invoked as call if that is the
command to be executed.
EXAMPLE: call cissig
15.2.1 X Windows When run under the X Windows xterm(1) interface
program (indicated by the Unix TERM environment variable), ZCOMM
understands xterm's keyboard mappings for function and ALT keys.
15.2.2 UNIX/XENIX Environment Variables Unix/Xenix ZCOMM flavors
search the Environment for the following variables:
CBSIZE overrides the default allocation for the circular buffer. On
32 bit systems, the maximum CBSIZE is limited only by the
operating system's process size limit.
EXAMPLE: CBSIZE=300000; export CBSIZE
DIRRX, DIRSX, DIRCX, DIRPX, DIRFX Perform the same function as
described for the DOS flavor above. (Since Unix does not use
colon (:) as a device specifier, Unix flavors do not treat
colon(s) in pathnames in any special way.)
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DPORT overrides the default modem port initially accessed by ZCOMM.
EXAMPLE: DPORT=tty12; export DPORT
HZ Indicates the number of kernel "clock ticks" per second. This
calibrates terminal function timeouts, protocol timeouts, and
the sleep command. The HZ environment variable must be set if
the value used by your system is not 50 clock ticks per second.
MODEM Describes the type of modem used by the mm224 script. See
Chapter 7 for details.
EXAMPLE: MODEM=MM224E; export MODEM
PAGER points to a pager program suitable for viewing files a
screenfull at a time, such as pg(1), more(1) or less(1).
PATH must include the directories containing yam and the help
processor yhp.
PHONES overrides the default pathname used to fetch ZCOMM's telephone
directory.
EXAMPLE: PHONES=/usr/lib/local/localphone.t; export PHONES
SHELL ZCOMM uses this environment variable to select the appropriate
program for its shell escapes.
TERM If the TERM environment variable contains xterm, xterms or
anything else beginning with xterm, ZCOMM assumes it is
operating as a subprocess to the Xwindows xterm(1) program,
enabling a term function status line. The LINES and COLUMNS
environment variables preset the # and $ numeric parameters
respectively. This assumption may be overidden by setting the X
numeric parameter.
If the TERM environment parameter contains the string 401
indicating emulation of a Tektronix 4010 series storage tube
terminal, status line updates are inhibited when Tek graphics is
active.
If the TERM environment parameter cegins with "wy" (as in
"wy60") ZCOMM will use and recognize Wyse escape sequences.
UUCPLOCK If UUCPLOCK contains "/usr/spool/locks/LCK.." ZCOMM uses
"Honey Danber" uucp port arbitration conventions.
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15.3 Dialing in to Unix
Unix flavors may be used for dial-in applications to transfer files
and commands with programs logged in to terminal ports. The commands
rz, sz, zcommand, and zcommandi perform the same functions as the
corresponding ZCOMM commands. They may be given directly to the shell
or executed from a shell script or Makefile.
EXAMPLE: sz -Yn *.c *.h
The Makefile fragment below commands a DOS ZCOMM logged into a serial
port to clear its dirrx string parameter, change to its root
directory, and then sends a new version of the executable to the DOS
machine.
EXAMPLE: cpsz:/tmp/yam.exe
@zcommand 'set dirrx ""'
@zcommand "c:;cd /"
@sz -y /tmp/yam.exe
More general command sequences or other protocols such as Kermit may
be accessed with the xyam command.
EXAMPLE: xyam kermit sb *.c *.h
EXAMPLE: xyam z pl256 sz -Yn *.c *.h
16. OUTLINE OF COMMANDS
16.1 Setup
port 1 ..........................Select the modem port
portx hbase,vec .................Select non standard modem
speed 1200 ......................Set the "baud rate"
handshake {on|off|cts|dsr|dcd|both|slow}Hardware flow control
16.2 Data Call
queue............................Manipulate a dialing queue
call [-N] system ................[N retries]
234-5678 ........................Dial a local number
234-5678/mnp ....................Dial a local number with MNP
%l-503-621-3746 .................Dial long distance
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learn lfile .....................TurboLearn information to lfile
xpc C ... .......................Enable and control virtual channels
with X.PC
bye .............................Disconnect current call
off .............................Disconnect and exit
String parameters: phones, mcommand, mprefix, msuffix, mconnect
16.3 Interactive Operation
F2, t [-modes] ..................Begin terminal conversation
learn lfile .....................TurboLearn information to lfile
conf ............................Online conference with edit window
F8 ..............................Generate a password
enable -modes ...................Modify term function characteristics
set .............................Assigns a string or command to a
function key
String parameters break, bs, esc, etx, xpassword, entstr, lpnono
16.4 Message Transfer Commands
Normal Interactive Transfers
f [-modes] file .................Send file with the term function
t [-modes] file .................Terminal conversation with capture to
file
kill ............................Erase the contents of the circular
buffer
w, ALT-W ........................Write the circular buffer
close, ALT-C ....................Close the capture file
Term Function Modes .............(capture/send modifiers)
String parameters: eolstr, blankfill
Special File Transfers
fput ............................High Speed file dump to modem
fpute ...........................Send file with Echoplex check
fget ............................High speed modem to disk data dump
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16.5 Protocol File Transfer Commands
F3, rb [-options] [dir] [file ...] Receive files with YMODEM or Clink
rz [-options] [dir] [file ...] ..Receive files with ZMODEM
kermit rb [-options] ............Receive files with Kermit
rx [-options] rxfile ............Receive a file with XMODEM
rt [-options] [dir] [file ...] ..Receive files with Telink/FIDO
r7 [-options] [dir] [file ...] ..Receive files with MODEM7
ro [-options] rxfile ............Receive a file with XMODEM
OverThruster
rw [-options] rxfile ............Receive a file with WXMODEM
rc [-options] rxfile ............Receive a file with XMODEM/CRC
sz [-options] txfile ... ........Send file(s) with ZMODEM
sb [-options] txfile ... ........Send file(s) with YMODEM or Clink
sx [-options] txfile ............Send a file with XMODEM or XMODEM/CRC
st [-options] txfile ... ........Send file(s) with Telink/FIDO
s7 [-options] txfile ... ........Send file(s) with MODEM7
zcommand COMMAND ................Remote COMMAND with ZMODEM
!!COMMAND........................Remote COMMAND with Kermit or ZMODEM
kermit sb [-options] txfile ... .Send file(s) with Kermit
Kermit Server Access Commands
AUTOMATIC File Transfers.........(Compuserve-B, Kermit, ZMODEM)
String parameters adlopts
Options for Protocol File Transfers
Numeric Parameters for XMODEM/YMODEM/ZMODEM Transfers
Special Keys for Protocol Transfers
16.6 Macro Commands
call system .....................Execute telephone directory entry
r [oldcmd] ......................Reenter previous command
Up, Down ........................Select previous commands for reentry
source scriptfile ...............Call subroutine
set .............................Assign a string or command to a
function key
keys ............................Display soft key definitions
reskeys .........................Clear soft key definitions
SOFT KEYS .......................Transmit strings or execute commands.
16.7 Display Commands / Terminal Emulation
display displaymodes ............Set CRT parameters, screen emulation
cl, cls .........................Clear the Screen
mk...............................Map keys for terminal emulation
videobios N .....................Set video BIOS mode N (for 132 cols)
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16.8 Disk/File Access Commands
a: ..............................Change default disk
ap file1 file2 ..................Append file1 to file2
apd file1 file2 .................Append file1 to file2, delete file1
cd directory ....................Change directory
cdd D:dir .......................Change disk and directory
dir[rlstx] ......................Sorted directory listings
!DOS-command ....................DOS Gateway to another program
browse file .....................Browse a set of files
crc file ... ....................Display 32 bit file CRC's
del file ........................Delete files from disk
dump file ... ...................Side by Side HEX/ASCII file dump
egrep regular-expression file ... Pattern matching file searching
egrepq regular-expression file ... String extraction
find string file ... ............Case insensitive file searching
findq string file ... ...........String extraction
list file ... ...................File list on DOS standard output
page file ... ...................Pauses after each screenful
read file .......................Fill circular buffer from open file
seek [-]offset ..................Seek to location in file
Home, End, PgUp .................Enter review function
sum file ... ....................Display Unix style file checksum
usq file ... ....................Unequeeze, [decrypt] files
wc file ... .....................File character, word, line count
<file ...........................Simulate keyboard input from file
>outfile ........................Redirect utility command output
16.9 Remote Takeover / Control
host ............................Enter Host Operation
link ............................Connect to another computer
message .........................Leave a public message
private .........................Leave a private message
remote ..........................Accept remote commands
unrestrict.......................Allow caller unrestricted access
16.10 Support Commands
bdump file ......................Dump interrupt input buffer to file
display displaymodes ............List or change CRT operation
enable -mode[s]..................Modify term function operation
exit ............................Exit to DOS
help ............................Activate help database
kbdlock on|off ..................Lock/Unlock keyboard
kbdmon [file] ...................Monitor keystrokes in file
p ...............................Set/display numeric parameters
reset............................Reset display and disk system
set .............................Set string parameters / soft keys
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16.11 Record Keeping Commands
nolog ...........................Inhibit next log entry
timestamp .......................Display/write time and other info
restime .........................Reset elapsed time counter to 0
String parameters: calllog, txlog, rxlog, plog, rxcnt
16.12 Script Commands
abort ...........................Returns to command prompt
accept ..........................Read keyboard response to string
variable
bg...............................Indicate background operation
createx file ....................Exclusive file creation (for
semaphores)
echo ............................Display message
fg...............................Indicate foreground operation
kill [-signum] procnum ..........Interprocess communications
lput string .....................Local screen write
lputp string ....................Output string to printer
expand script pathspec ..........Execute script for each file in
pathspec
fail ............................Failure return from script
gosub name[.file] ...............Script subroutine call
goto ............................Branch to label in same script.
grab svar .......................Read line from file to string
variable
if, else.........................Execute rest of line conditionally
kbdlock on|off ..................Lock/Unlock keyboard
ki ..............................Reset capture buffer search area
on ..............................Conditional execution, tested after
each command
pattern .........................Specify string searches in modem data
purge{k|l} ......................Purge typeahead or modem input buffer
put[v] ..........................Send string [variable] to modem
return...........................Return to previous script level
set[c|s] ........................Set string parameters / soft keys
setn ............................Set string param to Arithmetic
expression
set? ............................Set string param to test value
sleep ...........................Let the world pass by
source scriptfile ...............Call scriptfile as a subroutine
split ...........................Split (parse) a string to tokens
ss ..............................Regular Expression pattern match
string parse
trs .............................Translate characters in a string
wait ............................Wait for pattern(s) in modem data
while ...........................Looping control
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17. SPECIAL KEYS
Ctrl-Break clears any typeahead, unlocks the keyboard, and stops
whatever function[1] ZCOMM is doing in a reasonably orderly manner.[2]
Ctrl-Break cancels kbdlock. It is not so abrupt as the NUKE key. The
B test condition tests whether Ctrl-Break has been struck since the
last purgek command.
Keyboarding ALT-N will NUKE (abort) the current command and return to
ZCOMM's command prompt.[3] If one or more scripts are active, the
current line number (counting from the first line in the script file)
for each level of script is displayed.* NUKE will terminate any
script. NUKE closes any transmit file, but not a receive capture
file. (A receive capture file may be closed with the "close"
command.) NUKE does not disconnect the modem by dropping DTR.[4]
Keyboarding ALT-Z appends the contents of the display screen to a DOS
file. The pathname is contained in the string parameter picture which
may be changed with the set command. The exact contents of the screen
memory are written to the file, with each screen character followed by
its attribute. A separate program, unpic is used to convert the
screen dump to a normal file that may be printed or displayed.
17.1 Special Keys during Protocol Transfers
Certain keys perform special functions when keyboarded during protocol
file transfers (XMODEM, Kermit, etc.).
F1 Keyboarding F1 causes a protocol timeout and forces a retry.
ALT-A Displays Kermit file transfer status.
ALT-B Cancels the current Kermit or ZMODEM batch transfer.
__________
1. Not necessarily the calling function or script
2. In the term function, Ctrl-Break sends a break to the remote
unless it has been redefined with a set command.
3. Use of this term, popularized in the J.F.K. administration, does
not imply endorsement of preemptive nuclear attacks on innocent
populations.
4. When in host operation waiting for a call, NUKE drops DTR.
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ALT-C Cancels the ZMODEM or Kermit session.
ALT-F Skips the current ZMODEM or Kermit file transfer.
ALT-Q Keyboarding Alt-Q during a protocol file transfer toggles a flag
that causes ZCOMM to disconnect when the transfer is completed.
This is most useful when downloading a long file. As soon as the
file is transferred, ZCOMM will execute the string parameter
quitcmd (if set) and then disconnect the modem. If keyboarded
during a Host Operation file transfer, ZCOMM will exit Host
Operation at the conclusion of the transfer. The state of the
quit flag is displayed each time ALT-Q is keyboarded.
ALT-S Keyboarding Alt-S displays status information on the console
screen only (even if in Host Operation). The pattern number of
the last successful search (-1 if no match), the active search
patterns (if any), and the line numbers of the active scripts (if
any) are displayed to aid script debugging.
ALT-V Keyboarding ALT-V will toggle the view option affecting the rb,
rc, rz, sb, sc, sx, and sz commands, and data transfers using the
Compuserve B protocol.
ASCII Keyboarding a normal ASCII character (in the range of 00 to 7F)
will send that character to the modem. This may be used for
protocol testing, or to terminate a modem's autodial handshake
without terminating ZCOMM's call retry count.
Ctrl-X All ZMODEM and many YMODEM and XMODEM protocol programs
recognize a dozen successive Ctrl-X characters as a session abort
command. If the remote computer appears to be "stuck" in a YMODEM
or ZMODEM transfer, keyboard ten Ctrl-X characters to abort the
protocol transfer.
During a protocol transfer, normal keys are sent to the modem when
Zcomm is waiting for or receiving a packet. This may be used to
reissue a file transfer command to the other computer if it becomes
apparent the original command was not accepted.
Other uses for this pass thru capability include protocol testing.
17.2 Local Editing Keys
Emacs style character editing reduces the number of keystrokes needed
to enter and edit commands and strings. Normally the cursor is at the
end of the line of text being keyboarded. Printing characters insert
themselves at the cursor location. The <ENTER> key enters/transmits
the entire line of text.
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Left, Ctrl-B moves the cursor to the left
Right, Ctrl-F moves the cursor to the right
Ctrl-Left cursor WORD left
Ctrl-Right cursor WORD right
Ctrl-A cursor to beginning of line
Ctrl-E cursor to end of line
Del, Ctrl-D delete character at cursor
Backspace delete character to left of cursor
Ctrl-W delete word to left of cursor
Ctrl-End, Ctrl-K delete to end of line
Ctrl-R refresh (redisplay) the line
Ctrl-X delete entire line
Down, Ctrl-N next history line
Up, Ctrl-P previous history line
Ctrl-U Argument Count (not available in term function)
An initial Ctrl-U sets an argument count of 4. Successive Ctrl-U
characters multiply the argument count by 4. A decimal number may be
entered after Ctrl-U, and this number becomes the argument count.
EXAMPLE: ^U^U Left moves the cursor 16 left
EXAMPLE: ^U5X inserts 5 "X" characters
EXAMPLE: ^U5^U? inserts 20 "?" characters.
Unix/Xenix flavors do not support Emacs style editing in the term
function.
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18. MAIN COMMANDS
18.1 Main Commands
All commands and arguments must be entered in lower case except where
stated.
You may shorten some commands by typing just the first portion that is
shown in caps. For example, the "break" command may be entered as
"br". Whether or not you abbreviate the command, it must be entered
in lower case.
User defined Soft Keys are executed from the command prompt iff they
do not conflict with the permanent definitions described below.
Except where stated, multiple commands can be written on one line
separated by ; (semicolon). Commands that take a constant number of
arguments do not need a semicolon to delimit the end of the command.
If in doubt, use a semicolon to separate multiple commands.[1]
@ The at sign may be used to indicate a telephone number starting with
the Touch-Tone(TM) A B C D * or # codes or a character escape. If
the phone number contains spaces, it must be enclosed in double
quotes. The leading @ is not sent to the modem.
EXAMPLE: @#*-123-4567 Dials #*-123-4567.
%l-234-567-8901 (%l:letter l) For normal long distance dialing, the
string parameter l (letter l) defaults to "1" (digit 1). To use an
alternative long distance service, set the l string parameter with a
modem command to dial the local access number, wait for the second
dial tone, and transmit the account number.
SEE ALSO: "setsavenet" telephone directory entry
A string of alternate phone numbers may be specified with the "+"
construction shown below.
234-5678 A number given as a command invokes the dial script to
attempt a connection with the specified number. Iff the modem is
currently connected to a remote modem, and the B numeric parameter
is non zero, ZCOMM pulses Data Terminal Ready, terminating the
connection. ZCOMM character escapes may be used within the number
__________
1. A space or two after each semicolon makes scripts easier for
humans to read.
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string to represent special characters.
EXAMPLE: 234-5678
When carrier is detected, ZCOMM executes the mconnect string (if
set) and proceeds to the next command
One or several alternate phone numbers may be specified by appending
the previous number with +234-5678 for as many alternate numbers as
are desired.[2] When a connection is made, undialed alternates are
forgotten. Alternate phone numbers need not support the same
speeds. A redial count given to the call command repeats the
sequence of alternate numbers.
EXAMPLE: cis speed 2400 239-6124/mnp_s+239-6126/mnp_s+232-1032/300
This script line attempts a MNP (with software slow control) call to
the first two numbers, then a 300 bps call to the third number if
neither of the first two connected.
Iff no connection is made, script processing at the current level is
terminated.
A number of modifiers are available depending on the type of modem
and the choice of dialing script used. These are described in
Chapter 7.
SEE ALSO: nolog command, calllog string parameter, mcommand string
parameter
a: Change the default disk to a:. ZCOMM then prints the free storage
remaining on the selected disk. The specified disk must be included
in the string parameter disks.
abort Aborts any command or script in progress. Closes all script
files that may be open. Abort returns to the command prompt.
SEE ALSO: quit command
accept[[l]1] stringvar prompt (letter l, digit 1) Scripts often need
to prompt the user for file names and menu choices.
Accept displays Prompt[3] to the user. ZCOMM then reads keyboard
__________
2. When using the mm224 dialing script.
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input into the specified string variable. Backspace and Ctrl-U
perform editing functions. Characters are accepted from the user
until <ENTER> is typed. If the H numeric parameter is non zero, an
empty string is returned if <ENTER> is not typed within the time
limit set by that parameter. Acceptl translates the user's response
to lower case. Acceptl1 returns a 1 character string in lower case
after the single character is keyboarded.
Prompt is processed for string substitution and character escapes.
If the result begins with an ESC character, ZCOMM does not
reposition the cursor before accepting the string. In writing
scripts, it may be useful to save the current screen location with
an escape sequence, then restore it with an escape sequence encoded
in the prompt string.
EXAMPLE: accept s1 File: Displays the prompt File: and reads the
keyboarded response to string parameter s1.
EXAMPLE: acceptl1 s0 "Enter Menu Choice" Reads a single character
from the user, translates it to lower case, and assigns it to s0.
EXAMPLE: accept s0 "\E[20;60H\E[KFile Name: " Places the cursor at
line 20 column 60, clears the rest of the CRT line, displays the
prompt, and accepts input.
EXAMPLE: accept s6 " Your \E[1mFirst\E[0m name please " Uses
boldface video to highlight First as it appears in the prompt.
EXAMPLE: accept s2 "File "; rc %s2 Prompts the user for a file name,
then receives that file with XMODEM/CRC protocol.
EXAMPLE: accept xpassword "\E[mMaster Password: \E[8m"; lput "\E[m"
Uses invisible video (ESC [ 8 m) to allow a password to be entered
without visible echo. The ESC [ m sequences reset the display to
normal (visible).
SEE ALSO: obey command, scripts
______________________________________________________________________
3. Prompt must be enclosed in quotes if it contains spaces.
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ap file1 file2* (Append) Appends the contents of file1 to file2. If
file2 does not exist, it is created. Wildcards are not allowed.
The ap command closes any files that have been opened by the create,
f, open, t or > commands. File1 and file2 are processed for string
parameter substitution.
apd file1 file2* (Append-Delete) Appends the contents of file1 to
file2, then deletes file1. If file2 does not exist, it is created.
If an error is detected writing file2, file1 is not deleted.
Wildcards are not allowed. The apd command closes any files that
have been opened by the create, f, open, t or > commands. File1 and
file2 are processed for string parameter substitution.
EXAMPLE: apd %item Z%item.tmp
bdump outfile Dumps the contents of the modem interrupt input buffer
to outfile. This command is useful for debugging as outfile will
contain the last characters received from the remote regardless of
what ZCOMM commands have been executed. The most recently received
data appears at the end of outfile. This command "tells it as it
is", writing all 8 bits of each character to outfile. If less than
1400 characters have been received from the remote, some of outfile
will consist of nulls or garbage. The bdump command is often used
as a post mortem diagnostic dump after a failed script or file
transfer. This command is not available on Unix, OS/2, and X.PC
flavors of ZCOMM.
bg Indicates ZCOMM is running in the background with no user at the
keyboard.
SEE ALSO: fg command, df test condition
BReak Sends a 200 millisecond break signal.
N.B.: Some modems do not correctly pass the break signal to the
remote.
SEE ALSO: Ctrl-Break key, break string parameter, zmodem B numeric
parameter
BROwse pathspec Browse through the files specified in pathspec. If
pathspec is empty, all files are presented. For each matched
pathname, the filename, date, and length of the file are displayed.
The status line displays some of the commands which may be applied
to each file. Chapter 18.4 describes the browse subcommands, which
provide extensive capabilities for individually selected files.
bye Terminate the connection in progress by sending a long space and
then dropping DTR (Data Terminal Ready).[4] After a pause, DTR is
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