home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
Shareware Overload
/
ShartewareOverload.cdr
/
busi
/
instcalc.zip
/
MANUAL.LZH
/
INSTA.DOC
Wrap
Text File
|
1990-01-17
|
115KB
|
3,302 lines
InstaCalc
Abridged User's Manual
(C) Copyright FormalSoft 1987-90
All Rights Reserved
FormalSoft
P.O. Box 1913
Sandy, Utah 84091-1913
(801) 565-0971
DISCLAIMER
This software will perform as described when used properly. By
using this software you acknowledge that this software may not
suit your particular needs or be completely trouble free. If
this software does not perform as described, our liability to you
is limited to replacing the software or refunding the purchase
price (if registered).
In no event will FormalSoft be liable to you for any damages,
including any lost profits, lost savings or other incidental or
consequential damages arising out of the use of or inability to
use these programs, even if FormalSoft has been advised of the
possibility of such damages.
InstaCalc is NOT a public domain program. It is Shareware, which
basically means that it is a commercial program with a "try
before you buy" option. InstaCalc is copyrighted by FormalSoft,
and FormalSoft retains all rights pertaining to InstaCalc.
FormalSoft grants a restricted permission to users to make and
distribute copies of InstaCalc.
If you continue to regularly use InstaCalc, you are expected to
register with FormalSoft using the form provided below.
If InstaCalc is used for business purposes, or for gain, then a
copy of InstaCalc must be purchased for each computer it is to be
used on.
You are granted permission to copy and distribute InstaCalc for
evaluation by others on the following conditions:
- You may NOT charge anything for InstaCalc itself. You may
charge a cost based fee (not to exceed $10) to cover disks and
handling.
- You may NOT copy the printed documentation in any manner or
form.
- You may NOT bundle InstaCalc with any other product without the
prior written permission of FormalSoft.
- You may NOT distribute versions of InstaCalc which have been
modified in any way.
- You must include ALL of the files which are distributed with
InstaCalc. These files must be ARCHIVED together if you place
them on an electronic bulletin board.
FormalSoft provides quantity discounts for QubeCalc. The
discount schedule is:
QUANTITY DISCOUNT
-----------------------
1-2 0%
3-5 15%
6-9 20%
10-24 25%
25-49 30%
50-99 35%
100-249 40%
250-499 45%
500+ 50%
2
InstaCalc Registration Form
---------------------------
InstaCalc is distributed as ShareWare and is completely supported
by user registrations. You may register your copy of InstaCalc by
filling out the form below and mailing it along with $54.95
($49.95 + $5 s/h) to:
FormalSoft
InstaCalc Registration
P.O. Box 1913
Sandy, Ut. 84091-1913
We can also accept VISA/MC/AMEX at (801) 565-0971.
You will receive the latest version of InstaCalc, along with
additional support programs, the complete printed manual, and
will be placed on our update list to receive automatic
notification of InstaCalc updates and new software releases from
FormalSoft.
Name:__________________________________________________________
Address:_______________________________________________________
City, State, Zip:______________________________________________
Number of copies:____________ Amount enclosed * :______________
* UT residents add 6 1/4% sales tax
Where did you find out about InstaCalc or get your copy from?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
FormalSoft is currently working on new features to make InstaCalc
even more powerful. If there are any features you would like to
see added to InstaCalc, please let us know.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3
OTHER PRODUCTS FROM FORMALSOFT
------------------------------
QubeCalc QubeCalc is a three dimensional spreadsheet which
adds pages to the rows and columns of regular
spreadsheets. Consolidation is automatic because
formulas can reference any cell on any page. The
QubeCalc 3D worksheet can even be rotated to view
data from different perspectives. QubeCalc's
worksheet size is 64 rows, 64 columns, and 64
pages.
QubeCalc is available as Shareware (registration
price is $69.95 + $5 s/h).
ProQube ProQube is FormalSoft's commercial 3D spreadsheet.
ProQube is similar to QubeCalc in that it has
multiple pages and the ability to rotate the 3D
worksheet. In addition, ProQube has: 512 rows,
columns, and pages, presentation graphics, an
integrated programming language, macro recorder,
file manager, mouse support, cell protection, file
encryption, the ability to directly import and
export 1-2-3, dBase, DIF, and ASCII files (without
a translation program), 104 @functions (including
lookup tables), EGA 43 row support, expanded
memory support, and much more!
"ProQube offers much of the functionality of 1-2-3
Release 3.0 while costing only a fifth as much -
and it runs on a basic 8088, 640K system with a
hard disk." - Personal Computing
"ProQube excels at analyzing three-dimensional
data from all possible perspectives" - PC Magazine
Requirements: 640K, MSDOS 2.0+, and a hard disk.
ProQube is available directly from FormalSoft for
$99, or you can find it at your local dealer.
Call or write for a free demo disk.
4
CONTENTS
WHAT CAN I DO WITH INSTACALC? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
GETTING STARTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
MAKING A BACKUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
FLOPPY DISK BASED SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
HARD DISK BASED SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
HOW TO RUN INSTACALC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
THE SETUP PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
WHERE TO GO FOR HELP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
THE WORKSHEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
MOVING AROUND IN THE WORKSHEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
ENTERING DATA IN THE WORKSHEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
NUMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
TEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
FORMULAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
THE COMMAND MENUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
SPECIAL FUNCTION KEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
PREDEFINED FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
DATE AND TIME FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
LOGICAL FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
SPECIAL FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
TEXT FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
CELL DISPLAY FORMATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
COLUMN WIDTHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
DEFINING A RANGE OF CELLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
EDITING THE CONTENTS OF A CELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
IMPORTING DATA FROM APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
EXPORTING DATA TO APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5
CELL COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
CELL FORMAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
CELL WIDTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
CELL ERASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
CELL JUSTIFY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
CELL COPY (REPLICATING) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
RANGE COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
RANGE FORMAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
RANGE WIDTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
RANGE ERASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
RANGE JUSTIFY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
RANGE COPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
RANGE MODIFY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
RANGE NAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
RANGE LINK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
RANGE GRAPH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
RANGE SORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
WORKSHEET COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
WORKSHEET FORMAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
WORKSHEET WIDTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
WORKSHEET ERASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
WORKSHEET JUSTIFY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
WORKSHEET AUTOCALC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
WORKSHEET ORDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
WORKSHEET STATUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
WORKSHEET TITLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
INSERTING BLANK ROWS OR COLUMNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
DELETING ROWS OR COLUMNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
SAVING AND LOADING DATA FILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
PRINTING YOUR DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
DEFINING AND USING MACROS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
EXITING FROM INSTACALC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
IMPORTING DIF AND DBASE FILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
EXPORTING DIF, DBASE, AND LOTUS FILES . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6
WHAT CAN I DO WITH INSTACALC?
Welcome to the world of InstaCalc. InstaCalc is a full power
memory resident spreadsheet which you can pop up through
application programs and which can share data with those
programs.
Let's say you're creating a document using your favorite word
processor, and you decide you need to include a table of values
and assorted calculations to prove a point. In the past you
would have to either:
1. Type the values directly into your word processor, trying to
keep them in straight columns, then re-enter the numbers into a
calculator or pop-up desk utility to perform the calculations
(assuming they provided all the functions you need) and then type
all the calculated values into your word processor.
- or -
2. Exit from your word processor, load your spreadsheet program,
create a spreadsheet, save your spreadsheet to a print file, exit
from your spreadsheet program, reload your word processor, and
merge your spreadsheet into your document.
Imagine how much simpler it would be to simply pop up a full
feature spreadsheet program without even leaving your word
processor. And then once you have created your spreadsheet you
tell the program to place it in your document, and it's as good
as done.
InstaCalc makes this all possible... and more!
InstaCalc can directly import Lotus 1-2-3 worksheet files. This
means you can now pull Lotus files into application programs
without first exiting the program and creating print (text)
files.
And InstaCalc can also import data directly off the screen from
any application program (word processor, data base, another
spreadsheet, etc).
InstaCalc is very fast and powerful, yet it is easy to learn and
use. It provides many functions and features found only in very
expensive spreadsheet programs, as well as features which can't
be found elsewhere at any price!!
- You can pop up in the middle of an application (such as a word
processor, database, etc.) and import and export data between
InstaCalc and the application.
- You can directly import Lotus 1-2-3 worksheet files.
7
- You can import and export Lotus 1-2-3, dBASE II, dBASE III, and
DIF files.
- Interactive context sensitive help screens make learning and
using InstaCalc a snap.
- A full assortment of predefined functions is provided for you
to use in your computations (Math, Trig, Statistics, Finance,
Date, Time, Logical, Special, and Text catagories).
- You can link to a range of cells in another spreadsheet.
- You can sort your data by rows or columns.
- You can create bar graphs from your data, and then export the
graphs to your application program.
- You can lock title rows and columns on the screen.
- A powerful Macro capability allows you to create your own
little "programs" within a spreadsheet.
- You can confine the automatic recalculation to any range of
cells. This can really speed things up in a large spreadsheet.
- You can completely hide a column from view.
- And much, much more!!!
8
GETTING STARTED
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
InstaCalc is designed to run on an IBM PC, PC/XT, or a true IBM
compatible running MS-DOS or PC-DOS (version 2.0 or higher).
InstaCalc uses 128K of RAM as initially configured, but 44K of
this is WorkSheet data memory (the program code only requires 85K
of RAM). You may create your own special copies which use any
amount of RAM from 85K to 580K. Just remember to save enough
additional memory to run your application programs.
InstaCalc uses an overlay structure. This means that the
InstaCalc program actually consists of 3 different files;
INSTA.COM, INSTA.000, and INSTA.001.
INSTA.COM is the main part of the program. INSTA.000 and
INSTA.001 are overlay files which contain various features and
functions of InstaCalc. When InstaCalc needs to access one of
these features or functions, it reads the code for that feature
in from INSTA.000 or INSTA.001. The advantage of using an
overlay structure is that the program uses up less memory,
thereby freeing up more RAM to put your application programs in.
If you place the overlay files (INSTA.000 and INSTA.001) on a
hard disk or in a RAM disk in extended memory, you should not
notice any significant delay when these features are accessed.
If the overlay files are on a floppy disk, you may notice a small
delay when accessing these features. If you have a floppy based
system and cannot tolerate the short delays, (or if you want to
free up both disk drives) you may place the overlay files in a
RAM disk.
InstaCalc needs to know where you place the overlay files. By
default, InstaCalc assumes that the overlay files are in the
directory where you start up InstaCalc. If you place the overlay
files in a RAM disk or in a directory other than where you start
the program, then you must run the setup program to create a
configuration file which tells InstaCalc where you put the
overlays.
The setup program can also be used to tell InstaCalc where you
placed the help file. It will also let you customize the screen
colors which InstaCalc uses.
9
MAKING A BACKUP
The first thing you should do is make a backup copy of all the
files on the InstaCalc disk. Put this backup away in a safe
place in case you waste your working copy. The files which you
should find on your disk are:
INSTA.COM - The InstaCalc program.
INSTA.000 - An overlay (part of the program).
INSTA.001 - An overlay (part of the program).
REGISTER.DOC - License and registration form.
INSTA.HLP - The HELP file.
CONVERT.COM - Converts version 1 files.
IMPORT.COM - Imports DIF, dBASE and ASCII files.
EXPORT.COM - Exports DIF, dBASE, Lotus, and ASCII files.
MANUAL.LZH - Compressed on-disk documentation.
PRINTDOC.EXE - Prints the on-disk documentation.
LHARC.EXE - Uncompresses the on-disk documentation.
HARDDISK.BAT - Installs InstaCalc on a hard disk.
SETUP.COM - The setup program.
INSTAOUT.COM - Removes InstaCalc from memory.
INSTAMEM.COM - Creates special copies of InstaCalc.
OPTIONS.COM - Allows user set options.
README - New features, etc.
FLOPPY DISK BASED SYSTEM
Place the InstaCalc disk into the current drive and type INSTA at
the DOS prompt. If you do not put the overlay files (INSTA.000
and INSTA.001) into a RAM disk, or if you wish to make use of the
Help facility (and don't put the help file into a RAM disk), you
must leave the InstaCalc disk in the drive (because that is where
the help and overlay files will be located).
HARD DISK BASED SYSTEM
Change to the A: drive. Then place the InstaCalc disk into the
A: drive and type HARDDISK. This program will create a directory
named \INSTA on the C: drive and will copy all of the files from
the InstaCalc disk into the new directory. InstaCalc can then be
run by first changing to the \INSTA directory and typing INSTA at
the DOS prompt.
The best setup is to leave all of the files in the \INSTA
directory, and always start up from within that directory. That
way, InstaCalc will always know where all of it's system files
are (overlays, help, etc.).
10
HOW TO RUN INSTACALC
When most regular programs are run, you start them from the DOS
prompt, and when they're finished they return you back to the DOS
prompt and remove themselves from memory. When a "memory
resident" program is run, however, it returns you back to the DOS
prompt, but does NOT remove itself from memory (it remains
"resident"). InstaCalc is such a program. You can run InstaCalc
by simply typing: INSTA (followed by a carriage return).
When you first run InstaCalc, it will seem as if nothing much
really happened. You will see the InstaCalc copyright screen and
then you will be dropped back into DOS. What has happened is
InstaCalc has loaded itself into memory and is now looking at
every keystroke that you type (don't worry, it isn't doing
anything to hurt them). InstaCalc is simply looking for a
particular key sequence known as the "Hot Key". The Hot key is
initially defined to be Alt-I, but you can change this with the
Setup program described in the next section.
Once you have loaded InstaCalc into memory you may go about doing
whatever you need to do, whether it is running DOS commands or
other programs. Then, whenever you need the power of InstaCalc,
simply type Alt-I (or whatever you have defined the Hot key to
be) and InstaCalc will pop into action.
InstaCalc should be loaded AFTER memory resident programs which
are not called up by a hot key (such as ram disks, print
spoolers, etc.). It should be loaded BEFORE any programs that
you want to be able to pop it up.
Also, InstaCalc will NOT pop up if you are in graphics mode, so
if you are using a bit mapped program such as Reflex or Microsoft
Word, InstaCalc won't pop up for you. Some bit mapped programs
allow you the option of running the program in text mode (such as
Microsoft Word with the /C option). If you run these programs in
the text mode then InstaCalc can be called up from them.
There may be times when you wish to remove InstaCalc from memory
without having to reboot your computer (such as when you want to
free up some memory for another program). You may release
InstaCalc from memory by running the program called InstaOut.
This program will find InstaCalc, release all the memory
allocated to it (including all the data memory!), and tell you
how many bytes of memory were freed.
If you have loaded any other memory resident programs then
InstaOut will NOT release InstaCalc from memory. This is because
a hole would be left in memory and DOS would not know how to
handle the situation. You will need to free memory resident
programs in the opposite order that you loaded them (the last one
you loaded is the first one to remove).
11
THE SETUP PROGRAM
A setup program is included to let you customize InstaCalc. This
setup program (named SETUP.COM) allows you to set several
parameters and then creates a file named INSTA.CFG. When you run
InstaCalc it looks for the INSTA.CFG file in the same directory
as the InstaCalc program. If this file is not found or doesn't
exist (because you haven't run SETUP.COM) then InstaCalc will use
its own preset values. This program is run by changing to the
InstaCalc directory and typing:
SETUP (followed by a carriage return).
You may choose your own favorite colors for the InstaCalc screen
(if you have a color monitor). The F1 through F6 function keys
allow you to select the foreground and background colors for the
various parts of the InstaCalc display. Pressing any of these
keys simply changes the appropriate part of the display to the
next available color.
The F7 function key allows you to select the Hot Key you wish to
use for popping up InstaCalc. Ideally, you should choose a Hot
Key that is not used by any of your application programs, since
InstaCalc will steal that particular key. The available Hot Key
combinations are:
- Any of the function keys (F1 thru F10), either alone or in
combination with Shift, Ctrl, or Alt.
- Any letter of the alphabet (A thru Z) or number ALONG THE TOP
ROW in combination with the Alt key.
The F8 and F9 function keys allows to you specify what directory
InstaCalc should look in to find its overlay and help files. For
example, if you place the overlay files in a RAM disk named D:,
then you will need to use the F8 key and put D: in as the overlay
directory name.
If you don't specify an overlay or help directory, then InstaCalc
will use the directory which you loaded InstaCalc from as the
overlay and help directory.
Once you are happy with the colors and Hot Key you have selected,
just hit Alt-S (hold down the Alt key and press S) to create the
INSTA.CFG file. If you decide you would rather not create a new
INSTA.CFG file, then the ESC key will exit without creating the
file.
If you don't like your new colors or Hot Key after all, you can
either run SETUP.COM again, or just delete INSTA.CFG and let
InstaCalc use its defaults.
12
NOTE
An increasing number of users are using systems which have a
color card but a monochrome monitor. InstaCalc will work with
such a system, but the setup program must be run first.
InstaCalc detects whether a color card is present. If a color
card is detected, InstaCalc will use its color mode. The colors
used for the cell pointer and axes, however, do not map to
inverse video on a monochrome monitor.
Here is the procedure to take care of this situation:
1. Run SETUP as described above.
2. Set the colors to be:
- WorkSheet White on Black
- Cell and Axes Black on Light Gray
- Defined Ranges Black on Light Gray
WHERE TO GO FOR HELP
If you find yourself in need of help while using InstaCalc it is
only a keystroke away. InstaCalc provides what is known as
interactive context-sensitive HELP screens. Interactive means
that you can easily switch from one HELP screen to another.
Context sensitive means that InstaCalc is keeping track of what
you are doing so that it can provide the proper HELP screen when
you ask for it.
In order to call up a HELP screen all you need to do is hit the
[F1] HELP key. InstaCalc will pop up a HELP screen to assist
with whatever you are currently doing. If the HELP screen
provides the information you need, then you simply hit the ESC
key to return to what you were doing.
The HELP screen will also list several other HELP screens which
are related to what you are doing. You may select one of these
HELP screens by simply using the arrow keys on the cursor pad to
move the highlight bar to the name of the HELP screen desired,
and then hit the Return key.
The HELP screen named <HELP INDEX> is a special HELP screen which
provides an index of the major HELP screens available.
13
THE WORKSHEET
The InstaCalc spreadsheet may be most easily thought of as an
electronic worksheet laid out in 256 columns and 256 rows.
At the top of each column in the WorkSheet is a letter (or 2
letters) of the alphabet. This letter (or letters) provides a
means of telling columns apart. The first 26 columns are labeled
with the letters A through Z. Since there are 256 columns but
only 26 letters, the remaining columns must use 2 letters to
identify them.
To the left of each row in the WorkSheet is a number to let you
know which rows you are looking at. The top row in the WorkSheet
is row 1 and the bottom is row 256.
The area where a row and a column cross is known as a "cell".
Each cell in the WorkSheet is identified by the letter (or
letters) of the column it is in and by the number of the row it
is in. For example, the cell that is in column BX and row 29 is
named BX29 (the column letters always come before the row
number). Each one of the cells may contain some text, a number,
or a formula.
A highlighted axis across the top of the screen displays the
heading letters of the columns which are currently visible on the
screen, and a highlighted axis down the left side of the screen
displays the row numbers of the rows which are currently visible
on the screen.
The InstaCalc screen also provides information such as the number
of bytes available for data, the current directory for data
files, the name of the current file (if any), the current range
for recalculation, and a cell status line.
The cell status line is located in the top left hand corner of
the screen and looks something like this:
B13: NUMBER
The B13 tells you that the cell you are currently at is in column
B on row 13. The word "NUMBER" tells you what type of item is in
the current cell (this item can be either BLANK, TEXT, NUMBER,
FORMULA, LINK, or ERROR).
The next to bottom line on the display is an index to the
function keys (F1 through F10) so you don't have to memorize or
look them up all the time.
14
MOVING AROUND IN THE WORKSHEET
InstaCalc allows you to move to any of the 65 thousand cells in
the WorkSheet. You go to a new cell by moving the "cell
pointer". The cell pointer is a highlighted bar on the screen
which "points to" the cell in the WorkSheet which is the current
cell.
InstaCalc provides several ways of moving the cell pointer around
in the WorkSheet. Any of these methods of moving can be used
anytime you need to move the cell pointer to another location,
including when you are defining a range of cells.
The Arrow keys on the cursor pad can be used to move the cell
pointer up, down, left, or right one cell position. If you try
to move the cell pointer beyond the edge of the screen, the
screen will scroll to the next row or column (assuming there is a
row or column to scroll to).
The PgUp key moves the cell pointer up one screen worth of data
(20 rows). The cell pointer will remain in the same column but
will be 20 rows higher.
The PgDn key moves the cell pointer down one screen worth of data
(20 rows). The cell pointer will remain in the same column but
will be 20 rows lower.
The Ctrl-Right Arrow key sequence moves the cell pointer one
screen to the right. The cell pointer will remain on the same
row.
The Ctrl-Left Arrow key sequence moves the cell pointer one
screen to the left. The cell pointer will remain on the same
row.
The Home key moves the cell pointer to the top left corner of the
WorkSheet (the first row and the first column).
The End key moves the cell pointer to the lower right corner of
the WorkSheet (the last row and the last column).
InstaCalc also provides two additional functions to help you move
to another cell. These two functions are the [F5] GOTO and the
[F6] FIND functions.
15
ENTERING DATA IN THE WORKSHEET
Each cell in the WorkSheet may hold either a number, some text,
or a formula. You may enter any of these items into a cell by
simply typing what you want on the command line. You may enter
up to 70 characters worth of data into each cell. The data will
be entered into the cell when you hit the return key or one of
the movement keys on the cursor pad (arrows, PgUp, PgDn, Ctrl
Left and Right Arrows, Home, and End). If you finish entering
the data using the return key, the cell pointer will remain
positioned at the same cell. If you finish entering the data
using one of the movement keys, the data will be entered into the
current cell, and then the cell pointer will move to another cell
in the direction you specified.
NUMBERS
A number can be entered into a InstaCalc cell by simply typing in
the number. The number which you enter will be placed in the
cell which is currently highlighted by the cell pointer.
A number can be anything in the range from -1.0E+37 to +1.0E+37,
and can have up to 11 significant places. A number may be
entered in either standard notation (i.e. 12.345) or in
scientific notation (i.e. 1234.5e-2).
TEXT
Text strings may be entered into a InstaCalc cell by simply
typing in the string. The text which you enter will be placed in
the cell which is currently highlighted by the cell pointer. If
the text contains more characters than the column is wide, it
will spill over into adjacent cells (if the adjacent cells are
blank). If the adjacent cells contain data, then the extra
characters in the text string will be hidden from view (but they
will still be in the cell).
16
There are four (4) special characters which may begin a text
string and which affect the way the text is displayed. These
characters are:
' causes the text to be left justified in the cell
" causes the text to be right justified in the cell
^ causes the text to be centered in the cell
\ causes the next character to be repeated
If text is entered without one of the above special characters as
the first character, the global (WorkSheet) justification
character is placed on the text automatically. When InstaCalc
first starts up the WorkSheet justification is set as left '
justified. You can change this by selecting /WorkSheet Justify
and making a new choice.
Once the text has been entered into a cell, you may change the
justification using either the /Cell Justify or the /Range
Justify commands (or use the [F2] EDIT function key to enter edit
mode and just change the justification character to the one you
want).
FORMULAS
A InstaCalc cell may contain a formula which is made up of
numbers (or text in some cases), references to values in other
cells, predefined functions, and mathematical, logical, and
comparison operators. The formula which you enter will be placed
in the cell which is currently highlighted by the cell pointer.
A formula must begin with an equal sign '=' and may be as complex
as desired. For example...
=-2*@SIN(@IF(R11=3,@PI,@PI/2))/(@AVG(A3..C6))
The items beginning with an @ symbol in the example above (@SIN,
@IF, etc.) are just a few of InstaCalc's predefined functions.
These functions are described in the section titled PREDEFINED
FUNCTIONS.
The following operators are available to be used in a formula (a
and b can be any number, cell reference, function, or formula):
Mathematical
a+b Addition
a-b Subtraction
a*b Multiplication
a/b Division
a^b Exponentiation
17
Logical
a&b And (is true only if a is true AND b is true)
a|b Or (is true is a is true OR b is true)
~b Not (is false if b is true, and is true if b is false)
Comparison
a =b is true if a is equal to b
a<>b is true if a is NOT equal to b
a <b is true if a is less than b
a >b is true if a is greater than b
a<=b is true if a is less than or equal to b
a>=b is true is a is greater than or equal to b
In addition, the + operator can be used to concatenate 2 strings.
For example:
"This is" + " a test" returns "This is a test"
Operations using these operators will follow the normal order of
precedence (order of precedence means the order that operations
are performed). The order of precedence is:
1. Exponentiation [ ^ ]
2. Negation [ - ]
3. Multiplication and Division [ *, / ]
4. Addition and Subtraction [ +, - ]
5. Comparison [ =, <, >, <=, >=, <> ]
6. Not [ ~ ]
7. And/Or [ &, | ]
where exponentiation is performed before negation and so on. If
you wish to change the order in which operations are performed,
then you may use parentheses in your formulas. Operations which
you place in parentheses will be performed before those outside
the parentheses.
The [F3] RANGE key allows you to define a cell or range reference
to be placed in a formula (or any other type of line for that
matter) when you are entering data. This can often simplify the
chore of entering cell or range references. The [F4] ABS key,
when used in conjunction with the [F3] RANGE key, toggles the
cell and range references between absolute and relative. For
more information on these functions see the sections titled
DEFINING A RANGE OF CELLS and ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE REFERENCES.
18
THE COMMAND MENUS
InstaCalc provides many powerful commands which are available
through the Command Menus. You may call up the Command Menus by
pressing the slash "/" key. This will provide a list of Menu
options across the top of the WorkSheet. The first menu that
pops up when you hit the slash key looks like this:
Cell Range WorkSheet Insert Delete Print File Quit
The word Cell will be in a highlighted bar. This bar is known as
the Menu Bar. Items from the Menu may be selected in one of two
ways. The first way is to simply type the first letter of the
Menu option desired. The second way is to use the arrow keys to
move the Menu Bar to the desired Menu item and then press the
return key to select the item.
For example, if you wanted to perform an operation on a file, you
could start in one of 2 ways:
1. Hit the / key (which pops up the Main Menu), and then type
the letter "f" (for "File").
or
2. Hit the / key, then hit the right arrow 6 times (or the left
arrow 2 times) to move the Menu Bar on top of the word "File",
and then hit the return key.
Either of these methods will pop up a new menu (the "File" menu).
Items from all future menus may be also be selected by typing the
first letter or using the arrow keys.
If you ever get into a Menu that you don't want to be in, just
hit the escape key (ESC) to get out.
The /Cell command provides options dealing with the contents of a
single cell. For more information on this command and its
options see the section titled CELL COMMANDS.
The /Range selection provides options dealing with the contents
of a range of cells which you define. For more information on
this command and its options see the section titled RANGE
COMMANDS.
The /WorkSheet selection provides options dealing with the
contents of all the cells in the InstaCalc workspace. For more
information on this command and its options see the section
titled WORKSHEET COMMANDS.
19
The /Insert command provides the capability to insert a blank row
or column of cells into the WorkSheet. For more information on
this command and its options see the section titled INSERTING A
ROW OR COLUMN.
The /Delete command provides the capability to delete a row or
column of cells from the WorkSheet. For more information on this
command and its options see the section titled DELETING A ROW OR
COLUMN.
The /Print command provides the capability and options to print
defined ranges of cells on a printer. For more information on
this command and its options see the section titled PRINTING YOUR
DATA.
The /File command provides the capability to save and load all or
part of the cells to/from a file. For more information on this
command and its options see the section titled SAVING AND LOADING
DATA FILES.
The /Quit command exits InstaCalc. The WorkSheet is not
automatically saved... remember to save first! For more
information on this command and its options see the section
titled EXITING FROM INSTACALC.
20
SPECIAL FUNCTION KEYS
InstaCalc provides several special functions which have been
assigned to the 10 function keys F1, F2, .. F10. These special
functions are listed below, along with the name of the section in
this manual which provides more detailed information about the
function.
[F1] HELP Calls up a context sensitive HELP screen.
See: WHERE TO GO FOR HELP
[F2] EDIT Allows you to edit the contents of a cell.
See: EDITING THE CONTENTS OF A CELL
[F3] RANGE Allows you to point when editing.
See: DEFINING A RANGE OF CELLS
[F4] ABS Toggles between absolute/relative.
See: DEFINING A RANGE OF CELLS
[F5] GOTO Allows you to go to a designated cell.
See: MOVING AROUND THE WORKSHEET
[F6] FIND Searches for a string in the WorkSheet.
See: MOVING AROUND THE WORKSHEET
[F7] IMPRT Allows you to import data from the screen.
See: IMPORTING DATA
[F8] XPRT Allows you to export data to an application.
See: EXPORTING DATA
[F9] CALC Performs a recalculation of the WorkSheet.
See: WORKSHEET COMMANDS (AUTOCALC)
[F10] MACRO Allows you to define/undefine user macros.
See: DEFINING AND USING MACROS
21
PREDEFINED FUNCTIONS
InstaCalc provides a large assortment of predefined functions
which may be used in formulas. These functions generally fall
into eight catagories; Mathematical, Trigonometry, Statistical,
Logical, Financial, Date/Time, Special, and Text.
Most of these functions require one or more arguments. An
argument is a value which the function uses as an input to
provide an output value. An argument may be a number, a text
string, a reference to a value in another cell, or another
formula (in the case of the statistical functions, an argument
may also be a range or range of cells).
The function will return either a numerical or text value and may
be treated exactly like a number or text string would be.
Functions may be nested as deeply as desired (just remember that
there is a 70 character per cell limit, though). The function
names must begin with an @ and must be CAPITALIZED. If you
provide an illegal argument to a function it will return ERROR as
the value.
MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
@ABS(X) returns the absolute value of X.
@EXP(X) returns e to the X power (e = 2.7). The value of the
argument must be less than 85.2 or an overflow will occur and the
@EXP function will return ERROR as the value.
@LN(X) returns the natural log of X. The value of the argument
must be greater than 0 or the @LN function will return ERROR as
the value.
@LOG(X) returns the log base 10 of X. The value of the argument
must be greater than 0 or the @LOG function will return ERROR as
the value.
@INT(X) returns the integer part of X (the part of the argument
which is in front of the decimal point). The sign of the value
returned is the same as that of the argument.
@FRAC(X) returns the fractional part of X (the part of the
argument which is after the decimal point). The sign of the
value returned is the same as that of the argument.
@MOD(X,Y) returns X modulo Y (the remainder when X is divided by
Y). Since dividing by 0 is illegal, Y can not be equal to 0.
22
@RAND returns a random number which is greater than or equal to
zero and is less than one. The value of @RAND will change to a
new random value every time the WorkSheet is recalculated.
Notice that @RAND does not require an argument or parentheses.
@ROUND(X,Y) returns X rounded to Y decimal places.
@SQRT(X) returns the square root of X. The argument X must be
either zero or a positive number. If the argument is negative
then @SQRT will return the ERROR value.
@FACT(X) returns X factorial. The argument must be between 0 and
30 (including 0 and 30). If the argument is not an integer value
then the @FACT function will use the value of the argument
rounded to the nearest integer.
@SGN(X) returns the sign of X. If X is negative then @SGN
returns -1. If X is positive then @SGN returns 1. If X is zero
then @SGN returns 0.
@CELL returns the value of the cell pointed to by the cell
pointer. This function is provided mainly to be used with the
/Macro If command as a way for a macro to obtain the value of the
current cell. When the @CELL function is used in a formula in
the WorkSheet, its value is updated only when a recalculation
takes place (just like any other function). It is NOT updated
every time the cell pointer is moved.
TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTIONS
@PI returns the value of Pi (3.14159...). Notice that the @PI
function does not require an argument or parentheses.
@COS(X) returns the Cosine of X.
@SIN(X) returns the Sine of X.
@TAN(X) returns the Tangent of X.
@ACOS(X) returns the Arc Cosine of X (the angle whose cosine is
X). The value of X must be in the range -1 to 1 or the @ACOS
function will return ERROR as its value.
@ASIN(X) returns the Arc Sine of X (the angle whose sine is X).
The value of X must be in the range -1 to 1 or the @ASIN function
will return ERROR as its value.
@ATAN(X) returns the Arc Tangent of X (the angle whose tangent is
X).
23
STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS
InstaCalc provides seven statistical functions which will
calculate and return various statistics of a list of values. The
list may consist of numbers, references to values in other cells,
formulas, or a range or range of cells. Ranges of cells are
defined by using the cell names of two opposite corners of the
range separated by two periods (for example: A1..C5). Each
individual item in the list must be separated by a comma.
EXAMPLE:
1.23
+ the value in the cell D4
+ 2*3.14159...
+ the sum of the values in each cell in the
range defined by the cells A1 and C5
-----------------------------------------------
=@SUM(1.23, D4, 2*@PI, A1..C5)
If a cell reference which is used as an argument to a statistical
function is blank it will be treated as having a value of zero.
Any BLANK cells in a RANGE, however, will be ignored by the
statistical functions.
Any cells which contain TEXT will not be ignored and will be
treated as having a value of zero.
@AVG(list) returns the average of all the items in the list. If
the list contains only a RANGE of all BLANK cells then @AVG will
return ERROR as its value (because blank cells in a range are
ignored and you can't take an average of no values).
@COUNT(list) returns the number of items in the list. A number
or formula is counted as 1 item, a cell reference is counted as
one item (even if it is BLANK), and a RANGE is counted as the
number of non-BLANK cells in the range.
@MAXI(list) returns the maximum value in the list. If the list
contains only a RANGE of all BLANK cells then @MAXI will return
ERROR as its value (because blank cells in a range are ignored
and you can't find a maximum of no values).
@MINI(list) returns the minimum value in the list. If the list
contains only a RANGE of all BLANK cells then @MINI will return
ERROR as its value (because blank cells in a range are ignored
and you can't find a minimum of no values).
24
@STD(list) returns the standard deviation of all the items in the
list. If the list contains only a RANGE of all BLANK cells then
@STD will return ERROR as its value (because blank cells in a
range are ignored and you can't calculate a standard deviation of
no values).
@SUM(list) returns the sum of all the items in the list.
@VAR(list) returns the variance of all the items in the list. If
the list contains only a RANGE of all BLANK cells then @VAR will
return ERROR as its value (because blank cells in a range are
ignored and you can't calculate a variance of no values).
FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS
InstaCalc provides 4 financial functions. In these functions the
number of periods must be greater than zero and the interest rate
must be greater than or equal to -1 (if the interest rate is 10%,
the value of the Interest argument should be 0.1 ).
In the functions where an Interest argument is required, the
Interest rate is per Period. For example, if your periods are in
months, then your interest rate should be the interest rate per
month (not per year).
@FV(Payment, Interest, Periods) returns the future value of an
annuity where Payment dollars are invested per period for the
number of Periods at the given percentage of Interest.
@PV(Payment, Interest, Periods) returns the present value of an
annuity where Payment dollars are received per period for the
number of Periods at the given percentage of Interest.
@PMT(Principal, Interest, Periods) returns the payment per Period
due for borrowing Principal dollars for the number of Periods at
the given percentage of Interest.
@CGR(Present Value, Future Value, Periods) returns the compound
growth rate per period for an annuity growing from the present
value to the future value over the given number of periods.
25
DATE AND TIME FUNCTIONS
InstaCalc represents dates as serial numbers where Jan 1, 1900 =
1, Jan 2, 1900 = 2, and so on. This number represents the number
of days from Dec 31, 1899. Time is represented as a fraction of
a day where midnight = 0.0, noon = 0.5, 6:00PM = 0.75, and so on.
This allows dates and times to be manipulated with ordinary math
operations. For example, you could find out what day, month, and
year 90 days from today is by simply adding 90 to the serial
number which represents today's date.
@NOW returns a number whose integer part is the serial number for
the current date and fraction part represents the current time.
To take advantage of this function you need to set the time and
date when you boot up, or you must have a built in clock. If the
current time and date were 8:05:17 AM on July 4, 1976, then the
@NOW function would return the value 27945.337.
@DATE(Year, Month, Day) returns the serial number for the given
year, month, and day.
@TIME(Hour, Minute, Second) returns the fraction for the given
hour, minute, and second.
@YEAR(X) returns the year for the serial date X.
@MONTH(X) returns the month for the serial date X.
@DAY(X) returns the day for the serial date X.
@HOUR(X) returns the hour for the fraction time X.
@MINUTE(X) returns the minute for the fraction time X.
@SECOND(X) returns the second for the fraction time X.
LOGICAL FUNCTIONS
@TRUE returns the value 1.
@FALSE returns the value 0.
@ISNUM(X) returns TRUE if X is a number.
@ISTEXT(X) returns TRUE if X is text.
@IF(CONDITION, ARG1, ARG2) If the value of CONDITION is true (not
equal to 0) then ARG1 is returned, otherwise ARG2 is returned.
The @IF function can return either text or numerical values (or
both) as ARG1 and ARG2.
26
SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
@CHOOSE(SELECTOR, ARG1, ARG2,..., ARGN) If the value of SELECTOR
is 1 then ARG1 is returned, if SELECTOR is 2 then ARG2 is
returned, and so on. If SELECTOR is greater than the number of
arguments provided, ERROR is returned. If the value of SELECTOR
is not an integer value, then the @CHOOSE function will use the
value of SELECTOR rounded to the nearest integer. The @CHOOSE
function can return either text or numerical values (or both).
NOTE: The @CHOOSE function in Lotus spreadsheets returns ARG1
if SELECTOR is 0 (not 1 like in InstaCalc). This difference is
important to remember if you import a Lotus file which uses the
@CHOOSE function.
@INDEX("range name",ColOffset,RowOffset) returns the value of the
cell in "range name" which is RowOffset rows and ColOffset
columns from the first cell in "range name". The top row of the
range has a RowOffset of 0 and the left column of the range has a
ColOffset of 0. The "range name" does not actually have to be a
complete range. It may be a single cell (like "A1").
TEXT FUNCTIONS
InstaCalc provides the following functions which allow you to
manipulate strings (text). A text string used in a formula must
be enclosed with quotes "like this".
A formula which accepts text arguments may reference cells which
contain text. The referenced text may be either an ordinary text
cell or the results of a text formula.
EXAMPLES:
="Hi"+" there"
will return and display "Hi there" (without the quotes)
=A1+B3
will return and display "Hi there" (without the quotes) if A1
contains "Hi" and B3 contains " there"
27
@UPPER(S) converts S to all upper case.
@LOWER(S) converts S to all lower case.
@LEN(S) returns the number of characters in S.
@VALUE(S) returns the number which S looks like.
@STRING(number,x) returns a string which looks like the number,
with x digits after the decimal.
@FIND(string1,string2,x) finds the first occurance of string1 in
string2 starting at position x. The first character of a string
is position 1, the next character is position 2, and so on.
(Note that this differs from 1-2-3, which calls the first
character position 0, the second character position 1, and so
on). The comparison is case sensitive (Upper and lower case
letters must match exactly). If you don't want case sensitivity,
then simply use the @UPPER function on both of the string
arguments. If a match is not found, then @FIND will return a
value of zero.
@MID(S,start,n) returns n characters from S, starting with
position start.
@LEFT(S,n) returns the n left characters from S
@RIGHT(S,n) returns the n right characters from S
@REPLAC(STRING,START,N,NEWSTRING) removes N characters from
STRING starting at character START, and inserts NEWSTRING into
STRING at this same position. @REPLAC can therefore be used as a
replace, insert, or delete function.
If you set N to zero, then @REPLAC will simply insert NEWSTRING
into STRING at position START.
If you set NEWSTRING to an empty string "", then @REPLAC will
simply delete N characters starting at position START.
28
CELL DISPLAY FORMATS
InstaCalc allows you to choose a number of different ways to
display numeric data (cells which contain numbers or formulas).
Changing the display format of a cell has no affect on the number
or formula in the cell, it just changes how the result is
displayed on the screen (or output to a printer).
When a cell is first filled with data, the cell will take on the
global (WorkSheet) format. You can see what this format is by
using the /WorkSheet Status command. The WorkSheet format may be
changed by using the /WorkSheet Format command.
The format of a cell which already contains data may be changed
using either the /Cell Format command or the /Range Format
command.
If the formatted value contains more characters than the cell is
able to display, then the cell display will be filled with
asterisks (*******). You can fix this in one of two ways.
First, you can select a display format which requires fewer
characters to display (or reduce the number of digits after the
decimal point to be displayed). The second method is to increase
the width of the column which the cell is in using the /Cell
Width command. Column widths are described in more detail in the
next section.
The available formats are described below.
Numbers which are in cells with the GENERAL format are displayed
in as general a format as possible. If the number is an integer
value, then it will be displayed without a decimal point or
trailing digits. If the number has a fractional part, then as
many significant digits as possible will be displayed. If the
column is not wide enough to display even the integer part of the
number, then the number will be displayed in scientific notation.
Numbers which are in cells with the CURRENCY format are displayed
with a leading dollar sign, and negative values are enclosed
within parentheses. You must specify how many digits you want to
be displayed after the decimal point. You will also be asked
whether you want commas to be used to make large numbers more
readable.
Numbers which are in cells with the FIXED format are displayed
with a specified number of places after the decimal point
displayed. You will also be asked whether you want commas to be
used to make large numbers more readable.
29
Numbers which are in cells with the PERCENT format are converted
to a percentage value (multiplied by 100) and are displayed with
a trailing percentage sign. You must specify how many digits you
want to be displayed after the decimal point. You will also be
asked whether you want commas to be used to make large numbers
more readable.
Numbers which are in cells with the SCIENTIFIC format are
displayed in scientific notation. This format displays numbers
in the form M.MMME(+or-)XX where M.MMM is the mantissa and XX is
the exponent. Values which are displayed with the scientific
format will contain as many significant digits as can be fit into
the cell width (up to a maximum of 11 significant digits).
Numbers which are in cells with the DATE format are displayed as
a date. InstaCalc represents dates as serial numbers where Jan
1, 1900 = 1, Jan 2, 1900 = 2, and so on. This serial number
represents the number of days from Dec 31, 1899. This format
uses the value in the cell rounded to the nearest integer as the
serial number, and generates a display for the date corresponding
to that number.
Numbers which are in cells with the TIME format are displayed as
a time. InstaCalc represents time as a fraction of a day where
midnight is the start of the day (0.0), noon is half a day (0.5),
6PM is 0.75 of a day and so on. This format uses the fractional
part of the value in the cell, and generates a display for the
time corresponding to that number.
Numbers which are in cells with the HIDDEN format are NOT
displayed. The data is still in the cell and the number (or
formula) contents are still shown on the command line.
30
COLUMN WIDTHS
InstaCalc assigns a width to each column in the WorkSheet. The
width of a column determines how many characters can be displayed
in a cell which is in that column.
A column may be any where from 0 to 75 characters wide. Every
column in the WorkSheet is initially 9 characters wide. This is
known as the WorkSheet Width setting.
If a column is not wide enough to display the formatted value of
a cell, the cell display will be filled with asterisks (*****).
You may change column widths either individually (using the /Cell
Width command) or as a range (using the /Range Width command).
When either of these commands is selected you will be asked if
you want to SET or RESET the column widths. Selecting SET allows
you to enter a number to change the column width(s) to. If you
select RESET then the column width will automatically be reset to
the WorkSheet Width setting.
When the WorkSheet width setting is changed (using the /WorkSheet
Width command) it will affect every column which has not been SET
by either the /Cell Width or /Range Width commands (columns which
were once SET but were then RESET will be affected).
A column may be completely hidden from view by setting the column
width to zero. If you move the cell pointer into a hidden
column, then the cell pointer will not be visible either. When
the cell pointer is moved out of the hidden column (or columns)
then it will once again become visible.
When the cell pointer is positioned within a hidden column the
cell location and cell type (for example C5: FORMULA) of the
current cell will still be shown on the status line and the
current cell's contents will still be displayed on the second
line of the display.
31
ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE REFERENCES
Cell references in a formula can be either absolute or relative.
Absolute cell references begin with the character "$" (for
example $A1), but relative cell references do not use any special
character (for example A1).
The value of a formula is the same regardless of whether cell
references in the formula are relative or absolute. For example,
the formula =@SIN(A1) will have the same value as =@SIN($A1).
The purpose of relative and absolute references is to let
InstaCalc know what to do when moving formulas around from cell
to cell (for example: when copying, inserting, deleting). You
can have both absolute and relative references in the same
equation if you want.
An ABSOLUTE cell reference in a formula will ALWAYS point to the
exact same cell no matter where the formula is moved to.
A RELATIVE cell reference in a formula ALWAYS points to the cell
which is a certain number of rows and columns away. If the
formula is moved, the new relative cell reference will be
adjusted to point to the cell the same number of rows and columns
away from the new cell.
32
DEFINING A RANGE OF CELLS
InstaCalc provides many functions and commands which operate on a
range of cells (for example, the [F3] Range function and all of
the /Range commands). These commands require you to define a
range of cells to perform the operation on. There are two
different ways to define a range of cells.
1. You may simply type in the range. This range consists of two
cell references separated by two periods (for example A1..Z20).
The two cell references (in this case A1 and Z20) should be the
cells at opposite corners of the range to be defined.
2. You may also define a range of cells by highlighting the
desired range and then pressing the return key.
When a range is being defined by highlighting, all the cells in
the range (which are visible) will be highlighted on the screen.
On the command line you will see either a single cell address or
a range address (2 cell addresses separated by 2 periods).
A single cell address means that an "anchor" cell has not been
selected. In this case, moving around with the arrow keys (or
any of the other movement keys) simply moves the cell pointer to
a new cell, but does not highlight (or define) any other cells.
If an anchor cell has been selected then ALL cells between the
anchor cell and the current cell are defined (and highlighted if
visible). The anchor cell is so named because it is "anchors
down" the corner of the range to be defined.
The following keys are useful (or necessary) when defining a
range:
You may move the cell pointer around with any of the movement
keys. These include:
Left, Right, Up, and Down arrows
PgUp and PgDn
Ctrl Right and Left arrow
Home and End
The [F5] GOTO & [F6] FIND keys allow you to GOTO a given cell or
FIND a given string during a range definition. These functions
allow you to move around the WorkSheet during a range definition
without having to use the cursor movement keys.
These movement commands are described in the section titled
MOVING AROUND IN THE WORKSHEET.
The Return key causes all the cells in the range on the command
line to be defined. If only a single cell reference is displayed
when you press the return key, then that cell will be defined.
33
Typing a period (.) when defining a range sets the anchor to the
current cell. If an anchor was set before you pressed the period
then it is released before the new one is set.
The ESC key releases the anchor if it is set. If the anchor is
not set and you type the ESC key then you are returned to
whatever you were doing before you started defining the range.
The [F4] ABS key toggles the range cell references between
absolute and relative types. If no anchor is set then the first
coordinate is toggled. If the anchor has been set then the [F4]
ABS key will toggle the non-anchor reference. The two types of
cell references are described in more detail in the section
titled ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE REFERENCES.
EDITING THE CONTENTS OF A CELL
InstaCalc provides the ability to edit the data in a cell. You
can call this editing function by hitting the [F2] EDIT key (if
there is anything in the cell to edit). Also, if you make an
error when entering a formula this editing capability will be
called automatically.
34
IMPORTING DATA FROM APPLICATIONS
InstaCalc provides the ability to import data directly from the
screen of an application program into the WorkSheet. This allows
you to import text and numbers (and even formulas for that
matter) from your word processor, data base manager, or any other
type of program.
When you are in your application program and you want to import
the data on the screen into InstaCalc, first hit the Hot Key
(InstaCalc must have been loaded before you started up your
application program). This will pop up InstaCalc. Then move the
cell pointer to the cell where you want the first line of the
imported data to be placed.
The import function may then be selected by simply pressing the
[F7] IMPRT key. This will switch the display back to the screen
you wanted to import. The bottom line of the display is used to
provide some directions, so you will not be able to import
anything which is on that line.
You may use the arrow keys to move the cursor to the upper left
corner of the range you want to import, and then hit period (.)
(this sets the "Anchor" for the first column you intend to
import). Now when you use the arrow keys to move, the area
between the "Anchor" and the cursor will be highlighted on the
screen.
After highlighting the column you want to import, you may either
press the Enter key to import that column, or you may press the
period key again to set the "Anchor" for the next column.
If you choose to import more than one column off the screen at a
time, continue to set the "Anchor", highlight the column, set the
"Anchor" for the next column, and so on. Once you have
highlighted all of the columns you want to import, press the
Enter key to finish importing the data from the screen. Hitting
the ESC key at any time will cancel the last selection.
You may also use the Home and End keys to move to the upper left
corner and lower right corner of the range.
After you have returned to the InstaCalc screen you will be asked
whether you want the imported data to be placed DOWN the column
or ACROSS the row. If you select DOWN, then each line of the
import range will be placed in its own cell one under the other
(this is the NORMAL import style). If you select ACROSS, then
each line of the import range will be placed in a cell to the
right of the previous line (this is the TRANSPOSE import style).
35
EXPORTING DATA TO APPLICATIONS
InstaCalc provides the ability to export a range of data from the
WorkSheet directly into an application program. This allows you
to place a range of cells directly into a word processor document
or a data base record without even having to exit your program.
When you want to export a range of cells to your application
program, first make sure the cursor in your application program
is where you want the exported data to be placed. Then press the
Hot Key to call up InstaCalc.
The export function may then be selected by pressing the [F8]
XPRT key. You will be asked to define the range of cells you
want to export to your application program. Define the range in
exactly the same way you define any other range in InstaCalc (see
the section titled DEFINING A RANGE OF CELLS for more details).
As soon as you hit the return key to finish defining the range of
cells to export, InstaCalc will ask you what character you want
to use to terminate each row to be exported. The next key you
press will be the character which is sent at the end of each row
(for exporting to word processors, you will usually want to press
the Enter key).
36
CELL COMMANDS
The /Cell option of the main menu provides several commands to
manipulate the contents and status of a single cell. The cell
which is affected is the one which is currently highlighted on
the screen by the cell pointer and is known as the current cell.
The /Cell commands which are available are:
Format Width Erase Justify Copy
CELL FORMAT
The /Cell Format command allows you to set or change the way
numerical data in the current cell is displayed. Numerical data
means either a number or a formula (which yields a number). If
the cell is BLANK then the format will NOT be changed and the
cell will continue to have the WorkSheet Format (which can be
changed using the /WorkSheet Format command). The available
formats are Currency, Fixed, Percent, Scientific, Date, Time,
General, and Hidden. For more information on formats see the
section titled CELL DISPLAY FORMATS.
CELL WIDTH
The /Cell Width command allows you to change the width of the
column that the cell pointer is in. The width of a column can be
any value in the range 0 to 75. You may either SET the column
width to a new value or RESET the column width to the WorkSheet
Width. For more information on column widths see the section
titled COLUMN WIDTHS.
CELL ERASE
The /Cell Erase command allows you to erase the contents of the
current cell. All the characteristics of the current cell will
return to the global (WorkSheet) settings. This includes both
the display format and the number of digits after the decimal
point. The cell type will be reset to BLANK and the memory used
by the cell will be deallocated for use by future data.
CELL JUSTIFY
The /Cell Justify command allows you to change the way text
strings are displayed (justified) in the current cell. Text may
be left justified, right justified, or centered in the cell. If
the cell is BLANK then the justification will NOT be changed and
the cell will continue to have the WorkSheet Justification (which
can be changed using the /WorkSheet Justify command). For more
information on justification see the section titled ENTERING DATA
IN THE WORKSHEET (TEXT).
37
CELL COPY (REPLICATING)
The /Cell Copy command allows you to copy a single cell to a
range of cells. First, move the cell pointer to the cell to be
copied, then select the /Cell Copy command. You will then be
asked to define the range to copy the cell to. You may use any
of the movement keys (including the [F5] GOTO and [F6] FIND keys)
to define the range as described in the section titled DEFINING A
RANGE OF CELLS.
Once the range has been defined the contents of the original cell
will be copied into each cell in the range. If the original cell
contains a formula with relative cell references, those
references will be adjusted when they are copied to the new cells
(for more information on relative cell references see the section
titled ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE REFERENCES.
RANGE COMMANDS
The /Range option of the main menu provides several commands to
manipulate the contents and status of a defined range of cells.
The defined range may consist of a single cell or a range of
cells. The range is defined as described in the section above
called DEFINING A RANGE OF CELLS. The /Range commands which are
available are:
Format Width Erase Justify Copy
Modify Name Link Graph Sort Reloc
RANGE FORMAT
The /Range Format command allows you to set or change the way
numerical data in each cell in a range is displayed. Numerical
data means either a number or a formula (which yields a number).
All of the cells in the defined range which contain data will be
set to the new format that you choose. Cells in the range which
are BLANK, however, will NOT be changed and the cell will
continue to have the WorkSheet Format (which can be changed using
the /WorkSheet Format command). The available formats are
Currency, Fixed, Percent, Scientific, Date, Time, General, and
Hidden. For more information on formats see the section titled
CELL DISPLAY FORMATS.
38
RANGE WIDTH
The /Range Width command allows you to change the column widths
of a range of columns.
You may either SET the column widths to a new value or RESET the
column widths to the WorkSheet Width. The width of a column can
be any value in the range 0 to 75. For more information on
column widths see the section titled COLUMN WIDTHS.
RANGE ERASE
The /Range Erase command allows you to erase the contents of all
the cells in a range. All the characteristics of every cell in
the defined range will return to the global (WorkSheet) settings.
This includes both the display format and the number of digits
after the decimal point. The cell type of each cell will be
reset to BLANK and the memory used by the cells will be
deallocated for use by future data.
RANGE JUSTIFY
The /Range Justify command allows you to change the way text
strings are displayed in each cell in a range. Text may be left
justified, right justified, or centered in each cell.
RANGE COPY
The /Range Copy command allows you to copy a range of cells to
the current cell location. First, move the cell pointer to the
cell where you want the range of cells copied to. Then select
the /Range Copy command. You will then be asked to define the
range which is to be copied. You may use any of the movement
keys (including the [F5] GOTO and [F6] FIND keys) to define the
range as described in the section titled DEFINING A RANGE OF
CELLS.
RANGE MODIFY
The /Range Modify command provides a way to modify the values in
a specified range of cells. You are asked for an equation which
is used to modify the values of each of the cells containing
NUMBERS. This equation may be any legal formula containing
numbers, operators, cell or range references, or functions. In
addition, the Modify command provides a variable named # which is
set to the current value of the cell, and which may be used
anywhere within the equation.
39
RANGE NAME
The /Range Name command allows you to give a name to a cell or
range of cells. This name can then be used anywhere that a cell
or range reference can be used.
For example:
If you assigned the name "COST" to cell C5 and "PRICE" to D7
then:
1. The formula
=PRICE-COST is identical to =D7-C5
2. You can go to cell C5 by typing COST when using the [F5]GOTO
key.
If you assigned the name "PRICES" to the range B3..C6 then:
1. The formula =@AVG(PRICES) is identical to =@AVG(B3..C6)
2. You can go to cell B3 by typing PRICES when using [F5]GOTO.
When you use the [F5]GOTO key to go to a range, you will be
placed at the upper left cell in the range.
3. You can erase range B3..C6 (or perform any other range
command) by typing PRICES when you are asked for the range to
use.
You define a range name by selecting the /Range Name command.
RANGE LINK
The /Range Link command allows you to link multiple spreadsheets
together. You are not limited to linking to a single cell. You
may link to an entire range within the other spreadsheet.
40
RANGE GRAPH
The /Range Graph command allows you to create simple bar graphs
from the data in your spreadsheet. When you select this command
you will be presented with the following menu:
Label Data XLabel YLabel Title Format Spacing View
LABEL lets you select a range of cells which contains the items
to be placed along the X axis.
DATA lets you select the range of cells which contain the data to
be graphed.
VIEW displays the graph using the settings and ranges you have
defined.
Once the graph has been drawn on the screen you can press the
[F8]EXPORT key to export the graph to the application program you
popped InstaCalc up from.
RANGE SORT
The /Range Sort command allows you to sort a range of cells by
row or column. When you select this command you are presented
with the following menu:
Range Key Options Go
Selecting Range lets you define the range of cells you want
sorted.
Selecting Key lets you select the row or column you want to sort
on.
41
Selecting Options lets you select whether you want to sort:
- ROWS or COLUMNS
- TEXT or NUMBERS
- in ASCENDING or DESCENDING order
Selecting Go performs the sort using the current range, key, and
options.
The sort is performed "in place". In other words, when the data
has been sorted, the rows (or columns) which are sorted are the
only ones which can change. Blank and unsorted rows (or columns)
are not "filtered up" to the top of the range.
WORKSHEET COMMANDS
The /WorkSheet option of the main menu provides several commands
which affect the contents and status of the entire WorkSheet.
The /WorkSheet commands which are available are:
Format Width Erase Justify AutoCalc Order Status Title
WORKSHEET FORMAT
The /WorkSheet Format command allows you to set the way numerical
data entered into a cell will be displayed. Numerical data means
either a number or a formula (which yields a number). This
command does NOT affect any of the cells in the WorkSheet which
already contain data. It is used to determine what format should
be used for BLANK cells which are filled with data in the future.
The available formats are Currency, Fixed, Percent, Scientific,
Date, Time, General, and Hidden. For more information on formats
see the section titled CELL DISPLAY FORMATS.
You can see what the current WorkSheet Format is with the
/WorkSheet Status command.
WORKSHEET WIDTH
The /WorkSheet Width command allows you to set a default width
for the columns in the WorkSheet. This command does NOT affect
any of the columns in the WorkSheet which have been SET using the
/Cell Width or /Range Width commands. Every column width which
has not been SET will be changed to the new width (columns which
were once SET but were later RESET will also be changed by the
/WorkSheet Width command).
42
The width of a column may be any number in the range 0 to 75.
For more information on column widths see the section titled
COLUMN WIDTHS.
You can see what the current WorkSheet Width is with the
/WorkSheet Status command.
WORKSHEET ERASE
The /WorkSheet Erase command allows you to erase the contents of
every cell in the WorkSheet (it clears the WorkSheet). This
command will also reset all of the WorkSheet settings to their
defaults (print range, macro definitions, etc). Because this
command can have a drastic effect if you use it accidently,
InstaCalc will prompt you first to make sure you really want to
erase everything. If you actually want to erase everything then
select YES, otherwise select NO.
If you want to erase all of the data in the WorkSheet but wish to
maintain the current WorkSheet settings, you can simply use the
/Range Erase command and define the Erase range as the entire
WorkSheet.
WORKSHEET JUSTIFY
The /WorkSheet Justify command allows you to set the way text
strings entered into a cell will be displayed. Text may be left
justified, right justified, or centered in each cell. This
command does NOT affect any of the cells in the WorkSheet which
already contain data. It is used to determine what justification
should be used for BLANK cells which are filled with TEXT in the
future. For more information on justification see the section
titled ENTERING DATA INTO THE WORKSHEET (TEXT).
You can see what the current WorkSheet Justify is with the
/WorkSheet Status command.
43
WORKSHEET AUTOCALC
InstaCalc normally recalculates the WorkSheet automatically after
any cell value is changed. The /WorkSheet AutoCalc command
allows you to select how this automatic recalculation feature
(AutoCalc) will operate. The four AutoCalc options are:
WorkSheet Off Range Iteration
The WorkSheet option causes the entire WorkSheet to be
recalculated each time a cell value is changed.
The Off option causes the WorkSheet to be recalculated only when
the [F9] CALC key is pressed.
The Range option allows you to define a range of cells which will
be recalculated each time a cell value is changed. The cells in
the defined range are the only cells which are recalculated, so
if formulas in the range you define to be recalculated depend
upon results from formulas outside of the range, you may end up
with some erroneous (wrong) answers.
The Iteration option allows you to set an iteration count so that
InstaCalc will make more than one pass through the spreadsheet on
each recalculation.
The [F9] CALC key recalculates the current AutoCalc range shown
at the bottom of the screen (even if AutoCalc is turned off).
The recalculation status (On/Off) and the recalculation range are
always displayed at the bottom of the InstaCalc screen. If the
entire WorkSheet is to be recalculated the range is displayed as
A1..IV256.
The cells are recalculated in the order set by the /WorkSheet
Order command which is described below.
WORKSHEET ORDER
InstaCalc can recalculate the WorkSheet with either rows changing
fastest or columns changing fastest. InstaCalc normally
recalculates the WorkSheet by evaluating the cells in every row
down a column before moving on to the next column (rows changing
fastest). The /WorkSheet Order command allows you to change this
recalculation order so that the WorkSheet is calculated with the
columns changing fastest.
44
WORKSHEET STATUS
The /WorkSheet Status command simply provides a display of the
current settings in the WorkSheet you are working in.
WORKSHEET TITLE
The /WorkSheet Title command allows you to lock (or hold) title
rows and columns on the screen.
The /WorkSheet Title command acts as a toggle to turn locking on
and off. If you are in title lock mode, the letter "L" will be
visible on the bottom line of the screen between the memory
indication and the AutoCalc status.
When you turn title locking on, the rows above the cell pointer
and the columns to the left of the cell pointer will be locked
onto the screen. You cannot move the cell pointer into rows and
columns which have been locked on the screen.
INSERTING BLANK ROWS OR COLUMNS
The /Insert option of the main menu allows you to insert a blank
row or column into the WorkSheet.
DELETING ROWS OR COLUMNS
The /Delete option of the main menu allows you to delete a row or
column from the WorkSheet.
45
SAVING AND LOADING DATA FILES
The /File option of the main menu provides several ways of saving
and loading data to and from a disk file. The file name must be
a legal DOS name and must not contain an extension. InstaCalc
automatically assigns a .INS extension to all InstaCalc data
files, so if you try to add your own extension you will get
either a "File not found" or an "Illegal file name" error.
The /File commands which are available are:
Load Save Combine Extract Directory Files Get123
The /File Save command asks you for a file name to save the
WorkSheet to, and then writes the data to disk. In addition to
saving the data in the cells, InstaCalc will also save all the
WorkSheet settings, any Macro definitions, the print settings,
and the current cell pointer position.
If the file name you provide is already being used in the current
directory, you will be asked whether you want to Backup the
existing file or else Overwrite it. If you select Backup, the
extension of the existing file's name will be changed from .INS
to .BAK and the new file will be saved with a .INS extension.
The /File Load command asks you for a file to be read in, clears
the WorkSheet, and loads in the specified file. If you just
press Enter without entering a file name, a list of InstaCalc
data files will appear, and you may select one by using the arrow
keys to highlight one of the files, and then pressing enter.
Since the /File Load command erases all the data in memory before
it can load in a new file, make sure you do not have any unsaved
data in the WorkSheet when you use this command.
The /File Files command displays the files in the current
directory. This command is similar to DOS's dir command.
The file listing command prompts you for a file mask. A file
mask is a string which is used to determine which files to list.
If you enter a single filename as the mask, then only that file
will be shown in the directory listing. You may also use the
wildcard characters * and ? (see your DOS manual for more
information on wildcard characters). The default file mask is
*.*, which provides a listing of all the files in the current
directory. If you only want to look at InstaCalc files then you
can specify the mask as *.INS.
The /File Files command now also lists any subdirectories which
match the mask you provide. Directories will be highlighted on
the display. Hitting any key after the files have been displayed
will return you to the WorkSheet.
46
PRINTING YOUR DATA
The /Print option of the main menu allows you to generate a print
out of your data. When you select the /Print option you will be
presented with a menu offering the choice of printing to the
Printer or to a File. If you select the File option, InstaCalc
will ask you for a file name to use, and will send the same data
to the file as it would normally send to the printer. The /Print
commands which are available are:
Range Line Page Options Align Go
The /Print Range command lets you define the range of cells to be
printed. The defined range may consist of a single cell or a
range of cells. The range is defined as described in the section
titled DEFINING A RANGE OF CELLS.
InstaCalc can print up to 240 characters on one line. If you
define the Print range to be wider than 240 characters, then only
the first 240 characters of each line will be printed. InstaCalc
will print as many characters per line as you define in the range
(up to the 240 character maximum), so if your printer can only
print 80 characters on a line and the Print range you define is
100 characters wide, the extra 20 characters per line will still
be sent to your printer (and will either wrap around onto the
next line or will just be ignored by the printer).
The /Print Align command tells InstaCalc that the printer paper
is at the top of the page. You should use this command when you
first get ready to print something. First, adjust the paper in
the printer so that it is at the top of the page, then select
this command.
The /Print Line command advances the printer a single line. You
should use this command instead of just turning the knob on the
printer. This command allows InstaCalc to keep track of which
line it is on. If you manually adjust the printer (by turning
the knob), then you will have to use the /Print Align command to
tell InstaCalc where the top of the page is again.
The /Print Page command advances the printer to the top of the
next page. You should use this command instead of just turning
the knob on the printer. This command allows InstaCalc to keep
track of which line it is on. If you manually adjust the printer
(by turning the knob), then you will have to use the /Print Align
command to tell InstaCalc where the top of the page is again.
47
The /Print Go command begins printing the defined range of cells.
You may print out your data in one of two formats: Contents
(which prints the cell name and contents of each cell, one per
line) or Display (which prints the range of cells exactly as they
would be displayed on the screen).
The Display format is the one you normally want to use. It
displays your data in the formats and positions you have
selected.
The Contents format is useful for debugging a spreadsheet since
it prints out the actual formulas instead of the values of the
formulas.
If no Print range has been defined (using the /Print Range
command) then the /Print Go command will simply be ignored.
Before any of your data is actually sent to the printer, the
Setup string will be sent to allow you to initialize or change
the settings on your printer (the Setup string is described
below).
The /Print Options command allows you to change the print
margins, page length, and Setup string.
DEFINING AND USING MACROS
InstaCalc allows you to assign multiple keystrokes (and commands)
to a single key. This group of keystrokes (or commands) is known
as a "Macro". Macros provide a way to create shortcuts for long
sequences of keystrokes. They are also useful for automating
repetitive commands.
A macro is created by simply typing the desired keystroke
sequence as text entries into consecutive cells down a column
(you may have to start each cell with a ' character to make it a
text entry). When the macro is run, InstaCalc will read the
keystrokes out of these cells instead of waiting for you to type
them in from the keyboard. If you have more keystrokes for a
macro than will fit in a single cell, you can continue them in
the next cell down the column.
When creating a macro you may generally just type the desired
keystrokes into the cell. In the case of Function Keys, cursor
movement keys, and a few other special keys it is necessary to
type the name of the key CAPITALIZED and enclosed in square
brackets []. Below is a list of the available special keys.
48
[UP] Up Arrow [INS] Insert Key
[DOWN] Down Arrow [DEL] Delete Key
[LEFT] Left Arrow [EDIT] Edit Key (F2)
[RIGHT] Right Arrow [RANGE] Range Key (F3)
[HOME] Home Key [ABS] Abs/Rel Key (F4)
[END] End Key [GOTO] Goto Key (F5)
[PGUP] PgUp Key [FIND] Find Key (F6)
[PGDN] PgDn Key [IMPRT] Import Key (F7)
[RET] Return Key [XPRT] Export Key (F8)
[ESC] Escape Key [CALC] Recalc Key (F9)
[BS] Backspace [ERASE] Erase Line
[PGLT] Page Left [BEEP] Creates a beep
[PGRT] Page Right
Once the macro has been created in this manner it must be defined
using the [F10] MACRO function key. Defining the macro tells
InstaCalc two things. First, it lets you tell InstaCalc which
key you want to assign your macro to, and second, it lets
InstaCalc know which cell in the WorkSheet is the starting cell
of your macro.
Pressing the [F10] MACRO key will cause InstaCalc to ask whether
you want to define or undefine a macro. You will then be asked
to select the letter to assign the macro to (or to undefine).
Finally, you will be asked to point to the beginning cell where
your macro resides.
The macro is then run simply by holding down the Alt key and
pressing the macro's letter. You can halt a Macro while it is
running by hitting the ESC key.
In addition to the regular menu commands, there are 4 menu
commands available only during macro execution. These commands
are selected in the same manner as regular menu commands (use the
/ key, choose the Macro [M] option, and one of the 4 suboptions
[I,G,?,Q]). The I, G and ? suboptions require an additional
argument.
/MGcell address[RET]
The Macro will start reading keystrokes from the specified cell
address instead of continuing where it's at. This command is
very useful for creating macros that loop and perform repetitive
commands.
/MIequation[RET]
If the equation evaluates true (if it is not equal to zero) the
Macro will continue reading keystrokes from the same cell,
otherwise the Macro will begin reading keystrokes from the next
cell down the column. This command provides you with conditional
control and is useful for controlling loops created with the /mg
command.
49
/M?prompt[RET]
This command temporarily pauses and allows you to enter a line of
data (a NUMBER, FORMULA, or TEXT). Any text that you enter
between the ? and the [RET] will be displayed on the control line
as a prompt. After you have entered this data (finishing with
the return key) the data will be entered into the current cell
and the macro will resume where it left off.
/MQ
The macro is halted and control is return to you.
EXITING FROM INSTACALC
The /Quit option of the main menu is used to exit the program.
Your data is not automatically saved when you exit, but it does
remain in RAM. When you return to InstaCalc again your data will
still be there (if you haven't turned your computer off, or
removed InstaCalc from memory with InstaOut, or rebooted your
computer). As you can see, it is wise to save your data often,
in case the unexpected should happen.
When you select this command you will be asked whether you really
want to exit or not. This serves as a reminder that you are
taking your chances if you don't save your data before you exit.
If you haven't saved your data yet you probably should select NO,
save your data using the /File Save (or Extract) command, and
then exit.
IMPORTING DIF AND DBASE FILES
InstaCalc also provides the ability to import DIF, dBASE II, and
dBASE III files. This is done using the program named
IMPORT.COM.
EXPORTING DIF, DBASE, AND LOTUS FILES
InstaCalc provides the ability to export to Lotus 1-2-3, DIF,
dBASE II, and dBASE III files. This is done using the program
named EXPORT.COM.
50