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Developed by Analytical Evaluation Branch, FSAC
Revision 2.1 13 Nov 1989
Author: Dennis G. Rears
EMail Address: <drears@pica.army.mil>
Phone: (201) 724-2683
UPS: Box 210, Wharton, NJ 07885
VI Course
Revision History
2.1 13 Nov 1989 Dennis Rears <drears>
Minor corrections.
2.0 27 June 1989 Dennis Rears <drears>
Changed representation of control characters to CTRL.
Expanded EX section.
1.1 21 Mar 1989 Dennis Rears
Rewrote course, greatly expanding "outline".
1.0 Circa 1988 Dennis Rears
Original Course.
Developed by Analytical Evaluation Branch, FSAC
Host: caesar.pica.army.mil
Location: /u1/drears/teach/vi/course
Author: Dennis G. Rears
EMail Address: <drears@pica.army.mil>
Phone: (201) 724-2683
Date: 27 June 1989
VI Course
Table of Contents
1) Introduction
2) Navigation
3) Inserting Text
4) Deleting/Changing Text
5) Other Functions
6) Ex Mode
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INTRODUCTION
o Ed Family of Editors
o e
o edit
o ex
o view
o vi
o Full Screen Editor
o Terminal Type
o Developed by UC at Berkeley
o Bill Joy
o Mike Horton
Important Terms
o VI - VIsual Editor, a full screen editor used by all UNIX
systems.
o shell - The command processor.
o shell escape - An action that allows the user to issue a
shell command from a running program.
o buffer - A temporary place to store info.
o file - A permament place to store data.
o unix - The operating system in use on ARDEC workplace
automation machines.
o Control Character - A character represented by "CTRL X".
To make the character the Control and letter key must be
hit at the same time.
o White Space - A tab, space, or new line character.
Modes
VI works in three different modes. They are:
o Insert Mode - This mode is used when
appending, inserting, changing, and replacing text.
o Ex Mode - This mode allows for use of
the ex set of commands. This mode can act on one line
at a time, several lines at a time, or every line.
Shell escapes are executed at this level.
o Command Mode - Vi begins in this mode.
This mode allows you to switch to the other modes.
In addition, deleting, transposing, yanking, and
other functions are performed here.
IMPORTANT KEYS
o ESCAPE - Exits insert mode.
o COLON - Enters ex mode.
o BANG (!) - shell escape.
o TILDE (~) - no line is present as opposed
to nothing on the line.
o CTRL L - screen refresh or form feed.
CTRL L indicates that the "L" key and the
Control key are depressed at the same time.
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What is a line?
o Physical Line - the maximum characters
your screen can hold in a line.
o Logical Line - A line terminated by the <CR>
character.
o At most, one logical line can fit into one
physical line but physical line can fit into
a logical line.
Navigation
o VI lets you move the cursor a character, word,
line, or region at a time.
o As with other functions keys, a numeric count can
be added before the key to repeat the function.
o Example:
o h will move the cursor back 1 character
o 4h will move the cursor back 4 characters
o VI will not let you navigate before the beginning
or end of the file.
Navigation
o cursor keys
o home keys
o h - 1 space back ***
o j - 1 space down ***
o k - 1 space up ***
o l - 1 space forward ***
o screen keys
o H - Home or 1st Line
o M - Middle Line
o L - Last Line
o control keys
o CTRL-B - back a screen
o CTRL-F - forward a screen
o CTRL-U - Up half a screen
o CTRL-D - Down half a screen
*** a numeric count can be added before the command.
Navigation Within A Line
o Word Navigation (not including punctuation)
o b - back up a word
o e - forward to end of word
o w - forward to next word
o Bigger Word (includes punctuation)
o B - back up a word
o E - forward to end of word
o W - forward to next word
o Numeric count can be added before all of these commands
o e.g. 5e - forward to end of fifth word.
Navigating
o 0 - First character of file.
o ^ - First non-whitespace character.
o $ - End of line.
o xG - line x of the file.
o G - Last line of file.
o CTRL-G - Displays current info
Summary
o b - back up a word
o e - forward to end of word
o h - 1 space back
o j - 1 space down
o k - 1 space up
o l - 1 space forward
o w - forward to next word
o B - back up a word
o E - forward to end of word
o G - last line of file
o H - Home or 1st Line
o L - Last Line
o M - Middle Line
o W - forward to next word
o CTRL-B - Back a screen
o CTRL-D - Forward 1/2 screen
o CTRL-F - Forward a screen
o CTRL-G - Displays current info
o CTRL-U - Back 1/2 screen
Navigating.
Exercise #1
o Use view instead of vi
o file name is movement
o practice moving around file
o Use ESC :q! to exit
o Take a break!!!!
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Inserting Text
o Will be in Insert mode.
o Escape will get you out.
o ESC ZZ - write file and leave vi.
o ESC :wq - write file and leave vi.
o ESC - Placed back into command mode.
o Cursor is key element.
Inserting Text
o Insert Commands
o i - insert before cursor
o I - insert at beginning of line
o Append Commands
o a - appends after cursor
o A - appends at end of line
o Either way in Insert Mode
o Numeric count can be added before these commands
Inserting Text
o Open a line
o O - Open a line above cursor
o o - Open a line below cursor
Misc. Commands
o ^V - insert control characters
o . - Do it Again
Summary Text
o a - appends after cursor
o i - insert before cursor
o o - Open a line below cursor
o A - appends at end of line
o I - insert at beginning of line
o O - Open a line above cursor
o CTRL-V - insert control characters
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Deleting Text
o Deleting text is either done a character, word,
line, or region at a time. By placing a number
in front of the delete expression the action can be
done many times.
o Deleting an expression will put it in a buffer.
The put command will place a copy of it after
the cursor.
Deleting Text
Main Delete Commands
o x - delete current character ***
o dw - delete word ***
o d$ - delete to end of line
o D - delete to end of line
o dd - delete whole line ***
*** numeric count can be added before command
Deleting Text
cursor characters
o d(CR) - delete whole line
o d^ - delete from beginning of line to cursor
o db - delete previous word ***
o dB - delete previous long word ***
o de - delete to end of word
o dE - delete to end of long word
o dW - delete long word ***
o dH - delete from beginning of window to cursor line
o dM - delete from curor line to middle of screen
o dL - delete from cursor to end of window
*** numeric count can be added before command
These are not normally used except by expert users.
Changing Text
o r - Replace one character.
o R - Overwrite text in insert mode.
o ~ - Change case
Changing Text
o Changing text is either done a character, word,
line, or region at a time. By placing a number
in front of the change expression, the action can be
done many times.
o In changing more than a word, vi deletes
the expression, and enters into insert mode at
the beginning of the expression.
Changing Text
o cw - change word ***
o c$ - change to end of line
o C - change to end of line
*** Numeric count can be added before command
Changing Text
cursor characters
o c(CR) - change whole line
o c^ - change from beginning of line to cursor
o cb - change previous word ***
o cB - change previous long word ***
o ce - change to end of word
o cE - change to end of word
o cW - change long word ***
o cH - change from beginning of window to cursor line
o cM - change from curor line to middle of screen
o cL - change from cursor to end of window
*** numeric count can be added before command
These are not normally used except by expert users.
Undoing Stuff
o u - undo last change
o U - undo all changes to last line
Summary
o c - changes text
o d - deletes text
o r - replaces a character
o u - undoes last change
o C - changes to end of line
o D - deletes to end of line
o R - overwrites text
o U - undoes all changes to line
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Searching
o /string - moves cursor to occurence of string
pattern.
o ?string - searches backward through the buffer
for string pattern.
o n - finds next occurence of the string pattern.
Regular Expressions
A Regular Expression is used to specify parts of a
line. It is used in search, substitute, and delete commands. The
concept is also used in many other UNIX commands, to include grep,
sed, and jove.
o ^ - beginning of line.
o $ - end of line.
o . - matches any character.
o \ - delimits special characters.
o [] - range of characters.
Yanking
o yw - yank word
o y$ - yank to end of line
o yy - yank line
Yanking
o y(CR) - yank whole line
o y^ - yank from beginning of line to cursor
o yb - yank previous word ***
o yB - yank previous long word ***
o ye - yank to end of word
o yE - yank to end of long word
o yW - yank long word ***
o yH - yank from beginning of window to cursor line
o yM - yank from curor line to middle of screen
o yL - yank from cursor to end of window
*** numeric count can be added before command
Putting Text
o puts last text object
o p - puts on next line or next character
o P - put on previous line or previous character
o xp - transposes character
Screen Adjusting
o CTRL-L - refresh screen.
o CTRL-E - Scroll window down 1 line.
o CTRL-Y - Scroll window up 1 line.
Misc.
o J - Joins lines. The line(s) below the cursor
will be appended to the current line. "2J" is equal
to "J". "3J" will join the two line below the
current line with the current line.
Summary
o p - put text after cursor or line.
o y - yank text.
o J - join next line with cursor line.
o P - put text before cursor or line.
o Y - yank to end of line
o CTRL-E - scroll window down 1 line.
o CTRL-Y - scroll window up 1 line.
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Writing
o :w - basic form of write command
o :y,xw filename
o :y,xw! filename
o :y,xw! !program
y refers to the yth line of the file, x to the xth
line of the file. If the file already exists the !
right after the w tells vi to overwrite the file. filename
refers to any file while !program means to write the
file to the input of the program.
Reading
o :r file - will read file into the buffer
after the cursor.
o :xr file - will read file into the buffer
after line x.
o :r !program - will read into the buffer after the
cursor the output of executing program.
o :xr !program - will read into the buffer after
line x the output of executing program.
o :x,y! program - will replace lines x through y
with the output of executing program with input
of lines x through y.
o :x,y! fmt - reformat these lines.
Quit & File Commands
o :x - write and quit the vi buffer.
o :wq - write and quit the vi buffer.
o :q - quit vi. Will not allow you to quit
if any changes have been made to buffer.
o :q! - quit vi regardless of wheter any changes
have made made.
o :f - print the name of the file & line number
where cursor is located.
Editing Multiple Files
o vi file1 file2 file3
o :n - will allow you to edit next file
o :e file
o :e! file - change file to file
o :e! % - start over
Deletion
o :1d - deletes first line of file.
o :1,$d - deletes all lines from file.
o :1,5d - deletes lines 1 through 5 of file.
Substitution
o :xs/RE/re/
o :xs/RE/re/g - On line x substitute "re" for
"RE". The g means do it for all lines.
o :1,$s/RE/re/g
As you can see, you can specify a line, lines, or the
whole file to change. Use the g option to make
changes throughout the line rather than just the
first occurence of a change in the line.
Shell Escapes
o :sh
o :!sh
o :1,5!fmt
Both ":sh" and ":!sh" will let you escape to the
command processor. When the shell is exited, control
passes back to vi. The form ":1,5!program" will
execute a program with lines 1 through 5 being used as
the standard input for the program. The output of the
program will replace lines 1 through 5 in the file.
Global Substitions
o :g/RE/p - global search and print.
o :g/RE/d - will delete any line with RE in it.
o :g/RE/s//re will substitute re for RE globally
through out the file.
o :g/RE/s/AB/CD/ - will substitute CD for AB
wherever RE exists on a line.
o The p option will print to the terminal all lines
where the action was completed.
o v instead of g will do it for all ines that don't
match.
set
o :set all - list all parameters
o :set nu
o :set nonu - Turns on/off numbering for lines
in file.
o :set list
o :set nolist - Turns on/off substituting "^I" for
the tab character and $ for the (CR).
o :set wm=x - sets the wrap margin. If wm is set to
0, cursor will not wrap around. Cursor will wrap x
spaces from right margin.
o all these parameters can go into a file called
.exrc which will do this for all invocations of vi.
map & ab
o ab chnage change - will change all occurrences of
chnage with change when separated by whitespace when
input in insert mode.
o map f :f - whenever f is hit in command mode
will do :f instead of f. Useful to define
cursor keys.
o These can also be put into .exrc file.
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1) What were your goals in taking this course?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
2) Did you learn anything in this course?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
3) What did you think of the course notes?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
4) Did you like the course?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
5) What did you think of the instructor?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary Of VI Commands
o a - appends after cursor
o b - back up a word
o c - changes text
o d - deletes text
o e - forward to end of word
o h - 1 space back
o i - insert before cursor
o j - 1 space down
o k - 1 space up
o l - 1 space forward
o o - Open a line below cursor
o p - put text after cursor or line
o r - replaces a character
o u - undoes last change
o w - forward to next word
o y - yank text
o A - appends at end of line
o B - back up a word
o C - changes to end of line
o D - deletes to end of line
o E - forward to end of word
o G - last line of file
o H - Home or 1st Line
o I - insert at beginning of line
o L - Last Line
o J - join next line with cursor line
o P - put text before cursor or line
o M - Middle Line
o O - Open a line above cursor
o R - overwrites text
o U - undoes all changes to line
o W - forward to next word
o Y - yank to end of line
o CTRL-B - Back a screen
o CTRL-D - Forward 1/2 screen
o CTRL-E - scroll window down 1 line
o CTRL-F - Forward a screen
o CTRL-G - Displays current info
o CTRL-U - Back 1/2 screen
o CTRL-V - insert control characters
o CTRL-Y - scroll window up 1 line
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# # # # vi/makevi 755 1552 12 444 4452706266 5742 #!/bin/sh
#
# this will compile all lessons and put into file called course
#
if test -f vi
then mv vi vi.old
fi
DIR="head 1 2 3 4 5 6 "
for name in ${DIR}
do
cd ${name}
cat ${name}.* > ${name}
cat ${name} >> ../vi
rm ${name}
cd ..
done
cp vi ../vi.txt # put at top level
o h - 1 space back
o i - insert before cursor
o j - 1 space down
o k - 1 space up
o l - 1 space fvi/vi.old 644 1552 12 62276 4551160727 5725
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Developed by Analytical Evaluation Branch, FSAC
Revision 2.1 13 Nov 1989
Author: Dennis G. Rears
EMail Address: <drears@pica.army.mil>
Phone: (201) 724-2683
UPS: Box 210, Wharton, NJ 07885
VI Course
Revision History
2.1 13 Nov 1989 Dennis Rears <drears>
Minor corrections.
2.0 27 June 1989 Dennis Rears <drears>
Robert Webster <bwebster>
Changed representation of control characters to CTRL.
Expanded EX section.
1.1 21 Mar 1989 Dennis Rears
Rewrote course, greatly expanding "outline".
1.0 Circa 1988 Dennis Rears
Original Course.
Developed by Analytical Evaluation Branch, FSAC
Host: caesar.pica.army.mil
Location: /u1/drears/teach/vi/course
Author: Dennis G. Rears
EMail Address: <drears@pica.army.mil>
Phone: (201) 724-2683
Date: 27 June 1989
VI Course
Table of Contents
1) Introduction
2) Navigation
3) Inserting Text
4) Deleting/Changing Text
5) Other Functions
6) Ex Mode
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# # # ###### ##### # # ##### #
# # # # # # # # # # # #
#### # # # # # # ###### # # #####
# # # ##### ##### ####
# ## # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # #
# # # # # ##### # #
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INTRODUCTION
o Ed Family of Editors
o e
o edit
o ex
o view
o vi
o Full Screen Editor
o Terminal Type
o Developed by UC at Berkeley
o Bill Joy
o Mike Horton
Important Terms
o VI - VIsual Editor, a full screen editor used by all UNIX
systems.
o shell - The command processor.
o shell escape - An action that allows the user to issue a
shell command from a running program.
o buffer - A temporary place to store info.
o file - A permament place to store data.
o unix - The operating system in use on ARDEC workplace
automation machines.
o Control Character - A character represented by "CTRL X".
To make the character the Control and letter key must be
hit at the same time.
o White Space - A tab, space, or new line character.
Modes
VI works in three different modes. They are:
o Insert Mode - This mode is used when
appending, inserting, changing, and replacing text.
o Ex Mode - This mode allows for use of
the ex set of commands. This mode can act on one line
at a time, several lines at a time, or every line.
Shell escapes are executed at this level.
o Command Mode - Vi begins in this mode.
This mode allows you to switch to the other modes.
In addition, deleting, transposing, yanking, and
other functions are performed here.
IMPORTANT KEYS
o ESCAPE - Exits insert mode.
o COLON - Enters ex mode.
o BANG (!) - shell escape.
o TILDE (~) - no line is present as opposed
to nothing on the line.
o CTRL L - screen refresh or form feed.
CTRL L indicates that the "L" key and the
Control key are depressed at the same time.
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# ###### # # # # # ##### # # #####
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# #
## # ## # # # #### ## ##### # #### # #
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## #
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
# # # ###### # # # # ### ###### # # # # # # #
# ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ##
# # # # ## # #### # # # # #### # #
What is a line?
o Physical Line - the maximum characters
your screen can hold in a line.
o Logical Line - A line terminated by the <CR>
character.
o At most, one logical line can fit into one
physical line but physical line can fit into
a logical line.
Navigation
o VI lets you move the cursor a character, word,
line, or region at a time.
o As with other functions keys, a numeric count can
be added before the key to repeat the function.
o Example:
o h will move the cursor back 1 character
o 4h will move the cursor back 4 characters
o VI will not let you navigate before the beginning
or end of the file.
Navigation
o cursor keys
o home keys
o h - 1 space back ***
o j - 1 space down ***
o k - 1 space up ***
o l - 1 space forward ***
o screen keys
o H - Home or 1st Line
o M - Middle Line
o L - Last Line
o control keys
o CTRL-B - back a screen
o CTRL-F - forward a screen
o CTRL-U - Up half a screen
o CTRL-D - Down half a screen
*** a numeric count can be added before the command.
Navigation Within A Line
o Word Navigation (not including punctuation)
o b - back up a word
o e - forward to end of word
o w - forward to next word
o Bigger Word (includes punctuation)
o B - back up a word
o E - forward to end of word
o W - forward to next word
o Numeric count can be added before all of these commands
o e.g. 5e - forward to end of fifth word.
Navigating
o 0 - First character of file.
o ^ - First non-whitespace character.
o $ - End of line.
o xG - line x of the file.
o G - Last line of file.
o CTRL-G - Displays current info
Summary
o b - back up a word
o e - forward to end of word
o h - 1 space back
o j - 1 space down
o k - 1 space up
o l - 1 space forward
o w - forward to next word
o B - back up a word
o E - forward to end of word
o G - last line of file
o H - Home or 1st Line
o L - Last Line
o M - Middle Line
o W - forward to next word
o CTRL-B - Back a screen
o CTRL-D - Forward 1/2 screen
o CTRL-F - Forward a screen
o CTRL-G - Displays current info
o CTRL-U - Back 1/2 screen
Navigating.
Exercise #1
o Use view instead of vi
o file name is movement
o practice moving around file
o Use ESC :q! to exit
o Take a break!!!!
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#######
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# # ## #
# # # # #
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Inserting Text
o Will be in Insert mode.
o Escape will get you out.
o ESC ZZ - write file and leave vi.
o ESC :wq - write file and leave vi.
o ESC - Placed back into command mode.
o Cursor is key element.
Inserting Text
o Insert Commands
o i - insert before cursor
o I - insert at beginning of line
o Append Commands
o a - appends after cursor
o A - appends at end of line
o Either way in Insert Mode
o Numeric count can be added before these commands
Inserting Text
o Open a line
o O - Open a line above cursor
o o - Open a line below cursor
Misc. Commands
o ^V - insert control characters
o . - Do it Again
Summary Text
o a - appends after cursor
o i - insert before cursor
o o - Open a line below cursor
o A - appends at end of line
o I - insert at beginning of line
o O - Open a line above cursor
o CTRL-V - insert control characters
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Deleting Text
o Deleting text is either done a character, word,
line, or region at a time. By placing a number
in front of the delete expression the action can be
done many times.
o Deleting an expression will put it in a buffer.
The put command will place a copy of it after
the cursor.
Deleting Text
Main Delete Commands
o x - delete current character ***
o dw - delete word ***
o d$ - delete to end of line
o D - delete to end of line
o dd - delete whole line ***
*** numeric count can be added before command
Deleting Text
cursor characters
o d(CR) - delete whole line
o d^ - delete from beginning of line to cursor
o db - delete previous word ***
o dB - delete previous long word ***
o de - delete to end of word
o dE - delete to end of long word
o dW - delete long word ***
o dH - delete from beginning of window to cursor line
o dM - delete from curor line to middle of screen
o dL - delete from cursor to end of window
*** numeric count can be added before command
These are not normally used except by expert users.
Changing Text
o r - Replace one character.
o R - Overwrite text in insert mode.
o ~ - Change case
Changing Text
o Changing text is either done a character, word,
line, or region at a time. By placing a number
in front of the change expression, the action can be
done many times.
o In changing more than a word, vi deletes
the expression, and enters into insert mode at
the beginning of the expression.
Changing Text
o cw - change word ***
o c$ - change to end of line
o C - change to end of line
*** Numeric count can be added before command
Changing Text
cursor characters
o c(CR) - change whole line
o c^ - change from beginning of line to cursor
o cb - change previous word ***
o cB - change previous long word ***
o ce - change to end of word
o cE - change to end of word
o cW - change long word ***
o cH - change from beginning of window to cursor line
o cM - change from curor line to middle of screen
o cL - change from cursor to end of window
*** numeric count can be added before command
These are not normally used except by expert users.
Undoing Stuff
o u - undo last change
o U - undo all changes to last line
Summary
o c - changes text
o d - deletes text
o r - replaces a character
o u - undoes last change
o C - changes to end of line
o D - deletes to end of line
o R - overwrites text
o U - undoes all changes to line
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# # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # #
# #### # # #### # # #### # # ####
Searching
o /string - moves cursor to occurence of string
pattern.
o ?string - searches backward through the buffer
for string pattern.
o n - finds next occurence of the string pattern.
Regular Expressions
A Regular Expression is used to specify parts of a
line. It is used in search, substitute, and delete commands. The
concept is also used in many other UNIX commands, to include grep,
sed, and jove.
o ^ - beginning of line.
o $ - end of line.
o . - matches any character.
o \ - delimits special characters.
o [] - range of characters.
Yanking
o yw - yank word
o y$ - yank to end of line
o yy - yank line
Yanking
o y(CR) - yank whole line
o y^ - yank from beginning of line to cursor
o yb - yank previous word ***
o yB - yank previous long word ***
o ye - yank to end of word
o yE - yank to end of long word
o yW - yank long word ***
o yH - yank from beginning of window to cursor line
o yM - yank from curor line to middle of screen
o yL - yank from cursor to end of window
*** numeric count can be added before command
Putting Text
o puts last text object
o p - puts on next line or next character
o P - put on previous line or previous character
o xp - transposes character
Screen Adjusting
o CTRL-L - refresh screen.
o CTRL-E - Scroll window down 1 line.
o CTRL-Y - Scroll window up 1 line.
Misc.
o J - Joins lines. The line(s) below the cursor
will be appended to the current line. "2J" is equal
to "J". "3J" will join the two line below the
current line with the current line.
Summary
o p - put text after cursor or line.
o y - yank text.
o J - join next line with cursor line.
o P - put text before cursor or line.
o Y - yank to end of line
o CTRL-E - scroll window down 1 line.
o CTRL-Y - scroll window up 1 line.
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Writing
o :w - basic form of write command
o :y,xw filename
o :y,xw! filename
o :y,xw! !program
y refers to the yth line of the file, x to the xth
line of the file. If the file already exists the !
right after the w tells vi to overwrite the file. filename
refers to any file while !program means to write the
file to the input of the program.
Reading
o :r file - will read file into the buffer
after the cursor.
o :xr file - will read file into the buffer
after line x.
o :r !program - will read into the buffer after the
cursor the output of executing program.
o :xr !program - will read into the buffer after
line x the output of executing program.
o :x,y! program - will replace lines x through y
with the output of executing program with input
of lines x through y.
o :x,y! fmt - reformat these lines.
Quit & File Commands
o :x - write and quit the vi buffer.
o :wq - write and quit the vi buffer.
o :q - quit vi. Will not allow you to quit
if any changes have been made to buffer.
o :q! - quit vi regardless of wheter any changes
have made made.
o :f - print the name of the file & line number
where cursor is located.
Editing Multiple Files
o vi file1 file2 file3
o :n - will allow you to edit next file
o :e file
o :e! file - change file to file
o :e! % - start over
Deletion
o :1d - deletes first line of file.
o :1,$d - deletes all lines from file.
o :1,5d - deletes lines 1 through 5 of file.
Substitution
o :xs/RE/re/
o :xs/RE/re/g - On line x substitute "re" for
"RE". The g means do it for all lines.
o :1,$s/RE/re/g
As you can see, you can specify a line, lines, or the
whole file to change. Use the g option to make
changes throughout the line rather than just the
first occurence of a change in the line.
Shell Escapes
o :sh
o :!sh
o :1,5!fmt
Both ":sh" and ":!sh" will let you escape to the
command processor. When the shell is exited, control
passes back to vi. The form ":1,5!program" will
execute a program with lines 1 through 5 being used as
the standard input for the program. The output of the
program will replace lines 1 through 5 in the file.
Global Substitions
o :g/RE/p - global search and print.
o :g/RE/d - will delete any line with RE in it.
o :g/RE/s//re will substitute re for RE globally
through out the file.
o :g/RE/s/AB/CD/ - will substitute CD for AB
wherever RE exists on a line.
o The p option will print to the terminal all lines
where the action was completed.
o v instead of g will do it for all ines that don't
match.
set
o :set all - list all parameters
o :set nu
o :set nonu - Turns on/off numbering for lines
in file.
o :set list
o :set nolist - Turns on/off substituting "^I" for
the tab character and $ for the (CR).
o :set wm=x - sets the wrap margin. If wm is set to
0, cursor will not wrap around. Cursor will wrap x
spaces from right margin.
o all these parameters can go into a file called
.exrc which will do this for all invocations of vi.
map & ab
o ab chnage change - will change all occurrences of
chnage with change when separated by whitespace when
input in insert mode.
o map f :f - whenever f is hit in command mode
will do :f instead of f. Useful to define
cursor keys.
o These can also be put into .exrc file.
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1) What were your goals in taking this course?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
2) Did you learn anything in this course?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
3) What did you think of the course notes?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
4) Did you like the course?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
5) What did you think of the instructor?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary Of VI Commands
o a - appends after cursor
o b - back up a word
o c - changes text
o d - deletes text
o e - forward to end of word
o h - 1 space back
o i - insert before cursor
o j - 1 space down
o k - 1 space up
o l - 1 space forward
o o - Open a line below cursor
o p - put text after cursor or line
o r - replaces a character
o u - undoes last change
o w - forward to next word
o y - yank text
o A - appends at end of line
o B - back up a word
o C - changes to end of line
o D - deletes to end of line
o E - forward to end of word
o G - last line of file
o H - Home or 1st Line
o I - insert at beginning of line
o L - Last Line
o J - join next line with cursor line
o P - put text before cursor or line
o M - Middle Line
o O - Open a line above cursor
o R - overwrites text
o U - undoes all changes to line
o W - forward to next word
o Y - yank to end of line
o CTRL-B - Back a screen
o CTRL-D - Forward 1/2 screen
o CTRL-E - scroll window down 1 line
o CTRL-F - Forward a screen
o CTRL-G - Displays current info
o CTRL-U - Back 1/2 screen
o CTRL-V - insert control characters
o CTRL-Y - scroll window up 1 line
#####
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# # # ###### ##### # # ####vi/head/ 755 1552 12 0 4553142453 5364 vi/head/head.1 755 1552 12 1170 4551160275 6436
# # ###
# # #
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# # #
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Developed by Analytical Evaluation Branch, FSAC
Revision 2.1 13 Nov 1989
Author: Dennis G. Rears
EMail Address: <drears@pica.army.mil>
Phone: (201) 724-2683
UPS: Box 210, Wharton, NJ 07885
for AB
wherever RE exists on a line.
o The p option will print to the terminal all lines
where the action was completed.
o v instead of g will do it for all ines that don't
match.
set
o :set all - list all parameters
o :set nu
o :set nonu - Turns on/off numbering for lines
in file.
o :set list
o :set nolist -vi/head/.head.2 755 1552 12 255 4400540161 6465
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Inserting Text
3. Deleting Text
4. Changing Text
5. Ex Mode
6. Hints
7. Man Pages
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# # # # # ##### # #
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#### #### #### # # #### ######
Developed by Analytical Evaluation Branch, FSAC
Revision 2.1 13 Nov 1989
Author: Dvi/head/head.2 755 1552 12 1154 4552113215 6432
VI Course
Revision History
2.1 13 Nov 1989 Dennis Rears <drears>
Minor corrections.
2.0 27 June 1989 Dennis Rears <drears>
Changed representation of control characters to CTRL.
Expanded EX section.
1.1 21 Mar 1989 Dennis Rears
Rewrote course, greatly expanding "outline".
1.0 Circa 1988 Dennis Rears
Original Course.
Developed by Analytical Evaluation Branch, FSAC
Host: caesar.pica.army.mil
Location: /u1/drears/teach/vi/course
Author: Dennis G. Rears
EMail Address: <drears@pica.army.mil>
Phone: (201) 724-2683
Date: 27 June 1989
07885
for AB
wherever RE exists on a line.
o The p option will print to the terminal all lines
where the action was completed.
o v instead of g will do it for all ines that don't
match.
set
o :set all - list all parameters
o :set nu
o :set nonu - Turns on/off numbering for lines
in file.
o :set list
o :set nolist -vi/head/head.3 755 1552 12 261 4452467103 6420
VI Course
Table of Contents
1) Introduction
2) Navigation
3) Inserting Text
4) Deleting/Changing Text
5) Other Functions
6) Ex Mode
of control characters to CTRL.
Expanded EX section.
1.1 21 Mar 1989 Dennis Rears
Rewrote course, greatly expanding "outline".
1.0 Circa 1988 Dennis Rears
Original Course.
Developed by Analytical Evaluation Branch, FSAC
Host: caesar.pica.army.mil
Location: /u1/drears/teach/vi/course
Author: Devi/4/ 755 1552 12 0 4553142457 4632 vi/4/4.0 755 1552 12 3223 4452471135 5142
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#####
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# # # ####### # # # vi/4/4.4 755 1552 12 204 4452471235 5123
Changing Text
o r - Replace one character.
o R - Overwrite text in insert mode.
o ~ - Change case
# #
# # # # # # # # # # # # #
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# # # ###### ##### # # ##### #######
# # # # # # # # # # # #
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###vi/4/4.6 755 1552 12 265 4411536623 5132
Changing Text
o cw - change word ***
o c$ - change to end of line
o C - change to end of line
*** Numeric count can be added before command
# # # # #
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# # # ###### ##### # # ##### #######
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###vi/4/4.8 755 1552 12 151 4404746630 5131
Undoing Stuff
o u - undo last change
o U - undo all changes to last line
- change to end of line
*** Numeric count can be added before command
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###vi/4/4.2 755 1552 12 446 4411536560 5127
Deleting Text
Main Delete Commands
o x - delete current character ***
o dw - delete word ***
o d$ - delete to end of line
o D - delete to end of line
o dd - delete whole line ***
*** numeric count can be added before command
# # ###### ##### # # ##### #######
# # # # # # # # # # # #
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###vi/4/4.3 755 1552 12 1106 4527622031 5137
Deleting Text
cursor characters
o d(CR) - delete whole line
o d^ - delete from beginning of line to cursor
o db - delete previous word ***
o dB - delete previous long word ***
o de - delete to end of word
o dE - delete to end of long word
o dW - delete long word ***
o dH - delete from beginning of window to cursor line
o dM - delete from curor line to middle of screen
o dL - delete from cursor to end of window
*** numeric count can be added before command
These are not normally used except by expert users.
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#####
# # # # ## vi/4/4.1 755 1552 12 523 4452471161 5122
Deleting Text
o Deleting text is either done a character, word,
line, or region at a time. By placing a number
in front of the delete expression the action can be
done many times.
o Deleting an expression will put it in a buffer.
The put command will place a copy of it after
the cursor.
beginning of window to cursor line
o dM - delete from curor line to middle of screen
o dL - delete from cursor to end of window
*** numeric count can be added befvi/4/4.5 755 1552 12 563 4452471367 5142
Changing Text
o Changing text is either done a character, word,
line, or region at a time. By placing a number
in front of the change expression, the action can be
done many times.
o In changing more than a word, vi deletes
the expression, and enters into insert mode at
the beginning of the expression.
ne
o dM - delete from curor line to middle of screen
o dL - delete from cursor to end of window
*** numeric count can be added befvi/4/4.7 755 1552 12 1100 4527622073 5143
Changing Text
cursor characters
o c(CR) - change whole line
o c^ - change from beginning of line to cursor
o cb - change previous word ***
o cB - change previous long word ***
o ce - change to end of word
o cE - change to end of word
o cW - change long word ***
o cH - change from beginning of window to cursor line
o cM - change from curor line to middle of screen
o cL - change from cursor to end of window
*** numeric count can be added before command
These are not normally used except by expert users.
rs.
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###### ###### ###### ###### # # # # #### #
#####
# # # # ## vi/4/4.9 755 1552 12 420 4411760025 5121
Summary
o c - changes text
o d - deletes text
o r - replaces a character
o u - undoes last change
o C - changes to end of line
o D - deletes to end of line
o R - overwrites text
o U - undoes all changes to line
f word
o cW - change long word ***
o cH - change from beginning of window to cursor line
o cM - change from curor line to middle of screen
o cL - change from cursor to end of window
*** numeric count can be added before vi/1/ 755 1552 12 0 4553142454 4624 vi/1/1.0 755 1552 12 1237 4411536732 5137
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INTRODUCTION
o Ed Family of Editors
o e
o edit
o ex
o view
o vi
o Full Screen Editor
o Terminal Type
o Developed by UC at Berkeley
o Bill Joy
o Mike Horton
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Important Terms
o VI - VIsual Editor, a full screen editor used by all UNIX
systems.
o shell - The command processor.
o shell escape - An action that allows the user to issue a
shell command from a running program.
o buffer - A temporary place to store info.
o file - A permament place to store data.
o unix - The operating system in use on ARDEC workplace
automation machines.
o Control Character - A character represented by "CTRL X".
To make the character the Control and letter key must be
hit at the same time.
o White Space - A tab, space, or new line character.
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Modes
VI works in three different modes. They are:
o Insert Mode - This mode is used when
appending, inserting, changing, and replacing text.
o Ex Mode - This mode allows for use of
the ex set of commands. This mode can act on one line
at a time, several lines at a time, or every line.
Shell escapes are executed at this level.
o Command Mode - Vi begins in this mode.
This mode allows you to switch to the other modes.
In addition, deleting, transposing, yanking, and
other functions are performed here.
ime.
o White Space - A tab, space, or new line character.
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IMPORTANT KEYS
o ESCAPE - Exits insert mode.
o COLON - Enters ex mode.
o BANG (!) - shell escape.
o TILDE (~) - no line is present as opposed
to nothing on the line.
o CTRL L - screen refresh or form feed.
CTRL L indicates that the "L" key and the
Control key are depressed at the same time.
is level.
o Command Mode - Vi begins in this mode.
This mode allows you to switch to the other modes.
In addition, deleting, transposing, yanvi/2/ 755 1552 12 0 4553142455 4626 vi/2/2.0 755 1552 12 1744 4452467765 5162
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What is a line?
o Physical Line - the maximum characters
your screen can hold in a line.
o Logical Line - A line terminated by the <CR>
character.
o At most, one logical line can fit into one
physical line but physical line can fit into
a logical line.
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Navigation
o cursor keys
o home keys
o h - 1 space back ***
o j - 1 space down ***
o k - 1 space up ***
o l - 1 space forward ***
o screen keys
o H - Home or 1st Line
o M - Middle Line
o L - Last Line
o control keys
o CTRL-B - back a screen
o CTRL-F - forward a screen
o CTRL-U - Up half a screen
o CTRL-D - Down half a screen
*** a numeric count can be added before the command.
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Navigation Within A Line
o Word Navigation (not including punctuation)
o b - back up a word
o e - forward to end of word
o w - forward to next word
o Bigger Word (includes punctuation)
o B - back up a word
o E - forward to end of word
o W - forward to next word
o Numeric count can be added before all of these commands
o e.g. 5e - forward to end of fifth word.
t can be added before the command.
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Summary
o b - back up a word
o e - forward to end of word
o h - 1 space back
o j - 1 space down
o k - 1 space up
o l - 1 space forward
o w - forward to next word
o B - back up a word
o E - forward to end of word
o G - last line of file
o H - Home or 1st Line
o L - Last Line
o M - Middle Line
o W - forward to next word
o CTRL-B - Back a screen
o CTRL-D - Forward 1/2 screen
o CTRL-F - Forward a screen
o CTRL-G - Displays current info
o CTRL-U - Back 1/2 screen
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Navigating
o 0 - First character of file.
o ^ - First non-whitespace character.
o $ - End of line.
o xG - line x of the file.
o G - Last line of file.
o CTRL-G - Displays current info
B - back up a word
o E - forward to end of word
o G - last line of file
o H - Home or 1st Line
o L - Last Line
o M - Middle Line
o W - forward to next word
o CTRL-B - Back a screen
o CTRL-D - Forward 1/2 screen
o CTRL-F - Fovi/2/2.2 755 1552 12 642 4452470125 5120
Navigation
o VI lets you move the cursor a character, word,
line, or region at a time.
o As with other functions keys, a numeric count can
be added before the key to repeat the function.
o Example:
o h will move the cursor back 1 character
o 4h will move the cursor back 4 characters
o VI will not let you navigate before the beginning
or end of the file.
to next word
o CTRL-B - Back a screen
o CTRL-D - Forward 1/2 screen
o CTRL-F - Fovi/2/2.8 755 1552 12 300 4452470646 5125
Navigating.
Exercise #1
o Use view instead of vi
o file name is movement
o practice moving around file
o Use ESC :q! to exit
o Take a break!!!!
fore the key to repeat the function.
o Example:
o h will move the cursor back 1 character
o 4h will move the cursor back 4 characters
o VI will not let you navigate before the beginning
or end of the file.
to next word
o CTRL-B - Back a screen
o CTRL-D - Forward 1/2 screen
o CTRL-F - Fovi/3/ 755 1552 12 0 4553142456 4630 vi/3/3.0 755 1552 12 2167 4404553067 5150
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Inserting Text
o Insert Commands
o i - insert before cursor
o I - insert at beginning of line
o Append Commands
o a - appends after cursor
o A - appends at end of line
o Either way in Insert Mode
o Numeric count can be added before these commands
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Inserting Text
o Will be in Insert mode.
o Escape will get you out.
o ESC ZZ - write file and leave vi.
o ESC :wq - write file and leave vi.
o ESC - Placed back into command mode.
o Cursor is key element.
o Numeric count can be added before these commands
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Inserting Text
o Open a line
o O - Open a line above cursor
o o - Open a line below cursor
vi.
o ESC :wq - write file and leave vi.
o ESC - Placed back into command mode.
o Cursor is key element.
o Numeric count can be added before these commands
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Misc. Commands
o ^V - insert control characters
o . - Do it Again
- Open a line below cursor
vi.
o ESC :wq - write file and leave vi.
o ESC - Placed back into command mode.
o Cursor is key element.
o Numeric count can be added before these commands
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vi/3/3.5 755 1552 12 431 4527621553 5127
Summary Text
o a - appends after cursor
o i - insert before cursor
o o - Open a line below cursor
o A - appends at end of line
o I - insert at beginning of line
o O - Open a line above cursor
o CTRL-V - insert control characters
before these commands
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1) What were your goals in taking this course?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
2) Did you learn anything in this course?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
3) What did you think of the course notes?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
4) Did you like the course?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
5) What did you think of the instructor?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Writing
o :w - basic form of write command
o :y,xw filename
o :y,xw! filename
o :y,xw! !program
y refers to the yth line of the file, x to the xth
line of the file. If the file already exists the !
right after the w tells vi to overwrite the file. filename
refers to any file while !program means to write the
file to the input of the program.
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Quit & File Commands
o :x - write and quit the vi buffer.
o :wq - write and quit the vi buffer.
o :q - quit vi. Will not allow you to quit
if any changes have been made to buffer.
o :q! - quit vi regardless of wheter any changes
have made made.
o :f - print the name of the file & line number
where cursor is located.
input of the program.
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Substitution
o :xs/RE/re/
o :xs/RE/re/g - On line x substitute "re" for
"RE". The g means do it for all lines.
o :1,$s/RE/re/g
As you can see, you can specify a line, lines, or the
whole file to change. Use the g option to make
changes throughout the line rather than just the
first occurence of a change in the line.
input of the program.
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Deletion
o :1d - deletes first line of file.
o :1,$d - deletes all lines from file.
o :1,5d - deletes lines 1 through 5 of file.
As you can see, you can specify a line, lines, or the
whole file to change. Use the g option to make
changes throughout the line rather than just the
first occurence of a change in the line.
input of the program.
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set
o :set all - list all parameters
o :set nu
o :set nonu - Turns on/off numbering for lines
in file.
o :set list
o :set nolist - Turns on/off substituting "^I" for
the tab character and $ for the (CR).
o :set wm=x - sets the wrap margin. If wm is set to
0, cursor will not wrap around. Cursor will wrap x
spaces from right margin.
o all these parameters can go into a file called
.exrc which will do this for all invocations of vi.
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---
3) What did you think of the course notes?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------vi/6/6.6 755 1552 12 726 4527624730 5145
Global Substitions
o :g/RE/p - global search and print.
o :g/RE/d - will delete any line with RE in it.
o :g/RE/s//re will substitute re for RE globally
through out the file.
o :g/RE/s/AB/CD/ - will substitute CD for AB
wherever RE exists on a line.
o The p option will print to the terminal all lines
where the action was completed.
o v instead of g will do it for all ines that don't
match.
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Reading
o :r file - will read file into the buffer
after the cursor.
o :xr file - will read file into the buffer
after line x.
o :r !program - will read into the buffer after the
cursor the output of executing program.
o :xr !program - will read into the buffer after
line x the output of executing program.
o :x,y! program - will replace lines x through y
with the output of executing program with input
of lines x through y.
o :x,y! fmt - reformat these lines.
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---
3) What did you think of the course notes?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------vi/6/6.5 755 1552 12 623 4453661135 5136
Shell Escapes
o :sh
o :!sh
o :1,5!fmt
Both ":sh" and ":!sh" will let you escape to the
command processor. When the shell is exited, control
passes back to vi. The form ":1,5!program" will
execute a program with lines 1 through 5 being used as
the standard input for the program. The output of the
program will replace lines 1 through 5 in the file.
replace lines x through y
with the output of executing program with input
of lines x throuvi/6/6.25 755 1552 12 305 4451765764 5230
Editing Multiple Files
o vi file1 file2 file3
o :n - will allow you to edit next file
o :e file
o :e! file - change file to file
o :e! % - start over
vi. The form ":1,5!program" will
execute a program with lines 1 through 5 being used as
the standard input for the program. The output of the
program will replace lines 1 through 5 in the file.
replace lines x through y
with the output of executing program with input
of lines x throuvi/6/6.99 644 1552 12 4223 4527625362 5254
Summary Of VI Commands
o a - appends after cursor
o b - back up a word
o c - changes text
o d - deletes text
o e - forward to end of word
o h - 1 space back
o i - insert before cursor
o j - 1 space down
o k - 1 space up
o l - 1 space forward
o o - Open a line below cursor
o p - put text after cursor or line
o r - replaces a character
o u - undoes last change
o w - forward to next word
o y - yank text
o A - appends at end of line
o B - back up a word
o C - changes to end of line
o D - deletes to end of line
o E - forward to end of word
o G - last line of file
o H - Home or 1st Line
o I - insert at beginning of line
o L - Last Line
o J - join next line with cursor line
o P - put text before cursor or line
o M - Middle Line
o O - Open a line above cursor
o R - overwrites text
o U - undoes all changes to line
o W - forward to next word
o Y - yank to end of line
o CTRL-B - Back a screen
o CTRL-D - Forward 1/2 screen
o CTRL-E - scroll window down 1 line
o CTRL-F - Forward a screen
o CTRL-G - Displays current info
o CTRL-U - Back 1/2 screen
o CTRL-V - insert control characters
o CTRL-Y - scroll window up 1 line
o c - changes text
o d - deletes text
o e - forward to end of word
o h - 1 space back
o i - insert before cursor
o j - 1 space down
o k - 1 space up
o l - 1 space forward
vi/6/6.8 755 1552 12 513 4453661314 5136
map & ab
o ab chnage change - will change all occurrences of
chnage with change when separated by whitespace when
input in insert mode.
o map f :f - whenever f is hit in command mode
will do :f instead of f. Useful to define
cursor keys.
o These can also be put into .exrc file.
o i - insert before cursor
o j - 1 space down
o k - 1 space up
o l - 1 space forward
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Yanking
o yw - yank word
o y$ - yank to end of line
o yy - yank line
nge when separated by whitespace when
input in insert mode.
o map f :f - whenever f is hit in command mode
will do :f instead of f. Useful to define
cursor keys.
o These can also be put into .exrc file.
o i - insert before cursor
o j - 1 space down
o k - 1 space up
o l - 1 space forward
vi/5/5.3 755 1552 12 304 4404747653 5134
Putting Text
o puts last text object
o p - puts on next line or next character
o P - put on previous line or previous character
o xp - transposes character
r f is hit in command mode
will do :f instead of f. Useful to define
cursor keys.
o These can also be put into .exrc file.
o i - insert before cursor
o j - 1 space down
o k - 1 space up
o l - 1 space forward
vi/5/5.4 755 1552 12 236 4452472156 5135
Screen Adjusting
o CTRL-L - refresh screen.
o CTRL-E - Scroll window down 1 line.
o CTRL-Y - Scroll window up 1 line.
ter
o xp - transposes character
r f is hit in command mode
will do :f instead of f. Useful to define
cursor keys.
o These can also be put into .exrc file.
o i - insert before cursor
o j - 1 space down
o k - 1 space up
o l - 1 space forward
vi/5/5.5 755 1552 12 353 4452472355 5137
Misc.
o J - Joins lines. The line(s) below the cursor
will be appended to the current line. "2J" is equal
to "J". "3J" will join the two line below the
current line with the current line.
instead of f. Useful to define
cursor keys.
o These can also be put into .exrc file.
o i - insert before cursor
o j - 1 space down
o k - 1 space up
o l - 1 space forward
vi/5/5.0 755 1552 12 2244 4404746773 5160
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1st Line
o I - insert at beginning of line
o L - Last Line
o J - join next line with cursor line
o P - put text before cursor or line
o M - Middle Line
o O - Open a line above cursor
vi/5/5.1 755 1552 12 345 4453664506 5136
Searching
o /string - moves cursor to occurence of string
pattern.
o ?string - searches backward through the buffer
for string pattern.
o n - finds next occurence of the string pattern.
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Summary
o p - put text after cursor or line.
o y - yank text.
o J - join next line with cursor line.
o P - put text before cursor or line.
o Y - yank to end of line
o CTRL-E - scroll window down 1 line.
o CTRL-Y - scroll window up 1 line.
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Yanking
o y(CR) - yank whole line
o y^ - yank from beginning of line to cursor
o yb - yank previous word ***
o yB - yank previous long word ***
o ye - yank to end of word
o yE - yank to end of long word
o yW - yank long word ***
o yH - yank from beginning of window to cursor line
o yM - yank from curor line to middle of screen
o yL - yank from cursor to end of window
*** numeric count can be added before command
#####
#####vi/5/5.15 755 1552 12 623 4527622764 5224
Regular Expressions
A Regular Expression is used to specify parts of a
line. It is used in search, substitute, and delete commands. The
concept is also used in many other UNIX commands, to include grep,
sed, and jove.
o ^ - beginning of line.
o $ - end of line.
o . - matches any character.
o \ - delimits special characters.
o [] - range of characters.
rom cursor to end of window
*** numeric count can be added before command
#####
#####vi/README 755 1552 12 625 4452435361 5417 This is the top directory for the vi course. The following
files do:
makevi - makes the vi course
vi - the actual vi course
vi.old - the old version of the course
the following are the chapters:
head - Header info
1 - introduction
2 - navigating (moving around)
3 - insert mode
4 - changing & deleting text
5 - misc
6 - Ex mode
Dennis Rears drears@pica.army.mil
LAST CHANGE: 29 June 1989
m cursor to end of window
*** numeric count can be added before command
#####
#####vi/5/5.0 755 1552 12 2244 4404746773 5160
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####### # # # ###### # #
#######
# # # # # #### ##### # #### # # ####
# # # ## # # # # # # # ## # #
##### # # # # # # # # # # # # # ####
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
# # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # #
# #### # # #### # # #### # # ####
1st Line
o I - insert at beginning of line
o L - Last Line
o J - join next line with cursor line
o P - put text before cursor or line
o M - Middle Line
o O - Open a line above cursor
J" iline. # # 1 spamustmustmm # # toline. # # 1 spamustmustmm # # toline. # #
