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- Since this question has been raised more than once in both public and
- private discussions, perhaps an explanation is in order for those who are
- not familiar with the behavior of auroral activity.
-
- The auroral oval is, as the name implies, oval and not circular. It
- represents a boundary between what is called the Polar Cap and the High
- Latitude regions. This oval is a dynamic activity center. A great number
- of physical processes occur in the oval which can affect atmospheric
- heating, ionization, etc, which in turn can lead to significant changes in
- radio signal propagation conditions, etc.
-
- The auroral oval is centered approximately over the magnetic dipoles of the
- earth (ex. the boreal and austral magnetic poles). The oval usually spans
- only a few degrees of latitude during quiet periods. During storm periods,
- the oval can expand polewards and equatorward covering an area as large as
- 15 degrees in latitude. It is therefore a fairly narrow band of luminosity.
-
- The oval is more closely related to geomagnetic latitude than geographic
- latitude. However, since most people have no idea what their geomagnetic
- latitude is, the auroral activity warnings and watches use approximate
- geographical equivalents. The main disadvantage of doing this is that the
- stated geographical latitude is very dependent on location. It will be
- fairly accurate over North America, somewhat questionable over Europe, and
- very questionable over the USSR. It also will not apply to the southern
- hemisphere regions. This should soon be corrected in future watches and
- warnings that are issued.
-
- The question of how far from the equator one must be to spot activity if
- the auroral oval is at a given latitude is a good question, and one which
- is not easily answered. The auroral oval resides at a height of about 100
- kilometers (~ 60 miles) but can extend up to several hundred km's depending
- on how energetic the activity becomes. The combination of changes in
- height as well as changes in latitudinal width, equatorward position, and
- luminosity all contribute to how far toward the equator aurorae may be seen.
- But this is not all that must be considered. Your unobstructed view of the
- northern-northeastern horizon must also be accounted, as must the phase of
- the moon and the background brightness of the sky (from an ideal dark sky)
- caused by light pollution from cities or nearby towns, as well as
- atmospheric conditions describing the transparency of the horizon. So as
- you can see, it is nearly impossible to say that aurorae will be visible
- over specific latitudes, since observing conditions will vary widely from
- one location to another. Additionally, aurorae undergo dramatic localized
- changes in luminosity and position associated with what are called
- "substorm" periods. Substorms are basically localized disturbances of the
- geomagnetic field which can enhance auroral activity over the substorming
- region.
-
- Since the auroral oval is eccentric, there is a always a position on the
- earth where the oval is closest to the equator. The auroral oval "shadows"
- the sun. That is, its most poleward position is on the daylit side of the
- earth, while its most equatorward position is near the midnight sector.
- For this reason, you will notice (particularly over the higher latitudes
- such as in areas of Canada) that the oval gradually slips further south until
- around midnight, afterwhich it begins its trek back to the north. This is
- why you are most likely to see aurorae near midnight, although this will
- depend significantly on whether the oval is quiet or active as you move
- closer toward the equator.
-
- As far as the auroral activity watches and warnings go, the APPROXIMATE
- geographical latitudinal boundaries for North America as we have defined them
- follow below. Note that these boundaries are liable to change over time as
- better estimates are made.
-
- NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE
- High latitudes >= 55 deg. N. | High latitudes >= 55 deg. S.
- Middle latitudes >= 40 < 55 deg. N. | Middle latitudes >= 30 < 55 deg. S.
- Low latitudes < 40 deg. N. | Low latitudes < 30 deg. S.
-
- The differences in latitude of the northern and southern hemisphere
- boundaries are required since the northern and southern auroral ovals are
- not mirrors of each other. These boundary definitions are only valid for
- North America (N. Hem.) and Australia/New Zealand (S. Hem.).
-
- I hope this has helped some of you better understand the relationships
- of the visibility of the auroral oval with geographic latitude.
-
- Best regards.
-
- -Cary Oler
-
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