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PC.HLP
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1990-03-19
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BEGIN
Options Automatic
When active, this option causes the worksheet to be
calculated whenever a cell value changes or may have
changed. This includes entering new data, moving
and copying ranges, filling a range, etc. Sorting
does not force a calculation; instead the "Calc"
indicator appears at the lower right corner of the
screen. This indicator also appears when the auto-
matic option is off, and the worksheet has changed.
Press F9 if you wish to recalculate after a sort.
Options Natural Order
Natural order means to recalculate the less dependent
cells before the more dependent ones. That is, if a
cell references and thus depends on the value of another
cell, it is usually best to compute the value of the
referenced cell before using its value in a formula.
Natural order calculation works this way, allowing you
you to construct your worksheet without worrying about
how the position of cells affects the order of
calculation.
Calculation proceeds row-by-row when natural order has
been turned off.
Circular References
One complication of natural order is the circular
cell reference, which occurs when one cell refers to
another cell that in turn refers back to the first.
This can occur directly or indirectly (through
a chain of cells), and it makes reconciliation of the
worksheet impossible, since the values of the cells
involved are constantly changing.
When PC encounters a circular reference, it uses the
current value of the cell, so that cells are calculated
only once. Generally, circular references are errors in
worksheet construction, unless intentional.
Circular References (Continued)
For example, some models require multiple calculations of
the worksheet in order for the cell values to converge;
other models fail to converge no matter how many times
the worksheet is calculated.
Whenever a circular reference exists, PC will display
the "Circ" indicator in the lower right corner of the
screen. The address of a cell involved in the circular
reference is found in the Statistics dialog box. The
"Circ" indicator will not appear unless Natural Order is
in effect, because circularity isn't an issue in a fixed
order calculation mode.
END
BEGIN
Edit Cut
Edit Cut allows you to move a range. First, select the
range and press Ctrl-X or use the Cut menu item. Next,
position the cell pointer in the cell to be the upper
left corner of the destination range. Then press Enter
or Edit Paste to complete the cut and paste operation.
Edit Copy
Edit Copy operates similarly to Edit Cut. Edit Copy
allows you to make multiple copies of the source range.
You may also copy to a range larger than the source
range; however, the size of the destination range must
be an integral multiple of the size of the source range.
You can easily tell the sizes of the two ranges by
observing the range indicators in the active cell
display area.
Edit Paste
Edit Paste completes a Cut or Copy command. Pressing
Enter has the same effect.
Edit Clear
Edit Clear deletes the current range.
Edit Insert
Edit Insert allows you to insert rows and columns into
the worksheet. With row insertion, for example, if the
range contains multiple rows, then Edit Insert
inserts as many rows as are selected, shifting the
involved cells downwards. The insertion is confined to
the columns in the highlighted range, allowing insertion
of rows in selected columns only. To insert whole rows,
extend the range with Shift-Space. Insertion of columns
is similar; use Ctrl-Space when inserting whole columns.
Edit Delete
Edit Delete removes the highlighted rows and columns,
shifting the remaining cells to fill the deleted area.
Like Edit Insert, this function operates on partial or
whole rows and columns.
END
BEGIN
File New
Erases the current worksheet and restores worksheet
defaults.
File Open
Loads a worksheet (.PCW) file from disk, erasing the
current worksheet.
File Save
Saves the current worksheet to a disk file. If the
worksheet has not been previously saved, Save functions
like Save As. Otherwise, PC saves the file under its
current name, but allows overwriting the existing file or
renaming the existing file with the extension .BAK.
File Save As
Unlike Save, Save As always invokes the file selector, so
that you may save a file under a new name.
File Merge
Merge allows you to retrieve a range of cells stored
on disk. PC will load the range at the cell pointer
position, erasing any existing cells within the range
area. Cell references within formulas are adjusted
as if the range had been cut and pasted.
File Save Range
Saves a range to disk. Unlike Save and Save As, Save
Range only stores the cell information, omitting print
settings, calculation mode, etc.
File Import/Export
This command loads and save worksheet files in Lotus 123
format. PC supports both 123 Release 1 (WKS) and 2 (WK1)
files. PC's cell grid is smaller than 123's, so cells
from a 123 worksheet outside the PC grid will not be
retrieved.
File Print
Prints the worksheet. Described in more detail under the
Help Print topic.
File Save as Text
Prints the worksheet to an ASCII file using the formatting
options of the Print dialog box.
File DOS Shell
Allows use of DOS commands; return to PC by entering EXIT
at the DOS command line.
END
BEGIN
Moving around the Worksheet
Cursor keys Move one cell in indicated direction
PageUp/PageDown Move one screen up or down
Ctrl-PageUp/PageDown Move one screen right or left
Tab/Shift-Tab Move one screen right or left
Home Move to column A of current row
End Move to last filled cell, current row
Ctrl-Home Move to top left of active area
Ctrl-End Move to bottom right of active area
Range/Goto Jump to cell/named range in worksheet
Data Entry
The PC formula bar operates in two modes: Enter and Edit.
Enter mode is convenient for fast data entry, while Edit
mode provides enhanced capability for changing text. In
Enter mode, the cursor keys, PageUp/PageDown, and Tab/
Shift-Tab all serve to lock in the entry and move the cell
pointer. In Edit mode, however, these keys move the cursor
in the formula bar. You may alternate between these modes
by pressing the F2 key. The editing keys are:
Editing Key Action
----------- ------
Enter Lock in entry
Cursor keys Lock in entry and Move cursor in
PageUp/PageDown move cell pointer formula bar in
Tab/Shift Tab in Enter mode Edit mode
Backspace Backspace
Delete Delete character/block
Shift-Cursor Select block
Home Move cursor to column 1 in formula bar
End Move cursor to last occupied column in
current line
Ctrl-Home Move cursor to first character
Ctrl-End Move cursor to last character
Esc Clear formula bar/cancel entry
Ctrl-Z Cancel entry
Range Selection
Select cell ranges by pressing Shift plus one of the
cursor keys or PageUp/PageDown or other key combinations
discussed below. You may then release the Shift key
and extend the range area with the cursor keys,
PageUp/PageDown, Tab/Shift-Tab, Home/End, Shift-Space,
Ctrl-Space or Ctrl-Shift-Space. These keys work as
they do for moving around the worksheet.
Shift-Space, when used to begin a selection, selects
the entire row containing the cell pointer. Similarly,
Ctrl-Space selects the entire column containing the
cell pointer.
When used to extend a range, Shift-Space selects all
rows involved in the range, and Ctrl-Space selects all
columns. Finally, Shift-Ctrl-Space selects the entire
worksheet. You use this latter function to make global
changes to the worksheet cell format.
To complete the range selection, you may press Enter;
however, the following keys both complete the selection
and invoke a function (the menu bar is inactive while
selecting ranges):
Ctrl-C begins the Copy function
Ctrl-X begins the Cut function
Ctrl-V/Enter pastes the cut/copied area
Ctrl-I begins the Insert function
Ctrl-D begins the Delete function
Ctrl-B begins the Clear function
END
BEGIN
The Print dialog box allows you to specify two title lines,
header and footer lines, toggle draft vs. final quality,
condensed vs. normal pitch, display of formulas, and
display of row/column titles. If Print is selected
and a range is not, the default print range will be
the active worksheet area. If you have a printer other than
an Epson-compatible or DeskJet, you will need to use the
Options/Printer dialog box to create a new PRINTER.INF
file, so that PC will know the proper printer control codes.
Header and Footer control codes
&l left justify what follows
&c center justify what follows
&r right justify what follows
&d display time
&f display filename
&p display page number
&t display time
&& display &
All other characters are taken literally, so you could
have a header line such as "&l&d, p. &p&c&f&r&t". This
would expand to something like:
9/15/89, p. 2 D:\FILENAME.PCW 15:16
END
BEGIN
Ranges are rectangular groups of cells defining an area
within which some action is to have effect. Selecting a
range is described under the Keyboard Help topic. If no
range is selected, then the active cell is the range.
Data Fill
Fills a range with numbers, starting with an initial
value to which the increment is added for each
subsequent cell. You may fill a range with serial date
values equally-spaced by day, month, week, or year.
Sort
You may sort a range by rows or columns, where
cells within one row or column (the key) are used for
comparison. Cell references within formulas are not
adjusted.
Named Ranges and Cells
PC supports up to 100 named range and cell references,
which are created through the Define Name dialog box.
If a range is selected prior to invoking this function,
the range will appear in the "Refers to" line in the
dialog box. Otherwise, the active cell address appears.
You may specify the references as absolute or relative,
and named references within formulas behave exactly like
explicit cell references.
Many PC dialog boxes require a range or cell to be entered
into a text field. You may enter a name into these
fields, or the explicit cell notation.
Create Name List
This functions creates a two-column list, beginning at
the active cell, of all defined names and their
references.
Goto
This dialog box allows you to jump to any cell or range in
the worksheet; if the destination is a range, it is
selected in the process.
END
BEGIN
END
BEGIN
Date is represented by integer serial values where the base
date is Dec. 30, 1899 (which equals 0).
Time is represented as a fraction of a 24 hour period, such
that 12 Midnight = 0 and 12 Noon equals 0.5.
Date and time may be represented in a single real number,
where the integer portion equals the date and the
fractional part the time of day.
DATE(year,month,day): Returns a serial number representing
the indicated date. Year should be year after 1900
(1989 would be entered as 89, 1900 as 0).
YEAR(expr): Returns the year of the serial date value.
MONTH(expr): Returns the month of the serial date value.
DAY(expr): Returns the day of the month of the serial date.
WEEKDAY(expr): Returns the day of the week of the serial
date value. The range is 1-7, where Sunday = 1.
DAYSMONTH(month,year): Returns the number of days in the
calendar month. Year is years A.D.
ISLEAP(year): Returns TRUE (1) if the year is a leap year
and FALSE (0) if it isn't. Year is years A.D.
TIME(hour,minute,second): Returns a fraction representing
indicated time. TIME follows the military convention,
where hours range from 0-23.
HOUR(expr): Returns the hour, which falls in the range 0-23.
MINUTE(expr): Returns the minute (0-59).
SECOND(expr): Returns the seconds (0-59).
NOW(): Returns a value representing the current date and
time, as given by the PC's clock.
END
BEGIN
PC uses the convention in which cash inflows are
represented by positive numbers, while cash outflows are
represented by negative numbers.
Type = 1 means ordinary annuity.
Type = 0 means annuity due.
Number of periods (NPER) is synonymous with "term."
All arguments are required.
PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv,type) computes present value.
FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv,type) computes future value.
PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,type) computes payment.
NPER(rate,pmt,pv,fv,type) compute number of periods.
RATE(nper,pmt,pv,fv,type,guess) computes interest rate.
END
BEGIN
General:
ABS(expr) returns absolute value
DIV(expr1,expr2) returns expr1 DIV expr2
MOD(expr1,expr2) returns expr1 MOD expr2
ROUND(expr,place) rounds expr at place digit
TRUNC(expr,place) truncates expr at place digit
INT(expr) returns integer portion
FRAC(expr) returns fractional portion
ROW(cell) returns row number
COLUMN(cell) returns column number
ROWS(range) returns number of rows
COLUMNS(range) returns number of columns
ERROR() returns ERR
NA() returns NA
DIV and MOD satisfy x = DIV(x,y)*y+MOD(x,y), for both
integer and real-valued arguments.
INT and FRAC satisfy x = INT(x)+FRAC(x); negative values
are handled as in: INT(-3.4) = -3, FRAC(-3.4) = -0.4.
The place argument for ROUND and TRUNC should evaluate to
a positive or negative integer. When place is positive, the
functions operate to the right of the decimal point, and
when negative, to the left. When rounding or truncating a
number displayed in scientific notation, remember that ROUND
and TRUNC operate on the number x 10^0 (this may influence
the choice of the place argument).
END
BEGIN
The logical functions use 0 to indicate a FALSE condition,
while non-zero values indicate TRUE. Functions return 1 to
indicate TRUE and 0 for FALSE.
Operators: =, <>, <, >, <=, >=
IF(expr1,expr2,expr3): These expressions may be anything,
including nested IFs. If expr1 evaluates to non-zero,
then IF returns the result of expr2, but if expr1
generates 0, IF returns the result of expr3.
AND(expr list): Returns TRUE if all expressions evaluate
to non-zero, and FALSE if any evaluate to 0.
OR(expr list): Returns TRUE if any of the expressions
evaluate to non-zero, and FALSE only if all evaluate to
zero.
AND and OR require at least two arguments, and the upper
limit is 20.
NOT(expr): Returns TRUE if expr evaluates to zero, and FALSE
only if expr generates a non-zero value.
ISEMPTY(cell/range list): Returns TRUE if any cells con-
tained within the list are empty, and FALSE only if all
possess a value.
ISERR(expr/range list): Returns TRUE if any expressions or
cells within ranges evaluate to an error condition,
excluding the NA error status.
ISNA(expr/range list): Similar to ISERR, but this function
checks specifically for the NA error status.
TRUE(): Returns 1.
FALSE(): Returns 0.
END
BEGIN
The index or offset arguments for all of the lookup
functions start at 1 (Lotus 123 functions start at 0).
CHOOSE(index,expr1,expr2 ... expr): Selects an item from
the list of expressions at position given by index.
INDEX(row offset,column offset,range): Returns the value of
the cell located by the row and column offsets within
the indicated range.
MATCH(compare value,range,type): Returns the position within
the range of a cell matching the compare value.
Type = 1: Greatest number <= compare value
Type = 0: Exact match
Type = -1: Smallest number >= compare value
LOOKUP(compare value,lookup range,results range): Searches
the lookup range for the greatest value <= the compare
value and returns the value of the cell at the same
relative position within the results range.
HLOOKUP(compare value,row index,range): Horizontal lookup.
VLOOKUP(compare value,column index,range): Vertical lookup.
Both HLOOKUP and VLOOKUP search for the greatest value <=
the compare value and use index as an offset into the range.
For example, if cell A2 contains 2, VLOOKUP(1.5,2,A1:B3)
could match this cell, and it would return the value of cell
B2, since the column index was 2.
END
BEGIN
Simple Statistics:
All of the following functions accept a list of
expressions or ranges as arguments, and except where
noted, empty cells and labels are ignored in the
calculation.
SUM
PROD.......empty cells = 1, unless all are empty
MEAN
MEDIAN
VAR........VAR and SDEV are sample statistics
SDEV
VARP.......VARP and SDEVP are population statistics
SDEVP
SERR.......standard error
MAX
MIN
COUNT......counts number of values
RAND(lower bound,upper bound) returns a random number
falling between the two bounds.
END
BEGIN
Power:
LOG(expr)..........log base 10
LN(expr)...........log base e
EXP(expr)..........exponential function e^expr
POW(expr1,expr2)...expr1 raised to expr2 power
SQR(expr)..........square
SQRT(expr).........square root
Trigonometric:
SIN(expr)..........PC uses radians for all angles
COS(expr)
TAN(expr)
ASIN(expr)
ACOS(expr)
ATAN(expr)
ATAN2(x,y).........4 quadrant arctangent
RAD(expr)..........converts degrees to radians
DEG(expr)..........converts radians to degrees
PI()
END