Nebula/nebula.bin/Documents/Others/viCourse+/WriteAbook.txt

Text File | 1993-01-25 | 14KB | 465 lines

                               Table of Contents










        1. What is Unix? ............................................. 1
        2. Writing A Book ............................................ 3
        3. Format And Commands For Writing A Book .................... 5
        4. What To Do After The Writing .............................. 7









































                                        i




                          HOW TO WRITE A BOOK IN UNIX


                                 Adrian Carter
                        Copyright 1992 by Adrian Carter
                           Put in the public domain.
                                       1.





                                 What is Unix?










             Unix is an operating system that was developed at Bell Labs
        in  the  70's.    An  operating  system is what makes a computer
        useful.  It runs programs, it tells  programs  what  section  of
        memory  they can use, it allocates time for each program run, it
        allows you to use disks to store programs.   In  Dos  a  program
        uses  all  the  memory  and  all the time.  This only allows one
        program to run at a time.  In Unix a program has it's own memory
        and  it's  own slice of time to run.  This means that unlike Dos
        Unix can run more programs at the same time.
             With Unix on your computer you can read into your documents
        from  your  database like this with out having to exit your pro-
        gram at all.  And with Unix there is usually 3 ways or  more  to
        do anything.

               225  Dorthy Smith         Smith       [phone]
               227  Mr.& Mrs. Dorsey P.  Smith         [phone]
               228  Mr.& Mrs. Warren     Smith         [phone]
               229  Mrs. Claude          Smith         [phone]
               230  Ms. Carla            Smith         [phone]
               232  Al & Elane           Smith         [phone]
               233  Fred & Bessie        Smith         [phone]
               234  Paul & Sandy         Smith         [phone]

             Because  Unix  is  a  file  system with only a few compiled
        programs this allows you to read any file  you  have  permission
        to.    You  may use any part of any file in any document you are
        working on.  This is if you have  permission.    Therefore  when
        your  boss  wants  a  report  it  is  usually easy to get it for
        him/her simply using what is available.  No  other  system  that
        will run on a PC is as good.  There are many flavors of Unix but



                                        1
        they all work the same.
             In Dos if you are writing a book you can use any editor  or
        word processing program to write with.  Some have spell checkers
        built in.  In Unix spell is a shell file (like  a  bat  file  in
        Dos)  in  newer  versions  spell is a "c" program it uses a dic-
        tionary file that is a straight ascii file that can  be  updated
        with  any  editor.   This means that the editor program does not
        have to be humongous therefore your disk can hold more.
             In Dos each program you use is like a  black  box  ie.  you
        must  learn  a lot of new commands for the program to be of use.
        Even in windows each program has different commands.    In  Unix
        there are over 150 small programs to learn as needed.  After you
        learn these then you can do anything you want.   You  will  have
        programs to sort your data, to remove duplicates, to change from
        lower to upper case, to do math on rows  or  columns,  to  print
        what  you  to printer or typesetter, to format what you write in
        any way possible .ie book, manuscript, term paper ect.
             To write a book in Unix you need an editor.  Vi comes  with
        it or you can purchase WordPerfect or any other editor you want.
        To check your spelling Unix already has spell to find the errors
        and  sed  to make the corrections.  After you finish writing you
        need to print what you have done. Unix has roff,  nroff,  troff,
        Tex ect.  In Dos your editor has most of this built in therefore
        it is a much larger program. In Unix with so many small programs
        your  editor  is smaller because the other programs do the work.
        This lets your editor be an editor not a spelling checker.  Also
        being smaller means that these programs run faster.





























                                       2.
                                 Writing A Book










             In  this  book  we  will be using Vi as it is very good and
        comes with the system.  Many people say that Vi is too  hard  to
        use  and  they like using other editors like Emacs.  If you take
        the time to learn Vi you will be able  to  work  on  ANY  system
        using  Unix  as Vi is on all.  The book will be written and for-
        matted for nroff.  Spelling will be checked with spell.
             The first thing in a book is to set up the  formatting  ie.
        line  width  which is defaulted to 6.5 inches, hyphenation, line
        spacing defaulted to single space, page numbers top  or  bottom,
        title on every page or just the first.
             A good start is:

                             .ad
                             .hy 1
                             .HM 15 80-15
                             .ls 2
                             .fi

             The  .ad  starts  adjusting  the  lines in the book to jus-
        tification for a straight right margin line.  The .hy  1  allows
        for hyphenation. .HM 15 80-15 sets line length to 50 and that in
        the center of the page. .ls 2 sets line spacing  to  2  and  .fi
        fills the line.
             The  title  is  the  next command to put in a book .TL this
        centers the title and bold or double strikes the title.  This is
        followed  by  .AU  for  the  author  which centers and bolds the
        authors name.
             Each of these commands must start a line and have no effect
        on number of lines.
















                                        3
              .ad
              .hy 1
              .fi
              .FO "/ /- % -/ /"
              .TL
              HOW TO WRITE A BOOK IN UNIX
              .AU
              Adrian Carter
              .ce
              Copyright 1992 by Adrian Carter
              .sp 5
              .CH 1 "What is Unix?" 1
              .PP

             This is how this book starts.  The .FO sets the page number
        to the bottom of the page and centered. The .ce centers the next
        line  and  by  putting  a number after it like .ce 5 centers the
        next 5 lines.  The .sp 5 puts 5 lines after  the  copyright  and
        .PP starts a new paragraph.
             With this out of the way we can now start writing the book.
        Following is the chapter title and first paragraph of this book.
              .CH 1 "What is Unix?" 1
              .PP
             Unix is an operating system that was developed at Bell Labs
             in  the 70's.  An operating system is what makes a computer
             useful.  It runs programs, it tells programs  what  section
             of  memory they can use, it allocates time for each program
             run, it allows you to use disks to store programs.  In  Dos
             a  program uses all the memory and all the time.  This only
             allows one program to run at a time.  In Unix a program has
             it's  own  memory  and it's own slice of time to run.  This
             means that unlike Dos Unix can run  more  programs  at  the
             same time.
              .PP
             As  you  can  see  each paragraph is a solid bunch of words
        with no formatting except wordwrap.  Which we will discus later.
        This  means  that when your formatting is set up your creativity
        is all that is left.  At this point you need to know how to exit
        from  the program.  In Vi you hit <esc> then [:x] <return>.  The
        <esc> puts you in command mode.  The [:x]  <return>  saves  your
        work and leaves the program.  This pre writing formatting is the
        same as finding paper making sure the pencil is  sharp  ect.  we
        used  to  do  before  computers.   This also takes about as much
        time.  Of course you need to save your formatting  to  disk  for
        latter use.  One for each type of writing you do.
             Computers  have  made it very easy for us by saving to disk
        everything we need to work effectively.  We  store  formats  for
        manuscripts  (that is the one for this book) a different one for
        term papers (they need real footnotes not page number footnotes)
        and  a  different  one for tech. manuals.  Each type of document
        has different formatting but uses a lot  of  the  same  internal
        commands ie. .PP .TL .CH .LP .QP.




                                       3.
                     Format And Commands For Writing A Book










             Format  for  a book with page numbers at the bottom center.
        Line spacing  2.    Line  length  5  inches.    Hyphenation  on.
        Justification and line fill on.

                             .ad
                             .hy 1
                             .HM 15 80-15
                             .ls 2
                             .fi

        After  setting  up  your format the next step is your title (.TL
        HOW TO WRITE A BOOK IN UNIX) command.  This puts  the  title  in
        the center of the page and makes it bold.
             The next command is (.AU Adrian Carter) the author command.
        This puts the authors name center under the title and  makes  it
        bold.
             The  Chapter  command  is (.CH 1 "What is Unix?" 1) for the
        first use and (.CH 1 "Format And Commands For Writing  A  Book")
        for  the  rest.   If you want to change chapter numbers adding a
        number after the last parenthesis resets  the  counter  to  that
        number.   Useful if your boss wants another chapter and you have
        erased the original.
             Put it all together and you have:

              .ad
              .hy 1
              .fi
              .FO "/ /- % -/ /"
              .TL
              HOW TO WRITE A BOOK IN UNIX
              .AU
              Adrian Carter
              .ce
              Copyright 1992 by Adrian Carter
              .sp 5
              .CH 1 "What is Unix?" 1
              .PP

             By using .PP .QP .LP you can write a book  with  everything
        except Table of Contents, Index, Footnotes, and endnotes.
             For  Table of Contents add the following to the end of your
        document.



                                        5
                     .rn _c Tc
                     .CH 0 "Table of Contents" -1
                     .Tc

        This puts the Table of Contents at the back of the book so after
        printing  it  is  moved to the front.  This formats the Table of
        Contents to fill the page no matter what line length you use.
             This format is the most general for use.  To change it  for
        scholarly  papers  all you need add is .AB for abstract, .NH for
        number headings, .SH .SS for section and sub headings,  .NX  for
        index,  .FS  .FE  for  footnotes, and .HE for heading.  Also .FO
        tells where to put the footnotes whereas .FS .FE delineates  the
        footnote.
             For  manuals  you would use the same as the scholarly.  For
        fiction you would use the general format.









































                                       4.
                          What To Do After The Writing










             After saving your work comes spell checking ie. [spell *  ]
        >tmp.    Then  you  edit  the list of misspelled words in tmp to
        remove those that are right. Then look up the  correct  spelling
        and  put  it  beside the incorrect spelling with a / separating.
        Then put / in front and at  back.    I  should  look  like  this
        /bad/good/.    Add  an 's in front and a g' in back so that each
        bad word looks like this 's/bad/good/g'.
             At this point you are ready  to  correct  every  misspelled
        word  in  the document.  Give this command sed -f tmp doc >doc1.
        Now doc1 has no misspellings.
             After spell checking and grammar checking  then  comes  the
        printing.    This  can  be  to  printer,  to disk, to screen, to
        typesetter, or a filter to TeX for typesetting on  a  postscript
        printer.
             We  have  setup  our  document  as  an  nroff -ms document.
        Therefore our next command is nroff -ms doc1.  This  will  print
        to screen.  Nroff -ms doc1 |lp will print to printer.  Nroff -ms
        doc1 >file name will print to file.  This is used when we  don't
        want  to  print  now  but we don't want to waste time when it is
        time to print. Nroff -ms doc1 |filter >file name will  put  doc1
        through a filter and set it up for LaTeX, TeX ect.
























  A BOom,youyouyyouy, to f, to f,



title