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ENLARGER.DOC
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1994-02-21
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ENLARGER.DOC by: Ira F. Kavaler - May, 1987
Version 1.214 - 2/21/94
Darkroom work.
--------------
This program can be used WITH CAUTION in a darkroom while printing
negatives on photographic paper. It is used with an enlarger,
enlarging photographic light meter (or projection print scale or
photographic test strip print), and enlarger timer to determine the
correct exposure for a print when one or more of the photographic
variable have been changed after the initial exposure measurement (or
test print) had been made. (Read the WARNING.DOC file before using
your computer in your darkroom. It discusses radiation from your
monitor which may inadvertently expose the photographic paper.)
Using the program.
------------------
Use whatever method you currently use to make your exposure
measurement. I strongly suggest that you purchase an enlarging
photographic light meter. I got a Patterson unit twenty years ago, and
it has saved me a lot of time, photographic paper and money! The first
print I make is acceptable 99-44/100 percent of the time!
Enter the three variables for the exposure (magnification, lens
aperture, and exposure time) into the program as the measured exposure.
Magnification.
--------------
The magnification is the ratio of the print height (or width) to
the negative height (or width). (Don't mix heights and widths; use
one or the other, not both!) For 35mm negatives the height is 24 mm.
(approximately one inch) and the width is 36 mm. (35mm refers to the
film format, which is the width across the film strip, from edge to
edge.)
This measurement need not be accurate. If you use one type of
film exclusively, you can calibrate your enlarger column and head
setting for magnification by experimentation. For example, with a 35mm
negative in the negative carrier of the enlarger (the image measures
approximately one inch in height or width (actually vs. 25.4 mm. equals
one inch), set the enlarger head to a four inch high image; this would
be equivalent to a four times magnification, 4" / 1" = 4x. Remember to
focus the enlarger before measuring the image (the image size changes
during focusing). Mark the head and column to indicate 4x
magnification. Repeat this process for other magnifications: 3.5x, 5x,
6x, 7x, 8x, ... 16x, 17x, 18x, 19x, 20x, etc. Keep a yard stick handy
for those off-the-baseboard, hang-the-paper-on-the-wall very large
enlargements. The magnification setting in the program is adjustable
in 1/2 unit increments.
Due to the inverse square law in physics, when the distance from
the light source to the image is doubled, the brightness of the image
is decreased by a factor of four.
Lens aperture.
--------------
I have included lens apertures (f/stops) from f/0.7 to f/64, in
one f/stop increments. This increment corresponds to the majority of
enlarging lens aperture detentes. Remember that the experts say that
you should try to exposure your prints with the lens set 2 f/stops open
from the maximum (smallest) f/stop on your lens; for example, if you
have a lens that closes down to f/16, you should try to make your
prints at f/8 for maximum sharpness. Remember that as you close down
the lens, your depth of field will increase along with your exposure
time; going the other way, as you open the lens your exposure time
will drop but your image focusing will be more critical. Here again I
strongly suggest that you purchase a relatively good enlarger focusing
aid; they're relatively inexpensive.
The f/stop is the ratio of a lens focal length (while focused at
infinity) to the widest opening of the aperture of the lens. Foe
example, a 50mm lens having a maximum aperture of f/2 will have an
opening of 25mm. As the lens is opened up one f/stop the brightness of
the image will be doubled.
Exposure time.
--------------
Your enlarging meter will determine the correct time for the
exposure. Without a meter you will have to make a test print of one
form or another, a waste of time, paper, chemicals, and money. If you
did nothing else, you don't need my program!!!
But what if you want to make a very large print and your enlarging
meter doesn't have the light sensitivity to measure the faint image.
Now you need my program. With an initial metering made at some
measurable magnification, you enter this information into ENLARGER.
Next you set up for the desired magnification, focus and measure the
image (say) height which yields the desired magnification. You will
also have to probably open the lens aperture to get more light on the
paper, so note the desired aperture.
Enter the desired (altered, new) information into ENLARGER, and it
will tell you the desired exposure time. You can easily continue to
change the aperture to get either the f/stop you feel is optimum or the
exposure time you can tolerate.
The time is adjustable for the measured exposure only, in one
second increments. The time is computed for the desired exposure.
Exposure time accumulates the brightness of the image on the
photographic paper.
A little information is dangerous.
----------------------------------
If you learned about the physics of photograph from the negative
standpoint you probably were not introduced to reciprocity. In
photography reciprocity is the ability of the photosensitive material
(negative, positive, or paper) to follow the rules of accumulating
light purely mathematically. (What does that mean?)
When exposing negatives, if the aperture is closed one f/stop the
brightness on the negative is halved, and thus to maintain the same
exposure, the exposure time must be doubled. For example, if the
original exposure was 1 seconds at f/16, the new exposure will be 2
seconds at f/22. This is an example of reciprocity, halving the light
and doubling the time to keep the same exposure..
When exposing photograph paper reciprocity doesn't usually hold
true. If you close the aperture one f/stop the exposure time must be
increased slightly more than double to maintain the same exposure. The
increase is approximately 2.1 times. For example, if the original
exposure was 10 seconds at f/4, the new exposure will be 21 seconds
(not 20 seconds) at f/5.6. Notice that the time is more than doubled.
This is an example of a lack of reciprocity.
This same affect holds true for changing the magnification of the
image. The program incorporates a mathematical compensation for the
lack of reciprocity. Without this little explanation you might think I
had an error in the program. My formulas were derived from analog
calculators contained in the Eastman Kodak Darkroom Data Guide, the
analog dial on my darkroom exposure meter, and my years of photographic
experience.
How to use the program.
-----------------------
After making the measured exposure, note the values of the
magnification to the nearest 1/2 unit of magnification. Note the lens
aperture to the nearest full f/stop, and the proper exposure time to
the nearest second.
Execute the program and when the program output screen appears (it
has the large letters) you will see that the MEASURED EXPOSURE and
Magnification headings are highlighted. When a heading is highlighted
that item can be set. When the program starts a set of default
settings will be displayed. These can be changed to suit your
enlarger; I'll discuss that later.
The space bar will alternate the highlight between the MEASURED
and DESIRED exposure headings. The left and right arrow cursor keys
will switch highlights within the row of items. The up and down arrow
cursor keys will change the setting of the highlighted item in the
increments (or decrements) mentioned earlier.
Again, with the MEASURED EXPOSURE and Magnification labels
highlighted, use the up and down keys to set the magnification to the
value of your measured exposure. Use the right arrow key to advance
the highlight to the Lens Aperture label and again use the up and down
keys to set the f/stop. Once more use the right arrow key to highlight
the Exposure Time and with the up and down keys set the time of the
measured exposure.
Now go back to the enlarger and recompose your image changing the
magnification and/or lens aperture as you desire. Come back to the
computer and press the space bar to highlight the DESIRED EXPOSURE.
Using the four arrow keys enter the new magnification (if you changed
it) and/or new lens aperture (if you changed it).
Throughout the entire process of enter data into the program the
proper intermediate values of the desired exposure time will be
continually computed and displayed. Your desired exposure time is read
once you have entered all your other data. You may change any settings
at any time and again read the newly computed exposure time.
Other options.
--------------
If you press the equal (=) key, the desired exposure data will be
made the same as the measured exposure data. This is useful for
resetting the values.
If you set all the measured exposure data and have the MEASURED
EXPOSURE heading highlighted and press the CAPITAL S, the measured
exposure data and screen color will be saved in the start-up data file.
These setting value will be initially displayed each time you start the
program.
The screen text colors can be changed by pressing the page up and
page down keys. The page up key will cycle the color upwards from 1
through 15 (black is excluded, and after color 7, the eight bright
colors are displayed). The page down key will cycle the colors
downwards from dim white color 7 through color 1, black and the eight
bright colors, 8 to 15, are excluded.
I have included shifted, control, and alternate up and down
arrow inputs to more quickly set both magnification and exposure time;
however, at present they operate only of Tandy series 1000 computers;
IBM compatible implementation will occur shortly!
Item Up/Down Shifted Control Alternate
------------- ------- ------- ------- ---------
Magnification +/- 0.5 +/- 1 +/- 5 no change
Lens Aperture +/- 1 no change no change no change
Exposure Time +/- 1 +/- 5 +/- 10 +/- 20
Here's the small print.
-----------------------
All versions of this program including its related files are being
distributed on an "AS IS" basis. There is absolutely no stated or
implied guarantee or warrantee of usability for any purpose or
correctness of the formulas and procedures contained in any file.
If you happen to discover an error in the program I will make
every attempt to correct the error as quickly as possible. I am under
no obligation to replace nor make refunds for defective full versions
or demonstration/trial versions of the program. I have to take this
posture as my cost to make even the simplest of corrections far
outweighs any monetary compensation received for the full version of
the program.
If you require any special modifications to the program I will be
happy to discuss on an individual basis the cost of supplying modified
programs and documentation.
The program was tested on a Tandy model 1000 SX using MS-DOS 3.3;
IBM PS/2 model 80, using PC-DOS 3.3; and a Compaq Desk-Pro 486/33
using MS-DOS 6.0.
And now a word from our sponsor.
--------------------------------
You can get the latest version of this program by registering the
program. When you register I will also include any other demonstration
/ trail programs that I have available. Please send $10.00 for an IBM
compatible 5-1/4 or 3-1/2 inch 720 DS/DD or HD disk(s), your choice,
to:
IRA F. KAVALER
671 East 78 Street
Brooklyn, New York 11236
All inquiries that do not include the registration fee must be
accompanied by a stamped self addressed return envelope.
I reserve the right to discontinue support for, change the terms,
or withdraw any part or all of this offer including but not limited to
the programs and its associated files at any time without giving prior
notice.
No form of this program, registered or unregistered, may be used
in commercial, educational, nor governmental applications without
written authorization or a site lease from the author; such
authorization and/or site lease may require that a substantial fee be
paid to the author.
73's, de WA2ZIR.
----------------
I welcome your suggestions and comments about this product and
others. I won't promise that good suggestions will be added to the
program, but they will be considered.
Thank you.
Appendix.
---------
The operating systems, programs and companies mentioned in this file:
Patterson, Eastman Kodak, PKWARE, PKZIP, PKUNZIP, MS-DOS, PC-DOS, LIST,
BROWSE, SIMCGA, Hercules, Tandy Compaq, Arche, and IBM are all
copyrights, trademarks, and/or service marks of other individuals or
other corporations.
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