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- ENLARGER.DOC by: Ira F. Kavaler - May, 1987
- Version 1.214 - 2/21/94
-
-
- Darkroom work.
- --------------
-
- This program can be used WITH CAUTION in a darkroom while printing
- negatives on photographic paper. It is used with an enlarger,
- enlarging photographic light meter (or projection print scale or
- photographic test strip print), and enlarger timer to determine the
- correct exposure for a print when one or more of the photographic
- variable have been changed after the initial exposure measurement (or
- test print) had been made. (Read the WARNING.DOC file before using
- your computer in your darkroom. It discusses radiation from your
- monitor which may inadvertently expose the photographic paper.)
-
-
- Using the program.
- ------------------
-
- Use whatever method you currently use to make your exposure
- measurement. I strongly suggest that you purchase an enlarging
- photographic light meter. I got a Patterson unit twenty years ago, and
- it has saved me a lot of time, photographic paper and money! The first
- print I make is acceptable 99-44/100 percent of the time!
-
- Enter the three variables for the exposure (magnification, lens
- aperture, and exposure time) into the program as the measured exposure.
-
-
- Magnification.
- --------------
-
- The magnification is the ratio of the print height (or width) to
- the negative height (or width). (Don't mix heights and widths; use
- one or the other, not both!) For 35mm negatives the height is 24 mm.
- (approximately one inch) and the width is 36 mm. (35mm refers to the
- film format, which is the width across the film strip, from edge to
- edge.)
-
- This measurement need not be accurate. If you use one type of
- film exclusively, you can calibrate your enlarger column and head
- setting for magnification by experimentation. For example, with a 35mm
- negative in the negative carrier of the enlarger (the image measures
- approximately one inch in height or width (actually vs. 25.4 mm. equals
- one inch), set the enlarger head to a four inch high image; this would
- be equivalent to a four times magnification, 4" / 1" = 4x. Remember to
- focus the enlarger before measuring the image (the image size changes
- during focusing). Mark the head and column to indicate 4x
- magnification. Repeat this process for other magnifications: 3.5x, 5x,
- 6x, 7x, 8x, ... 16x, 17x, 18x, 19x, 20x, etc. Keep a yard stick handy
- for those off-the-baseboard, hang-the-paper-on-the-wall very large
- enlargements. The magnification setting in the program is adjustable
- in 1/2 unit increments.
-
- Due to the inverse square law in physics, when the distance from
- the light source to the image is doubled, the brightness of the image
- is decreased by a factor of four.
-
-
- Lens aperture.
- --------------
-
- I have included lens apertures (f/stops) from f/0.7 to f/64, in
- one f/stop increments. This increment corresponds to the majority of
- enlarging lens aperture detentes. Remember that the experts say that
- you should try to exposure your prints with the lens set 2 f/stops open
- from the maximum (smallest) f/stop on your lens; for example, if you
- have a lens that closes down to f/16, you should try to make your
- prints at f/8 for maximum sharpness. Remember that as you close down
- the lens, your depth of field will increase along with your exposure
- time; going the other way, as you open the lens your exposure time
- will drop but your image focusing will be more critical. Here again I
- strongly suggest that you purchase a relatively good enlarger focusing
- aid; they're relatively inexpensive.
-
- The f/stop is the ratio of a lens focal length (while focused at
- infinity) to the widest opening of the aperture of the lens. Foe
- example, a 50mm lens having a maximum aperture of f/2 will have an
- opening of 25mm. As the lens is opened up one f/stop the brightness of
- the image will be doubled.
-
-
- Exposure time.
- --------------
-
- Your enlarging meter will determine the correct time for the
- exposure. Without a meter you will have to make a test print of one
- form or another, a waste of time, paper, chemicals, and money. If you
- did nothing else, you don't need my program!!!
-
- But what if you want to make a very large print and your enlarging
- meter doesn't have the light sensitivity to measure the faint image.
- Now you need my program. With an initial metering made at some
- measurable magnification, you enter this information into ENLARGER.
- Next you set up for the desired magnification, focus and measure the
- image (say) height which yields the desired magnification. You will
- also have to probably open the lens aperture to get more light on the
- paper, so note the desired aperture.
-
- Enter the desired (altered, new) information into ENLARGER, and it
- will tell you the desired exposure time. You can easily continue to
- change the aperture to get either the f/stop you feel is optimum or the
- exposure time you can tolerate.
-
- The time is adjustable for the measured exposure only, in one
- second increments. The time is computed for the desired exposure.
- Exposure time accumulates the brightness of the image on the
- photographic paper.
-
-
- A little information is dangerous.
- ----------------------------------
-
- If you learned about the physics of photograph from the negative
- standpoint you probably were not introduced to reciprocity. In
- photography reciprocity is the ability of the photosensitive material
- (negative, positive, or paper) to follow the rules of accumulating
- light purely mathematically. (What does that mean?)
-
- When exposing negatives, if the aperture is closed one f/stop the
- brightness on the negative is halved, and thus to maintain the same
- exposure, the exposure time must be doubled. For example, if the
- original exposure was 1 seconds at f/16, the new exposure will be 2
- seconds at f/22. This is an example of reciprocity, halving the light
- and doubling the time to keep the same exposure..
-
- When exposing photograph paper reciprocity doesn't usually hold
- true. If you close the aperture one f/stop the exposure time must be
- increased slightly more than double to maintain the same exposure. The
- increase is approximately 2.1 times. For example, if the original
- exposure was 10 seconds at f/4, the new exposure will be 21 seconds
- (not 20 seconds) at f/5.6. Notice that the time is more than doubled.
- This is an example of a lack of reciprocity.
-
- This same affect holds true for changing the magnification of the
- image. The program incorporates a mathematical compensation for the
- lack of reciprocity. Without this little explanation you might think I
- had an error in the program. My formulas were derived from analog
- calculators contained in the Eastman Kodak Darkroom Data Guide, the
- analog dial on my darkroom exposure meter, and my years of photographic
- experience.
-
-
- How to use the program.
- -----------------------
-
- After making the measured exposure, note the values of the
- magnification to the nearest 1/2 unit of magnification. Note the lens
- aperture to the nearest full f/stop, and the proper exposure time to
- the nearest second.
-
- Execute the program and when the program output screen appears (it
- has the large letters) you will see that the MEASURED EXPOSURE and
- Magnification headings are highlighted. When a heading is highlighted
- that item can be set. When the program starts a set of default
- settings will be displayed. These can be changed to suit your
- enlarger; I'll discuss that later.
-
- The space bar will alternate the highlight between the MEASURED
- and DESIRED exposure headings. The left and right arrow cursor keys
- will switch highlights within the row of items. The up and down arrow
- cursor keys will change the setting of the highlighted item in the
- increments (or decrements) mentioned earlier.
-
- Again, with the MEASURED EXPOSURE and Magnification labels
- highlighted, use the up and down keys to set the magnification to the
- value of your measured exposure. Use the right arrow key to advance
- the highlight to the Lens Aperture label and again use the up and down
- keys to set the f/stop. Once more use the right arrow key to highlight
- the Exposure Time and with the up and down keys set the time of the
- measured exposure.
-
- Now go back to the enlarger and recompose your image changing the
- magnification and/or lens aperture as you desire. Come back to the
- computer and press the space bar to highlight the DESIRED EXPOSURE.
- Using the four arrow keys enter the new magnification (if you changed
- it) and/or new lens aperture (if you changed it).
-
- Throughout the entire process of enter data into the program the
- proper intermediate values of the desired exposure time will be
- continually computed and displayed. Your desired exposure time is read
- once you have entered all your other data. You may change any settings
- at any time and again read the newly computed exposure time.
-
-
- Other options.
- --------------
-
- If you press the equal (=) key, the desired exposure data will be
- made the same as the measured exposure data. This is useful for
- resetting the values.
-
- If you set all the measured exposure data and have the MEASURED
- EXPOSURE heading highlighted and press the CAPITAL S, the measured
- exposure data and screen color will be saved in the start-up data file.
- These setting value will be initially displayed each time you start the
- program.
-
- The screen text colors can be changed by pressing the page up and
- page down keys. The page up key will cycle the color upwards from 1
- through 15 (black is excluded, and after color 7, the eight bright
- colors are displayed). The page down key will cycle the colors
- downwards from dim white color 7 through color 1, black and the eight
- bright colors, 8 to 15, are excluded.
-
- I have included shifted, control, and alternate up and down
- arrow inputs to more quickly set both magnification and exposure time;
- however, at present they operate only of Tandy series 1000 computers;
- IBM compatible implementation will occur shortly!
-
- Item Up/Down Shifted Control Alternate
- ------------- ------- ------- ------- ---------
- Magnification +/- 0.5 +/- 1 +/- 5 no change
- Lens Aperture +/- 1 no change no change no change
- Exposure Time +/- 1 +/- 5 +/- 10 +/- 20
-
-
- Here's the small print.
- -----------------------
-
- All versions of this program including its related files are being
- distributed on an "AS IS" basis. There is absolutely no stated or
- implied guarantee or warrantee of usability for any purpose or
- correctness of the formulas and procedures contained in any file.
-
- If you happen to discover an error in the program I will make
- every attempt to correct the error as quickly as possible. I am under
- no obligation to replace nor make refunds for defective full versions
- or demonstration/trial versions of the program. I have to take this
- posture as my cost to make even the simplest of corrections far
- outweighs any monetary compensation received for the full version of
- the program.
-
- If you require any special modifications to the program I will be
- happy to discuss on an individual basis the cost of supplying modified
- programs and documentation.
-
- The program was tested on a Tandy model 1000 SX using MS-DOS 3.3;
- IBM PS/2 model 80, using PC-DOS 3.3; and a Compaq Desk-Pro 486/33
- using MS-DOS 6.0.
-
-
- And now a word from our sponsor.
- --------------------------------
-
- You can get the latest version of this program by registering the
- program. When you register I will also include any other demonstration
- / trail programs that I have available. Please send $10.00 for an IBM
- compatible 5-1/4 or 3-1/2 inch 720 DS/DD or HD disk(s), your choice,
- to:
-
- IRA F. KAVALER
- 671 East 78 Street
- Brooklyn, New York 11236
-
-
- All inquiries that do not include the registration fee must be
- accompanied by a stamped self addressed return envelope.
-
- I reserve the right to discontinue support for, change the terms,
- or withdraw any part or all of this offer including but not limited to
- the programs and its associated files at any time without giving prior
- notice.
-
- No form of this program, registered or unregistered, may be used
- in commercial, educational, nor governmental applications without
- written authorization or a site lease from the author; such
- authorization and/or site lease may require that a substantial fee be
- paid to the author.
-
-
- 73's, de WA2ZIR.
- ----------------
-
- I welcome your suggestions and comments about this product and
- others. I won't promise that good suggestions will be added to the
- program, but they will be considered.
-
-
- Thank you.
-
-
- Appendix.
- ---------
-
- The operating systems, programs and companies mentioned in this file:
- Patterson, Eastman Kodak, PKWARE, PKZIP, PKUNZIP, MS-DOS, PC-DOS, LIST,
- BROWSE, SIMCGA, Hercules, Tandy Compaq, Arche, and IBM are all
- copyrights, trademarks, and/or service marks of other individuals or
- other corporations.
-
-
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