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Tarski's World
for the NeXT
Tarski's World is an innovative and enjoyable way to introduce
students to the language of first-order logic. Using this program,
students quickly master the meanings of the connectives and
quantifiers, and soon become fluent in the symbolic language at the
core of modern logic.
Tarski's World allows students to build three-dimensional worlds
and to describe them in the language of first-order logic. They
evaluate the sentences in the constructed worlds, and if their
evaluation is incorrect, the program provides them with an interactive
game that leads them to understand where they went wrong.
Tarski's World can be used in any introductory logic course. Over
a hundred exercises that make use of the program are integrated into
the logic textbook The Language of First-order Logic, by Jon Barwise
and John Etchemendy ($34.95). It can also be used as a supplement
to other logic texts by ordering the stand-alone package Tarski's
World, by Barwise and Etchemendy ($19.95). For ordering
information, see the end of this readme file.
Sample Exercises
The following are sample exercises of the kind provided in the
texts that accompany the program. The samples are taken from the
chapter that introduces the quantifiers " and $.
Problem 6 (Building a world) Open Aristotle's Sentences. Each of
these sentences is of one of the four Aristotelian forms. Build a single
world where all the sentences in the file are true. As you work
through the sentences, you will find yourself successively modifying
the world. Whenever you make a change in the world, you had better
go back and check that you haven't made any of the earlier
sentences false. Then, when you are finished, verify that all the
sentences are really true by choosing Verify All from the Sentence
menu. Save your world as World 6. (You will not be able to save if
you are using the Demo version of Tarski's World.)
Problem 7 (A common translation mistake) Open Edgar's Sentences
and evaluate them in Edgar's World. Make sure you understand why
each of them has the truth value it does. Which of the sentences
would be a good translation of There is a tetrahedron that is large?
(Clearly this English sentence is false in Edgar's World, since there
are no tetrahedra at all.) Which would be a good translation of There
is a cube between a and b? Can you express in English the claim
made by sentence 5? How about sentence 6?
Problem 8 (Name that object) Open Maigret's World and Maigret's
Sentences. The object is to try to figure out which objects have
names, and what they are. You should be able to figure this out from
the sentences, all of which are true. Once you have come to your
conclusion, add names to the objects in the world and see if all the
sentences do indeed evaluate as true. Save your modified world as
World 8.
Problem 13 (Vacuously true generalizations) Open Dodgson's
Sentences. Note that the first sentence says that every tetrahedron is
large.
• Now open Peano's World. Sentence 1 is clearly false in this
world, since the small tetrahedron is a “counterexample” to the
universal claim. What this means is that if you play the game
committed to the falsity of this claim, then when Tarski's World
asks you to pick an object you will be able to pick the small
tetrahedron and win the game. Try this.
• Delete this counterexample and verify that sentence 1 is now
true.
• Now open Peirce's World. Verify that sentence 1 is again false,
this time because there are three counterexamples. (Now if you
play the game committed to the falsity of the sentence, you will
have three different winning moves when asked to pick an object:
you can pick any of the small tetrahedra and win.)
• Delete all three counterexamples, and evaluate the claim. Is the
result what you expected? The generalization is true, because
there are no counterexamples to it. It is what we called a
vacuously true generalization, since there are no objects that
satisfy the antecedent. That is, there are no tetrahedra at all,
small, medium, or large.
• Confirm that all of sentences 1--3 are vacuously true in the
current world.
• Two more vacuously true sentences are given in sentences 4
and 5. However, these sentences are different in another respect.
Each of the first three sentences could have been non-vacuously
true in a world, but these latter two can only be true in worlds
containing no tetrahedra. That is, they are inherently vacuous.
Credits
Tarski's World was created by Jon Barwise and John Etchem-
endy with funding provided by the Center for the Study of Language
and Information at Stanford University. The NeXT version of Tarski's
World was programmed by Eric Ly (NeXT interface) and Dan Fish,
Eric Ly, and Peter Murray (engine).
Ordering Information
The Language of First-order Logic and Tarski's World can be
ordered from the publications department of the Center for the Study
of Language and Information, at the address below. The program is
packaged with both of these texts. Be sure to indicate that you would
like to receive the NeXT version of the program.
All orders must be prepaid by check or credit card. For shipping
and handling within the US, include $2.50 for the first book and $.75
for each additional book. California residents add 8.25% sales tax.
For overseas shipping and handling, add $4.50 for the first book and
$2.25 for each additional book.
______ The Language of First-order Logic (Mac/NeXT) $34.95
______ Tarski's World (Mac/NeXT) $19.95
Name _________________________________ Total book order $________
Address _______________________________ Sales tax $________
City, State, Zip ________________________ Ship & Handling $________
Visa/MC ______________________________ Total payment $________
(Circle one)
Expiration date ___________
Signature ______________________________
Return this form to:
CSLI Publications
Ventura Hall
Stanford University
Stanford, CA 94305-4115
Site licenses
University site licenses for Tarski's World for the NeXT are available for $900.
Site licenses allow instructors to put Tarski's World on public NeXT clusters and
allow students and faculty to copy the program for their personal use. For
information about obtaining a site license, write:
John Etchemendy
Center for the Study of Language and Information
Ventura Hall
Stanford University
Stanford, CA 94305-4115
Email: etch@csli.stanford.edu