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1994-02-09
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HYDROGEN :
▒H░ was recognized as a distinct substance in 1766 by Henry Cavendish;
it is the most abundant of all elements in the universe and it forms
more compounds than any other element; common names for isotopes are
Deuterium (▒D░) and Tritium (▒T░) (respectively).
▒H░ is an odorless,
colorless gas;
▒H░ burns in air to form
water; reacts with O2,
halogens, metals, non-
metals; forms hydrides;
▒^1H░ 99.985%
▒^2H░ 0.015%
▒^3H░ 12.3 yrs
▒H░ is explosive in air.
HELIUM:
▒He░ was discovered between 1868 & 1895 by Sir William Ramsay and
others; at ordinary pressure, it stays liquid down to absolute zero;
the liquid is used in cryoscopy.
▒He░ is an odorless, color-
less gas;
▒He░ is inert/unreactive;
slight reactive tendancy
toward Ne;
▒^3He░ <0.00001%
▒^4He░ ≈100%
▒^6He░ 0.8 sec
▒He░ is inert.
LITHIUM:
▒Li░ was discovered by Johann Arfvedson in 1817; it occurs naturally in
minerals like amblygonite, lepidolite, petalite & spodumene; it is not
miscible with molten K, Rb, & Cs & barely reacts with liq. Br2; a
unique property is its reactivity with N2 to give a ruby-red crystal-
line nitride Li3N; it can be used to remove nitrogen from other gases
and forms Li2O when burned in air/oxygen; it also tarnishes in air;
the ionic radius shown is for +1, CN 6; value for +1, CN 4 is 0.59Å.
▒Li░ is a silvery metal;
lightest of all metals;
▒Li░ is solu. in liq.
ammonia & alcohols; reacts
with liq. Br2, H2O, C, H,
O2, alcohols;
▒^6Li░ 7.5%
▒^7Li░ 92.5%
▒^8Li░ 0.8 sec
▒░None.
BERYLLIUM:
▒Be░ was discovered in 1798 by Louis Vauquelin and isolated
(independently) in 1828 by Friedrich Wohler and A. A. Bussy; it is also
called Glucinium; Be is found naturally as beryl [Be3Al2(SiO3)6], often
occurring as large, hexagonal prisms; because of its surface oxide
film, it is resistant to acids when not finely divided or amalgamated;
it dissolves (within this order) in dilute HF > H2SO4 ≈ HCl > HNO3; rapid
dissolution in 3M H2SO4 & 5M NH4F; forms beryllate ion in strong bases.
▒Be░ is a hard & brittle
gray metal;
▒Be░ is solu. in water,
acids, & bases; reacts
with halogens & bases;
▒ ^7Be░ 53.25 days
▒ ^9Be░ 100%
▒^1^0Be░ 1.5 mill. yrs
▒^1^1Be░ 13.8 sec
▒Be░ is toxic -- handle with great care!
SODIUM:
▒Na░ was isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807; it occurs naturally as
NaCl as well as in minerals like cryolite, soda niter, zeolite, etc;
also occurs in high abundance in lithosphere (2.6%); liq. Na is studied
as a nuclear reactor coolant; Na forms the Na-K alloy & is miscible
with other Group I elements although Li is a weak mix; shows fast
reaction in mercury, vigorous reaction in water, but barely reacts
with liq. Br2; reactions in alcohols form alkoxides; ionic radius given
is for +1, CN 9; value for +1, CN 6 is 1.02Å.
▒Na░ is a silvery metal
▒Na░ is solu. in liq.
ammonia, mercury & alco-
hols; reacts with H2O, liq.
Br2, C, H, O2, alcohols;
▒^2^1Na░ 22.5 sec
▒^2^2Na░ 2.6 yrs
▒^2^3Na░ 100%
▒^2^4Na░ 15 hrs
▒░Spontaneous ignition in water.
MAGNESIUM:
▒Mg░ was first recognized as an element in 1755 by Joseph Black; Sir
Humphry Davy then isolated it in 1808; it is the eighth most abundant
element in earth's crust, and it also occurs in the sea & in minerals
like dolomite (CaCO3∙MgCO3] and carnallite (MgCl2∙KCl∙6(H20)); it is
attacked by alkyl & aryl halides in ether to give Grignard; Mg burns
readily in air when finely divided; water should not be used to put
out a Mg fire.
▒Mg░ is a grayish, white,
tough metal;
▒Mg░ is solu. in dilute
acids; reacts with halides;
▒^2^4Mg░ 78.99%
▒^2^5Mg░ 10.00%
▒^2^6Mg░ 11.01%
▒^2^7Mg░ 9.45 min
▒^2^8Mg░ 21 hrs
▒░May flame up (pwdr) in air.
BORON:
Both Sir Humphry Davy and the pair Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac & Louis
Jacques Thenard discovered ▒B░ (independently) in 1808; it occurs in
nature as borax [Na2B4O5(OH)4∙8(H2O)], kernite [Na2B4O5(OH)4∙2(H2O)],
tourmaline, & ulexite; it is always trivalent, and its most stable
form is the amorphous brownish-black solid for which data is given;
specific gravity of the yellowish crystal form is 2.34; this yellow
form is extremely inert and not affected by boiling HCl or HF. Hot,
conc. HNO3 will slowly oxidize this crystalline form when it is
finely pwdered.
▒B░ is a hard, brown-black
solid.
▒B░ is solu. in hot conc.
HNO3; very corrosive &
forms some B-H cmp'ds.
▒ ^8B░ 0.77 sec
▒^1^0B░ 19.9%
▒^1^1B░ 80.1%
▒B░ is toxic and very corrosive needing
special care.
CARBON:
▒C░ has been known since ancient times; it is the hardest known solid
and is found free in nature; it has four forms: amorphous black with
spec. grav. of 1.8 to 2.1; hexagonal, black graphite with spec. grav.
of 1.9 to 2.3; diamond, for which data is given, and "white" carbon
which is thought to exist; graphite sublimation is at 3367 ± 25°C and
its magnetic susceptibility is -6.0 (10^-^6 cgs); graphite's density is
2.22 g/cm^3; graphite is more stable than diamond; somewhere near ten
million carbon compounds are known to exist, and its chemistry is
quite extensive; it is the basis for life itself.
▒C░ is a hard, colorless
solid
▒C░ usually forms covalent
bonds; very extensive
solu. and reactivity!
▒^1^0C░ 19.3 sec
▒^1^1C░ 20.3 min
▒^1^2C░ 98.9%
▒^1^3C░ 1.1%
▒^1^4C░ 5715 yrs
▒░None.
NITROGEN:
▒N░ was discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772; it occurs naturally as
N2 in about 78% by volume of the earth's atmousphere; N has two
allotropes, and the α-form -> ß-form transition occurs at -237°C;
forms some stable cmpd's with incomplete octets; CAS# given for N2;
CAS # for N is 17778-88-0.
▒N░ is a colorless, odor-
less gas.
▒N░ reacts w/ lithium and
several transition metal
complexes.
▒^1^3N░ 10 min
▒^1^4N░ 99.63%
▒^1^5N░ 0.37%
▒^1^6N░ 7.1 sec
▒░None.
OXYGEN:
▒O░ was discovered by Joseph Priestly; it occurs naturally as a mixture
of ^1^6O(99.759%), ^1^7O (0.0374%), and ^1^8O (0.2039%); ^1^8O is used as a
tracer; Oxygen has two allotropic forms: O2 (stable) & O3 (ozone) which
is highly reactive; upon heating, it combines with almost all other
elements and is readily soluable in organic solvents (even just by
pouring solvents in air); the ionic radius given is for O^-^2, CN 6; for
O^-^2, CN 3 it is 1.36Å; CAS# given is for O2; for O it is 17778-80-2.
▒O░ is a pale blue, odor-
less, tasteless gas.
▒O░ is reacts w/ & is readily
solu. in many compounds.
▒^1^4O░ 1.18 min
▒^1^5O░ 2 min
▒^1^6O░ 99.76%
▒^1^7O░ 0.04%
▒^1^8O░ 0.20%
▒O░ is non-toxic, however ozone is quite
dangerous.
FLUORINE:
▒F░ was isolated by Henri Moisson in 1886; it occurs naturally as com-
pounds like F2, cryolite (Na3AlF6), fluorapatite [3(Ca3)((PO4)2)Ca(F,Cl)2,
or fluorite (CaF2); F is the most chemically reactive (often extremely
vigorous) of all elements; it may be possible to substitute flourine
for hydrogen wherever H occurs in organic compounds; organic
compounds often inflame or burn when attacked by F; free floating
flourine has a detectable, strong smell; the given CAS# is for F2; CAS#
for F is 14762-94-8; F is generally handled in metal apparatus.
▒F░ is a yellow gas.
▒F░ is corrosive and reactive
with most elements except
light noble gases, O2 & N2.
▒^1^7F░ 1.08 min
▒^1^8F░ 1.8 hrs
▒^1^9F░ 100%
▒^2^0F░ 11 sec
▒F░ is highly toxic; handle with care!
NEON:
▒Ne░ was discovered in 1898 by Sir William Ramsay & Morris William
Travers; it occurs naturally in air at 0.00182% and is often used in
discharge tubes for its red-orange spectral emissions; Ne is listed as
ferromagnetic; it is basically unreactive but may react with flourine,
and it may form cations alone or with H, He, or Ar.
▒Ne░ is a colorless gas.
▒Ne░ is very unreactive
but may react w/ F.
▒^2^0Ne░ 90.48%
▒^2^1Ne░ 0.27%
▒^2^2Ne░ 9.25%
▒^2^3Ne░ 37 sec
▒^2^4Ne░ 3.4 min
▒░None.
ALUMINUM:
▒Al░ was discovered (or isolated) by Friedrich Wöhler in 1827; it occurs
naturally in silicates such as feldspars & micas, as bauxite, and as
cryolite (Na3AlF6) and is terrestrially the most abundant metal; Al
forms cationic complexes and resists corrosion because of formation of
a tough oxide film on its surface; it is also soluable in a mixture of
HCl with CuCl2 (see Chemical Properties too); the ionic radius given
is for Al^+^3, CN 6; for Al^+^3, CN 4 the ionic radius is 0.39Å; the
magn. susc. for liq. Al is 12.0 x 10^-^6 cgs.
▒Al░ is a hard, strong,
white metal.
▒Al░ is solu. in dil. mineral
acids or NaOH, passivated
in conc. HNO3; attacked by hot
alkali hydroxides, halogens,
and various non-metals.
▒^2^6Al░ 0.7 mill. yrs
▒^2^7Al░ 100%
▒^2^8Al░ 2.25 min
▒^2^9Al░ 6.5 min
▒Al░ is non-toxic.
SILICON:
Jöns Berzelius discovered ▒Si░ in 1824; approximately 28% of the earth's
crust is Si, and it also occurs in many oxide and silicate compounds
such as agate, asbestos, clay, flint, granite, quartz, sand, etc.; the
amorphous form is a brown powder while the crystalline form has a
metallic luster and a gray color; given is the ionic radius is for Si^+^4
CN 4; while Si is generally harmless, cutting of Si compounds can pro-
duce a dust which leads to a dangerous lung disease called silicosis.
▒Si░ is a gray, metallic
solid.
▒Si░ is solu. in HF; fairly
unreactive, but attacked by
halogens, alkalis & HF.
▒^2^8Si░ 92.23%
▒^2^9Si░ 4.67%
▒^3^0Si░ 3.10%
▒^3^1Si░ 2.6 hrs
▒^3^2Si░ 160 yrs
▒Si░ exhibits danger as silicosis from
Si compounds.
PHOSPHORUS:
Hennig Brand discovered ▒P░ in 1669; there are many phosphate minerals
in which it occurs naturally; there are 3 forms of phosphorous: white
which is highly reactive & toxic (and for which data is given), black
which is formed by heating white under pressure, and red which is
obtained by heating white in a sealed vessel; the respective stabili-
ties are: white < red < black, however, all forms eventually return to
white; white has an α-form and a ß-form with transition occuring at
-3.8°C; additional densities are red = 2.34 g/cm^3, and black = 2.70
g/cm^3; additional magn. susc. are red = -20.8 x 10^-^6 cgs, black =
-26.6 x 10^-^6 cgs; the ionic radius for P^+^3 is 2.12Å; store white P
under water.
▒P░ is a soft, white, waxy
solid; also red, black, &
(violet?) forms.
▒P░ is soluable in CS2 or
benzene; it reacts w/ H, O,
N, halogens, & many organic
cmp'ds.
▒^3^0P░ 2.5 min
▒^3^1P░ 100%
▒^3^2P░ 14.3 days
▒^3^3P░ 25 days
▒P░ is poisonous, flames in air.
SULFUR:
▒S░ has been in use for a long period of time; it occurs naturally as
H2S, SO2, and in sulfide minerals & sulfates such as anhydrite, galena,
celestite, barite, and so on; sulfur is often found by volcanos and
hot springs; α cyclo-S8 is the common form; however, it transforms to
the monoclinic ß-form at 95.5°C; it also forms rings of 6 to 12, 18, or
20 atoms; it is a good electrical insulator and is used primarily for
manufacturing sulfuric acid, vulcanizing rubber, and making a sulfides
(like CS2 & P2S5); the ionic radius given is for S^+^6, CN 4; for S^+^6,
CN 6 it is 0.29Å; additionally, the potential for S + 2e^- -> S^2^- is
-0.47627 volts; sulfur is solu. in CS2, organic amines, & non-polar
solvents like benzene & cyclohexane; it burns in air & reacts with
halogens, most metals & non-metals and is not affected by
non-oxidizing acids.
▒S░ is a brittle yellow solid
w/ a more rare red form.
▒S░ is solu. in CS2 & some
organic solvents; it burns
in air & reacts w/ halogens,
most metals & non-metals;
▒^3^2S░ 95.02%
▒^3^3S░ 0.75%
▒^3^4S░ 4.21%
▒^3^5S░ 87 days
▒^3^6S░ 0.02%
▒S░ has many dangerous compounds and
should be handled w/ care.
CHLORINE:
▒Cl░ was discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774; it occurs naturally
as NaCl and, to a lesser extent, as diatomic gas; it is moderately
soluable in water with which it reacts, and it is often substituted for
H where H exists in organic molecules; Cl is very reactive; the given
CAS# is for Cl2; for Cl the reference # is not known.
▒Cl░ is a pale, greenish gas
▒Cl░ reacts w/ nearly all
elements and, to some
extent, water.
▒^3^5Cl░ 76%
▒^3^6Cl░ 0.3 mill. yrs
▒^3^7Cl░ 24%
▒^3^8Cl░ 37 min
▒^3^9Cl░ 55.6 min
▒Cl░ is a toxic respiratory & skin
irritant;
ARGON:
Ar░ was discovered by Lord Rayleigh & Sir William Ramsay in 1894; it
occurs naturally as 0.934% in air; it is very unreactive and is used
primarily for welding & in gas filled electric light bulbs.
▒Ar░ is colorless & odorless;
▒Ar░ forms cations w/ Ne, Kr,
& Xe & is solu. in water;
basically unreactive.
▒^3^6Ar░ 0.34%
▒^3^8Ar░ 0.06%
▒^3^9Ar░ 268 yrs
▒^4^0Ar░ 99.60%
▒^4^2Ar░ 33 yrs
▒░None.