Monster Media 1994 #1/monster.zip/monster/FREQ_QA/FEMIN03.ZIP/FEMIN03.TXT

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Archive-name: feminism/info
Version: 1.5
Last-modified: 9 September 1993

This is an informational post about the newsgroup soc.feminism.
It is posted every 25 days.

Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to rtfm.mit.edu
under /pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism/info.  Or, send email to
[e-mail] with
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/info
in the body of the message, leaving the subject line empty.

NEW: the current charter for this group is included below.


  History of soc.feminism

    This group was formed in late 1989.  There was considerable
    debate over the subject matter of the group, who would be allowed
    to post, who would moderate, and what the name of the group would
    be.  There was a large contingent of people who were afraid that
    the purpose of soc.feminism would be to provide a women-only
    feminist-supportive environment, and they ensured that the charter
    of soc.feminism would allow pro-feminist and anti-feminist views,
    and be open to both women and men.  In the end, four moderators
    were selected to moderate the group.

    As for the name of the group, it was nearly named talk.feminism,
    but soc.feminism won out.  The decision was somewhat political, as
    it was felt that more sites carried soc. groups than talk. groups.

    It turns out that the subject matter of the group has evolved
    toward a basic assumption of the notion that women deserve a basic
    equality with men, with the disagreement focused on how to best
    achieve that, or the prices we pay for a certain route.
    Unfortunately, many of _these_ disagreements overwhelm the group
    at times, and we are working on ways to tone this down without
    invalidating different reader's points of views.  Women and men
    both of diverse views have always been welcome to post.

    The original proposer of soc.feminism was Patricia Roberts, who
    collected the votes, worked with Greg Woods to set up a program
    allowing multiple moderators and chose the initial moderators.  We
    were the first multiply moderated group: soc.religion.islam,
    rec.arts.sf.reviews and sci.physics.research have followed suit.

    The four original moderators of soc.feminism were Cindy Tittle
    [Moore], Miriam H.  Nadel, Jean Marie Diaz and Valerie Maslak.
    Valerie dropped out about a year later when faced with increasing
    net-connection trouble.  Jean Marie Diaz has not moderated since
    the summer of 1991, and Miriam Nadel has taken an extended leave
    of absence after taking up consulting work since mid 1992.

    Muffy Barkocy became a new moderator in December of 1991, and
    Paul Wallich joined us in the beginning of 1993.

    We always keep our eyes open for another moderator (send email to
    [e-mail] if interested).

    People who objected to soc.feminism's moderated format created
    the group alt.feminism in protest in the summer of 1992.

    Some dissatisfaction with how the group was progressing was
    discussed in the summer of 1993.  A full scale discussion on a
    charter proposed by the moderators resulted and the charter was
    adopted at the end of the summer.  Note that prior to this
    soc.feminism had had no charter, and used an informal set of
    guidelines instead.

  Charter

    Soc.feminism is a feminist discussion forum.  Discussion on
    feminist theory, experiences, and opinion are all welcomed. The
    basic validity of feminism as a viewpoint, however, is not to be
    considered at issue.  That is, no anti-feminist postings will be
    allowed.  Note that "anti-feminist" does not necessarily include
    those who question feminist tenents so long as the intent is to
    find a better direction to take rather than to dismantle feminism.

    The overall goal of the newsgroup is to provide information to
    those wishing to learn more about feminism and to serve as a
    resource to those who consider themselves feminists.  To this end,
    thoughtful, informational, well-organized and non-inflammatory
    articles will be preferred.  Speculations and opinions should be
    clearly labelled as such, and sweeping generalizations about
    feminism (and women, and men) should be strictly avoided, in the
    spirit of recognizing that feminism takes many forms, opinions and
    positions.

    For the purposes of this newsgroup, a working definition of
    feminism is as follows:

    1. The belief that women and men are, and have been, treated
       differently by our society, and that women have frequently and
       systematically been unable to participate fully in all social
       arenas and institutions.

    2. A desire to change that situation.

    3. That this gives a "new" point-of-view on society, when
       eliminating old assumptions about why things are the way they
       are, and looking at it from the perspective that women are not
       inferior and men are not "the norm."

    Obviously people will differ on the implications, opinions and
    course of action necessary that they derive from this basic
    position. Topical content is expected to be of interest to
    feminism.  A wide variety of topics may be discussed; if the topic
    is no longer obviously feminist related, discussion may continue,
    as long as participants make it clear how their feminist views
    affect their opinions on the topic.  The topics of rape and
    abortion are prohibited from this group, and discussion on these
    is directed to talk.rape and talk.abortion, respectively.
    Informational postings describing abortion rallies or Take Back
    the Night activities are the only exceptions.  Inflammatory
    articles, ad-hominem or personal attacks are also prohibited.

    The parallel topic of equal rights for men is not to be the
    primary focus of this group.  In particular, posts pointing an
    accusing finger at feminism for not being right there to create
    shelters for abused husbands or diverting/dismissing discussion on
    discrimination against women by pointing out where men are
    discriminated against instead are prohibited.  Feminism is
    primarily concerned with eliminating bias against women; efforts
    to eliminate bias against men are equally laudable; but discussion
    of same will be steered toward soc.men, alt.dads-rights and other
    suitable forums.  This is not to say that all discussion will
    ignore the situation of men, or how to make that better; most
    feminists do want to make things better for all people and in
    particular many radical feminists point out that you can't do one
    without the other.  Discussion of men's rights is not prohibited,
    but such discussion may not be used as a means for invalidating
    other topics.

    Since there are many conflicting aspects of feminist thought, we
    know that posters to soc.feminism will disagree on some issues.
    Nevertheless, an attitude of *mutual respect* is expected.
    Soc.feminism is not to be a place for "conversion" -- people are
    not expected to convert non-feminists to feminism or vice versa.
    Neither are people expected to convert others from one flavor of
    feminism to another.  Therefore, responses to a post that one
    disagrees with are not expected to pick apart that post but to
    describe alternate points of view and their supporting reasons.
    For example, if an article posts "a, b, and c" and you disagree,
    an article that says "I disagree, I think d, e, and f" will be
    preferred over "I disagree: not a, not b, and not c". Note that
    polite critiques, especially as part of minority views in
    feminism, will usually be accepted, but individuals who
    consistently post only critiques may be asked to contribute
    positive and informational articles about topics they're
    interested in instead.  If we can't distinguish your article as an
    honest critique from an anti-feminist stance, we will ask you to
    clarify your position in your post.

    In borderline cases, depth of thought, originality and good
    writing will count. That is, an interesting posting will be
    preferred to a dull one. Decisions of the moderators based on
    these subjective factors are final.

    Those whose articles do not meet the above criteria are encouraged
    to explore alternative groups such as: alt.feminism,
    alt.dads-rights, soc.feminism.d (if created), soc.men, soc.women,
    talk.abortion, talk.politics.misc, and talk.rape.

  Soc.feminism FAQ's

    Soc.feminism publishes several FAQ's (Frequently Asked Questions)
    on a monthly basis (this posting is one of them).  The others are
    FAQ's on: References (books and articles on feminism, in three
    parts), Terminologies (descriptions of different "kinds" of
    feminism, esp.  as used in this newsgroup), and Resources (a
    compilation of various organizations and groups of, for, and by,
    women).  Two more: a history of feminism and a discussion of
    violence, are in the works.

    To obtain these FAQs, ftp to rtfm.mit.edu and look under
    /pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism.  If you cannot use ftp, send
    email to the mail server at [e-mail] with no
    subject line, and any combinantion of the lines below (select the
    ones to get the FAQ's you're interested in) in the body of your
    message.

      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/info
      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/terms
      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/resources
      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs1
      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs2
      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs3

    Note that you must repeat the full path name for each included line.

  Digest

    There is a digest version of soc.feminism available.  Write to
    [e-mail] for details or to subscribe.  It is
    mailed out about once a week or so depending on volume and
    consists of what has been posted (no editing).  This is NOT
    automated; you are sending email to a person at feminism-digest.

  Submissions and Requests addresses

    To submit an article to soc.feminism, post as you normally do for
    other, non-moderated groups.  This should work for most people.
    If you have trouble with this, email the article to
    [e-mail].  This will treat it exactly as any other
    article posted to soc.feminism (in fact, this is the address that
    your newsreader should email the intercepted article to).  If you
    have questions about the group, you can send your questions to
    [e-mail].  This address will forward your
    mail to all active moderators (moderators take vacations, too).
    Please do not send email specifically to any one moderator unless
    you have been requested to do so, as email addresses may change.

  General Guidelines for submission

    You should first note that these guidelines are just that.  They
    cannot precisely spell out exactly what will be accepted and what
    will be rejected.  Much can depend on context, for example.  In
    addition, there are always new takes on topics, and a set of
    guidelines could not hope to enumerate them all.

    Articles must be relevant to feminism.  They may not contain
    ad-hominem attacks or flames.

    Discussion of the moderation of the group (what happened to an
    article, whether or not an article is really appropriate, etc.)
    must be sent to [e-mail].  Such discussion
    will not be posted to the newsgroup.  This is not hard and fast,
    and discussion on the nature of the group's moderation has in
    the past occured on soc.feminism.

    Two topics that are of general feminist interest that are severely
    restricted here are abortion and rape.  This is partly because the
    topics are inherently inflammatory and because there exist
    talk.abortion and talk.rape newsgroups to carry on full-fledged
    debates.  Some discussion *is* allowed, mostly as long as the
    articles are not inflammatory and as long as the primary focus is
    on the topic's relationship with feminism.  Informative articles
    (e.g., about specific groups, or calls for marches, or official
    positions of feminist organizations, etc) are allowed.  You should
    note that while soc.feminism takes no official position on the
    question of abortion, the majority of abortion-related articles
    that are approved tend to be pro-choice simply because most of the
    articles submitted are.  This should not be construed to reflect
    the personal opinions of the moderators, or of any individual
    posting to soc.feminism.

    Every now and then someone posts a question of the form "This is a
    feminist newsgroup, but I never see any women posting to it!"
    This may or may not be accompanied by a plea for men to reduce
    their posting.  In the first place, simple demographics of USENET
    mean that there are overwhelmingly more men than women with access
    to USENET/email.  The existence, however, of some groups that are
    almost totally female or balanced more 50-50, points to other
    problems than simple demographics.  Many women have complained
    that soc.feminism is still "too hostile" for other women; there
    are undoubtedly many others that refrain from posting because of
    the negative aspects of being labelled or considered a feminist.
    If you are a woman and would like to see more women post, the only
    practical action you can take is ... to post.  Asking men to
    refrain from posting is simply unfair, especially given USENET's
    public nature.  There are a number of women-only forums, pointers
    to which appear in the Resources FAQ.

    There are many other topics that flare up into prolonged and
    protracted disagreements.  Chief among these are 1) the question
    of gender neutral language, 2) the actual statistics on
    spouse-beating or other crimes in comparing which gender is "worse
    off," 3) the propriety of "women only" events when "men only" are
    always attacked as sexist (including the question of women-only
    colleges).  These topics have come up many times and most regular
    readers would be appreciative if you check and even read some of
    the references given on these topics in the References post before
    jumping in or starting such a topic.  This gives everybody a
    common basis to discuss from.  While these topics are not
    forbidden, they may be stopped at the moderators' discretion when
    circularity starts to occur.

    Other articles that are otherwise perfectly acceptable may be
    rejected if a number of prior articles have made the same point,
    e.g., someone asks for a book title, or someone makes a point and
    a number of people make the same counterpoint.  "Me too" and "What
    s/he said" articles are generally rejected as well.  The aim is
    to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio as much as possible.

    The subject of homosexuality is relatively sensitive.  We will not
    post anything we deem homophobic (we consider this to fall under
    unwarranted attacks that are already forbidden).  Many articles on
    or about lesbianism are considered relevant to feminism because of
    the close association between feminism and lesbianism.  Articles
    about gay males are accepted if there is a clear relevance to
    feminism present.  The point is, there are ties between feminism
    and homosexuality, whether or not one disapproves of it.  Those
    ties can be discussed so long as the question of whether or not
    homosexuality is "right" or "wrong" is avoided (since such
    discussion is irrelevant to feminism).  Here's a check list:
      * Gay rights in general are structurally similar to women's
        rights, black rights, minority rights, etc.  They may be
        acceptable (as would black or minority rights articles) if
        there are parallels drawn with feminism or some other clearly
        drawn link.
      * Because much of the theory of patriarchy revolves around how
        female sexuality is directed and used for the benefit of the
        patriarchy, Lesbianism is a direct challenge to the
        patriarchy, especially in Western cultures. Therefore most
        articles on Lesbianism are relevant.
      * Anti-gay rhetoric is not acceptable.  Calm and reasoned
        arguments against homosexuality is not acceptable.
        Soc.feminism is not a forum for whether or not homosexuality
        is "right" or "wrong."

    If the post includes private email, be sure to obtain that
    individual's permission before posting it.  There are no legal
    rules about this (yet), but it is requested as part of general
    net.etiquette for this group.

    If you are posting material that may be copyrighted, please give
    all information about where it comes from.  Partial quotes,
    newspaper articles, book blurbs and the like are generally OK, but
    with full source information, we can decide whether such postings
    potentially infringe copyright law.  We will not post articles
    that violate copyright law: examples include entire newspaper or
    magazine articles, or substantial portions of books.  A review
    that extensively quotes such a source is OK, a commentary on such
    a source without as much quoting is better.

    Posting pointers alone to discussions in other groups is not
    generally allowed.  However, a discussion of such a thread in
    another group is perfectly fine, eg, summarizing the discussion
    and adding your thoughts to it.  Remember that we do not crosspost
    any soc.feminism articles in any case.

    Finally, please edit out all unnecessary quoted text and pay
    attention to your attributions.  We have done some ourselves when
    it seemed necessary, but we do not feel that this should be part
    of our job.  Therefore, your article may be returned with a
    request to streamline it if you do not take care to remove old
    signatures, excess text, unrelated points and the like.

  Multiple Moderation

    This group is moderated by several moderators, each working
    independently.  Submissions are sent to [e-mail],
    where one current moderator is selected, and the article forwarded
    to that moderator only.  This means that there is some variation
    in what is approved or not, since there is inherent individual
    variation between different people.  We do try to minimize this
    variation by consulting with each other on the occassional,
    problematic, article.  However, the whole purpose of multiple
    moderation is to reduce the load on any one individual, therefore
    we do not consult each other over every posting we get.  Please
    keep this in mind if you have a complaint which may be related to
    this.

  Anonymous Posting

    We have posted articles anonymously for contributors before.  In
    general, you must satisfy us that you have a good reason for
    remaining anonymous.  You will not be anonymous to the moderators,
    but your article will be posted without identifying material if we
    consent to posting it anonymously.  For articles that you wish to
    be posted anonymously, you must preface it with your request and
    your reasons for the request.  We will not post it if we think
    that your reasons are insufficient or deceitful; you will be
    informed via email of the decision.  In any case, your identity
    will be kept confidential.

    Mail "handles" are not considered anonymous; anonymity is when
    there is no email address available to reach the person who posted
    the article.  Soc.feminism has no policy regarding the common
    practice of using a fanciful name or nickname instead of the real
    name in the "handle" field.

    There are several anonymous mail servers that set up a double
    anonymous connection: when you send mail to it, it gives you an
    anonymous email address, and anyone responding to that email
    address gets an anonymous address of their own.  We do not have
    any objections to people using this software (since you provide a
    valid email address to send to), but be aware that some of these
    services are a bit buggy and may cause us problems especially if
    we reject your article.

  Editorial Policy

    If the moderator who receives your article thinks that it is
    generally OK if it is somewhat edited, you will get your article
    back with comments.  At this point, you can change it and send it
    back directly to that moderator.  If you feel that changes are
    unreasonable, you can appeal to the feminism-request address.
    Articles that are rejected receive a "rejection notice"; again if
    you think it was unfounded, drop a note to feminism-request.  If
    you sent an article and it has not appeared nor have you received
    email about it, you may wish to enquire via feminism-request.  Do
    keep in mind, though, that articles may sit for a while;
    moderators do not necessarily check their mail over the weekends,
    and that site connectivity may mean that your site will not
    receive your article from the moderator's site within the time you
    expect.  However, email is not perfect and has been known to send
    mail into giant black holes, so bear with us.

    The moderators may make cosmetic modifications to articles that have
    lines that are too long, have their attributions mixed up, or
    quote excessive material.  Moderators will occasionally inject
    their comments, usually to the effect of advising people where
    followups are going to, warning of topic drift, or some other
    explanatory note.  Any further modifications are always after
    consultation with the original author as described in the previous
    paragraph.

--------------

Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so
on to [e-mail].

Thank you,

--Cindy Tittle Moore

"The last thing feminism is about is exclusion.  Feminists can be
defined as those women and men who recognize that the earth doesn't
revolve around anybody's son---or around any one group."
  -- Regina Barreca, _They Used to Call Me Snow White...But I Drifted_


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Area # 2120  news.answers           02-25-94 01:54      Message # 6640
From    : [e-mail]
To      : ALL
Subj    : soc.feminism References

 @SUBJECT:soc.feminism References (part 1 of 3)
 @PACKOUT:03-01-94°
Fr
Message-ID: <feminism/[e-mail]>
Newsgroup: soc.feminism,soc.answers,news.answers
Organization: Disorganized in Orange County, CA

Archive-name: feminism/refs1
Version: 2.3
Last-modified: 15 February 1993

This posting contains useful feminist references for the newsgroup
soc.feminism.

Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to
rtfm.mit.edu under
/pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs1.  Or, send email to
[e-mail] with
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs1
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs2
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs3
in the body of the message, leaving the subject line empty.

Summary of changes:
Marked with |'s at beginning of lines.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Prologue.

 1.  Academia and Sciences.
 2.  Families and Work.
 3.  Feminism and Psychology.
     (incl. sexualization, socialization, gender roles).
 4.  Education.
 5.  Feminist Theory and Overviews.
 6.  Folklore.
 7.  Gendered Communication and Language.
 8.  Gender Differences.
[9-16 continued in part II, 17-24 continued in part III]


Prologue.
---------

This post contains commonly cited and/or useful references on various
topics that come up in this newsgroup.  Because of the nature of these
discussions, it is helpful if you are familiar with at least some of
the materials listed under the topic.  This is NOT a "You Must Read
Every Book On This List Before Participating In Soc.feminism" mandate,
but be aware that some familiarity with books on a particular topic
makes the ensuing discussion less frustrating for our regular readers
who have seen many similar discussions before.

**********************************************************************
** In particular, if you have a question along the lines of "What   **
** can you tell me about <topic>?" you would do better to check the **
** sources listed here first before trying to garner explanations   **
** over the newsgroup.                                              **
**********************************************************************

This list is undergoing continual modification and I welcome
additional references for inclusion.  In particular, I would like a
wide variety of feminist opinion on each topic.  I would also like
your input on what "must reads" should be included under particular
topics.  Most of these books focus on feminism in the US; I would love
more references to Canadian, British, European, Asian, African and
Latin American feminism.  If you have any corrections to point out, by
all means, let me know if I've misspelled names or misattributed
works.

References marked with an asterisk are incomplete entries that I was
unable to verify in the on-line catalogue.  In most cases, I think
these are references to articles in magazines or books.  Any help with
these would be appreciated.

Disclaimer: The presence of any particular book in here does not
necessarily reflect my views.  There are often short blurbs
contributed by many people along with the references; no guarantee is
made as to their accuracy.  If you wish to comment on any entry in
here, please feel free to do so.

I hope you are inspired to pick up any of these works and start reading!


1.  Academia and Sciences.
--------------------------

1989 National Survey of Women Engineers, The Cooper Union.
Available on request from the Albert Nerken School of Engineering, 51
Astor Place, New York, NY 10003.

*See New Scientist, P. 8, 9/26/92, volume 135 for story on fighting
sexism in astronomy.

"Survey of Graduate Students", Presidential Committee on Women
Students Interests, Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1987.

"A Celebration of Women in Science," _Discover_, December 1991.
    Contains eleven profiles of successful women in a wide range of
    fields including Donna Cox in computer graphics.  This is a great
    thing for us to read, to get young women and girls to read or to
    give as a gift to anyone you'd like to know about what women are
    doing.

"Still a 'Chilly Climate' for Women?"  _Science_, pp 1604-1606.  June
21, 1991.
    Discusses the situation for women in physics and astronomy.  It
    includes some pipeline statistics and results of a survey on the
    kinds of discrimination women perceive and men notice.  Summary:
    blatant discrimination isn't so much a problem as a "pattern of
    micro-inequalities".

_Notices of the American Mathematical Society_.  No. 7, Sept. 1991.
    A special issue on women in mathematics.  A variety of issues are
    covered.

"Women and Computing", _Communications of the ACM_,  ( Nov. 1990
vol. 33, no. 11.).

"Women in Science and Engineering", Sept-Oct 1991 issue of the
"American Scientist" (published by the Sigma Xi Scientific Society)
(pp. 404-419).

Abramson, Joan.  _Discrimination in the Academic Profession_.
Jossey-Bass, Inc.,  San Francisco.  1975.

Aisenberg, Nadya and Mona Harrington.  _Women in Academe: Outsiders in
the Sacred Grove_.  University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst. 1988.

Baum, Eleanor, "Recruiting and Graduating Women: The
Underrepresented Student",  IEEE Communications Magazine,
December 1990, 47-50.

Bernstein, D, "Comfort and experience with computing:  are they the
same for men and women?", SIGCSE, 23(3), 1990.

Bernstein, D, "Understanding spreadsheets: Effects of computer
training on mental model acquisition", _Proceedings of the American
Society for Information Science Conference_, 164-172, 1990.

Betz, Nancy E, "What stops women and minorities from choosing and
completing majors in science and engineering", edited transcript of a
Science and Public Policy Seminar given on June 15, 1990.  Copies can
be obtained from the Federation of Behavioral, Psychological and
Cognitive Sciences, 1200 Seventeenth St., N.W., Washington, D.C.
20036. [phone], fax no: [phone], bitnet address: fed@gwuvm.

Bruer, John T., Jonathan R. Cole, and Harriet Zuckermann.  _The Outer
Circle: Women in the Scientific Community_.  W. W. Norton & Co, New
York. 1991, 351 pp.
    Presents the status of women in science today, as well as the
    reasons for this standing.

Brush, Stephen G. "Women in Science and Engineering", _American
Scientist_ 79, (Sep-Oct).404-419, 1991.
    This is an ambitious article.  In about 12 pages (not including
    the list of 102 references), Stephen Brush discusses factors
    relevant to young girls through senior professionals, across a
    wide range of scientific disciplines.

Butcher, D. and W. Muth. "Predicting performance in an introductory
computer science course", _Communications of the ACM_, 27(11), 263-
268, 1985.

Campbell, P. and G. McCabe.  "Predicting the success of freshmen in a
computer science major", _Communications of the ACM_, 27(11), 1108-
1113, 1984.

Casserly, Patricia Lund.  "Helping Able Young Women Take Math and
Science Seriously in School", The College Board, New York. 1979.
Reprinted, with revisions, from Colangelo Zaffrann, ed., _New Voices
in Counseling the Gifted_. Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque,
Iowa.  1979.

Dambrot, F., M. Watkins-Malek, S. Silling, R. Marshall, and J. Garver.
"Correlates of sex differences in attitudes toward and involvement
with computers", _Journal of Vocational Behavior_, 27, 71-86, 1985.

Dijkstra, E. "On the cruelty of really teaching computer science",
_Communications of the ACM_, 32(12), 1397-1414, 1989.

Erkut, Sumru. "Exploring Sex Differences in Expectancy, Attribution,
and Academic Achievement", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 9
(1983) 217-231.

Ernest, John. "Mathematics and Sex", _The American Mathematics
Monthly_, October 1976, 83:595-615.

Ferry, Georgina and Jane Moore. "True Confessions of Women in
Science",  _New Scientist_ 95 (July 1, 1982), 27-30.

Fidell, L. S. "Empirical Verification of Sex Discrimination in Hiring
Practices in Psychology", in R. K. Unger and F. L. Denmark, eds.,
_Women: Dependent or Independent Variable_ Psychological Dimensions,
New York. 1975.

Franklin, Phyllis, et al. "Sexual and Gender Harassment in the
Academy: A Guide for Faculty, Students and Administrators",
Commission on the Status of Women in the Profession, The Modern
Language Association of America, New York, NY. 1981.

Frenkel, Karen A. "Women and Computing", _Communications of the
ACM_, November 1990, 34-46.

Gerver, E. "Computers and Gender". In Forester, Tom, ed. _Computers in
the Human Context_. pp481-501.  MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1989.  Basil
Blackwell, Oxford, 1989.

Gilbert, Lucia A., June M. Gallessich, and Sherri L. Evans. "Sex of
Faculty Role Model and Students' Self-Perceptions of Competency",
_Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 9 (1983) 597-607.

Gornick, Vivian. _Women in Science: 100 Journeys into the Territory_,
Touchstone, Simon & Schuster, New York.  1990.

Grinstein, Louise S. and Paul J. Campbell, eds. _Women in Mathematics.
A Bibliographic Sourcebook_.  Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut.
1987.
    Describes ~50 women who were prominent in mathematics. Computer
    science is considered part of math since Grace Hopper and Ada
    Lovelace are included.  The editors wanted to give a historical
    perspective of women's role in mathematics so they have only
    considered women born before 1930.

Gries, David, and Dorothy Marsh.  "The 1989-90 Taulbee Survey",
_Communications of the ACM_, Vol.  35, No. 1, 1992.
    A survey of professors across the nation.  Statistics.  In
    particular, addresses what the survey tells us about women in
    academia.

Gries, David and Dorothy Marsh.  "CS Produced 734 Ph.D.s in 1989-90;
CE Adds 173 for a Total of 907", _Computing Research News_, January
1991, 6-10.

Gross, Jane. "Female Surgeon's Quitting Touches Nerves at Medical
School", The New York Times, July 14, 1991, page 10.

Hacker, Sally L. _Doing it the hard way_. Unwin Jyman, Boston. 1990.

Hacker, Sally L. _Pleasure, power and technology_. Unwin Hyman,
Boston.  1989.

Hacker, Sally L., "Mathematization of Engineering: Limits on Women and
the Field", in Joan Rothschild, ed., _Machina ex Dea: Feminist
Perspectives on Technology_. Pergamon Press, New York. 1983. pages 38-
58.

Hess, Robert D. and Irene T. Miura. "Gender Differences in Enrollment
in Computer Camps and Classes", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 13
(1985) 193-203.

Hill, T., N. Smith, and M. Mann. "Role of efficacy expectations in
predicting the decision to use advanced technologies: The case of
computers", _Journal of Applied Psychology_, 72, 307-313, 1987.

Holland, Dorothy C. and Margaret A. Eisenhart. _Educated in
Romance: Woman, Achievement, and College Culture_. The
University of Chicago Press. 1990.

Homans, Hilary. "Man-made Myths: The Reality of Being a Woman
Scientist in the NHS", in Spencer, Anne and David Podmore, eds,
_In a Man's World: Essays on Women in Male dominated Professions_.
Tavistock Publications, London and New York. 1987.

Jacobus, Mary, Evelyn Fox Keller, and Sally Shuttleworth, eds.
_Body Politics: Women And The Discourses Of Science_.  Routledge, NY, 1990.

Kass-Simon, G. and P. Farnes, eds. _Women of Science. Righting the
Record_.  Indiana University Press. 1990.
    Reviewed in the March issue of IEEE Spectrum. A collection of 10
    articles about women who have made important contributions to
    science and technology. Unclear that a computer scientist is
    included.  Women mentioned in the review are Bertha Lamme, Edith
    Clarke, Jenny Rosenthal, Mildred Dresselhaus, Lillian Gilbreth,
    Marie Curie and Irene Curie.  An encouraging aspect of these
    women's lives is that many of them were married and had families.
    Also includes a discussion of the differences in how men's and
    women's work are remembered.

Keith, Sandra Z. and Philip Keith, eds. _Proceedings of the National
Conference on Women in Mathematics and the Sciences_.  St. Cloud,
MN: St. Cloud University, 1990.

Keller, Evelyn Fox. _Reflections on Gender and Science_.  Yale
University Press, New Haven, 1985.
    Examines how images of sex and gender have influenced the
    philosophy of knowledge and the progress of science, going back to
    Plato's "Symposium".

Kelly, Alison, "Why Girls Don't Do Science", _New Scientist_, May 20, 1982.
    On women's lack of participation on science.  "Teachers put extra
    effort into teaching boys to read to make up for any deficiency,
    whether its origin is biological or social.  The same could be
    done to boost the spatial ability of girls if the problems were
    considered equally serious." (pg 497).

Kelly, Alison, ed. _Science for Girls?_.  Open University Press,
London and Philadelphia.  1987.  ISBN 0-355-10294-8.

Kerr, Barbara A., Ph.D.  _Smart Girls, Gifted Women_.
Ohio Psychology Press. ISBN 0-910707-07-3 (paperback, $13.95).
    Why is it that so many gifted & talented girls STILL aren't
    realizing their ful l potential, despite the Women's Movement?
    More to the point, what exactly is it that a gifted girl needs but
    society or individual circumstances may fail to provide?  The
    answers may surprise you.  (I'm not just saying that to be arch; I
    really WAS surprised at some of them.)

Kiesler, Sara, Lee Sproull, and Jacquelynne S. Eccles. "Pool Halls, Chips,
and War Games: Women in the Culture of Computing", _Psychology of
Women Quarterly_, 9 (1985) 451-462.

Koblitz, Neal, "Are Student Ratings Unfair to Women?", _Newsletter of
the Association for Women in Mathematics_, September-October 1990.

Kramer, Pamela E. and Sheila Lehman. "Mismeasuring Women: A
Critique of Research on Computer Ability and Avoidance", _Signs:
Journal of Women in Culture and Society_ 16 (1990) 158-172.

*Leveson, Nancy, "Women in Computer Science: A Report of the NSF
CISE Cross-Disciplinary Activities Advisory Committee"

Lockheed, Marlaine E. "Women, Girls, and Computers: A First Look at
the Evidence", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 13 (1985) 115-122.

Martin, Dianne, ed.  "In Search of Gender-Free Paradigms for
Computer Science", NECC, Eugene, OR., 1991.

Ogozalek, Virginia Z. "A Comparison of Male and Female Computer
Science Students' Attitudes Toward Computers", SIGCSE Bulletin,
June 1989, volume 21, number 2, 8-14.

Pearl, Amy, Martha E. Pollack, Eve Riskin, Becky Thomas, Elizabeth
Wolf, and Alice Wu. "Becoming a Computer Scientist", _Communications
of the ACM_, November 1990, 47-57.

*Perry, Ruth and Lisa Greber. "Women and Computers: An
Introduction"

Pryor, Sally. "Thinking of Oneself as a Computer", _Leonardo_, Vol.
24, Issue 5 (1991).
    A very interesting and provocative article about the basic
    conflict between our gender-identity as women and our professional
    identity as computer professionals.

Rossner, S. _Teaching science and health from a feminist perspective:
A practical guide_,  Elmsfor, N.Y.: Pergamon Press, 1986.

Rothschild, Joan. _Machina Ex Dea: Feminist Perspectives on
Technology_. Pergamon Press. 1983.

Rothschild, Joan.  _Teaching Technology From a Feminist Perspective: A
Practical Guide_.  Pergamon Press, New York.  1988.

Sanders, Jo Shuchat and Antonia Stone (for the Women's Action
Alliance). _The Neuter Computer_. Neal-Schuman Publishers, New York.
1986.  ISBN. 1-555-70006-3 (paper).

Spertus, Ellen. _Why Are There So Few Female Computer Scientists?_,
(1991).
    An in-depth examination of the many reasons there is a dearth of
    women in computer science.  Available via ftp from ftp.ai.mit.edu
    under pub/users/ellens/womcs*.ps in postscript format.  For
    information on receiving the bound version of the report (which is
    $8 + shipping costs), contact [e-mail] with your
    mailing address (to compute shipping costs) and a request for AI
    TR 1315.  A very useful, annotated bibliography as well.

Tidwell, Jenifer, "Hackers in the Garden: A Case Study of Women in
Computer Engineering", unpublished, 1990.

Tijdens, K., M. Jennings, I. Wagner, & M. Weggelaar, "Women, Work,
and Computerization:  Forming New Alliances", Amsterdam: North-
Holland, 1989.

Tobias, Sheila. "They're Not Dumb, They're Different. Stalking the
Second Tier."
    Can be purchased from Science News Books, 1719 N St., NW,
    Washington, DC 20036.  The first copy is $2 and additional copies
    are $.50 each.

Turkle, Sherry and Seymour Papert, "Epistemological Pluralism:  Styles
and Voices within the Computer Culture", Signs: Journal of Women
in Culture and Society, 16 (1990), 128-157.

Turkle, Sherry, "The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit",
New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.

Van Nostrand, Catharine Herr, "Gender-Responsible Leadership: Do
Your Teaching Methods Empower Women?", pages 186-191 Sage
Publications, Inc., in Spring 1991.  Direct inquiries, with a SASE, to the
author at: 36854 Winnebago Road, St. Cloud, MN 56303.

Widnall, Sheila E. "AAAS Presidential Lecture: Voices from the
Pipeline", _Science_ 241 (September 30, 1988), 1740-1745.

*Widnall, Sheila, "Voices from the Pipeline"

Wilson, Meg, ed. _OPTIONS for Girls. A Door to the Future_.
Foundation for Women's Resources.
  The Anthology has been developed over the past 6 years. The best
  1000 articles, books and studies [from an earlier project] were
  reviewed and pared down to a readable set of articles that described
  the problem of why girls don't take more science and math AND that
  describe strategies to overcome this problem. Between citations
  within articles and the supplemental reading list the anthology also
  presents a substantial bibliography. The target audience includes
  parents, teachers, school board members, community leaders and girls
  themselves.  The anthology is $22 (includes shipping and handling,
  no tax assessed).  Write to: Pro-Ed, 8700 Shoal Creek Blvd, Austin,
  TX 78758, attn. Linda Brown.  Discounts available for large orders.

Wolpert, Lewis and Alison Richards. _A Passion for Science_.  Oxford
University Press, Oxford.  1988.

Zappert, Laraine T. and Kendyll Stansbury, "A Comparative Analysis
of Men and Women in Graduate Programs in Science, Engineering and
Medicine at Stanford University", Working Papers, Institute for
Research on Women and Gender, Stanford University, 1985.
    Single copies are available at no cost from the Institute for
    Research on Women and Gender, Stanford, University (415-723-1994).


2.  Families and Work.
----------------------

Alcott, Louisa May.  _Working_.  Schocken Books.  1977.  ISBN
0-8052-0563-2.

Beneria, Lourdes and Catharine R. Stimpson, eds. _Women, Households
and the Economy_.  Series: The Douglass series on Women's Lives and
the Meaning of Gender.  Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ.
1987.
    Collection describing interrelationship between family and work,
    patriarchy and capitalism.  Also often used as a text.

Campbell, Bebe Moore.  _Successful Women, Angry Men: backlash in the
two-career marriage_ Random House, 1986.  ISBN: 0-394-55149-4.
    It's less academic than _The Second Shift_, but gains a sense of
    immediacy Hochschild lacks.  _SW, AM_ discusses how the realities
    of marriage have changed (mostly talking about the upper middle
    class) and how the expectations and social and technical education
    of both genders has failed to keep up.

Cockburn, Cynthia. _Machinery of Dominance. Women, Men, and
Technical Know-How_.  Pluto Press, London and Dover, NH.  1985.
Northeastern University Press, Bostion. 1988.
    A discussion of job segregation in the workplace and its
    relationship to gendered assumptions, patriarchy, and technology.

Fassel, Diane. _Working Ourselves to Death: The High Cost of
Workaholism, the Rewards of Recovery_.  Harper, San Francisco.  1990.
    Dedication: "This book is for all those who struggle with the
    insidious killer disease called workaholism. It is for those who
    know that facing the reality of work addiction is to meet the
    wrath of society. It is for all who long for life-giving
    workplaces and a saner society."  Sample chapters. -- Workaholism.
    Reality & Myths -- Women & Workaholism -- The Workaholic
    Organization -- Why Are We Doing This to Ourselves?

Hertz, Rosanna. _More Equal Than Others: Women and Men in Dual-Career
Marriages_.  University of California Press.  1986.  0-520-05804-6.
    Blurb: "...offers a provocative glimpse of changing marital styles
    among young corporate couples.  Frofessor Hertz describes with
    perception and wit the negotiations and ad hoc accommodations
    entailed as dual-career families succumb to the seduction of
    success.  This book will surely give pause to those who believe
    that ideological commitments to gender equality will stimulate or
    sustain marriage and childrearing patterns in the post-feminist
    era.  Rather, one detects the awesome power of corporations to
    shape the private lives of even the most privileged employees."

Hochschild, Arlie and Anne Machung. _The Second Shift_.  Viking Press.
1989.
    A well-reasearched look at the two-pay-check marriage, sheds a
    great deal of light on why so many men are still unwilling to
    share the housework and childcare.

|Jeffreys, S., ed.  _The Sexuality Debate_.
|    A collection of the major articles that fueled the feminist
|    campaigns and helped bringh about significant reforms in the area
|    of secual abuse of women and domestic violence.  [British]

Lang, Susan S.  _Women without Children: The Reasons, the Rewards, the
Regrets_. Pharos Books.  1991.  ISBN 0-89687-532-3.
    Lang examines the issue of childlessness through a series of
    interviews as well as citations from the social science
    literature.  She presents various reasons women don't have
    children, then cites the statistics on the financial and personal
    strains on a couple having children, the disproportionate amount
    of work women do for their kids, the freedom childfree living can
    bring, the fact that a majority of mothers are ambivalent about
    motherhood.  She tries to debunk stereotypes of childless women as
    selfish, lonlier in their old age, less well off financially, etc.
    While many of the older women she interviewed said they went
    through a difficult period when they realized they would remain
    childless, they all seemed to adapt well and go on to find other
    sources of satisfaction in their lives.

Milwid, Beth.  _What You Get When You Go For It_.  Dodd, Mead, New
York.  1987.
    Women in the professions (USA).

Milwid, Beth.  _Working with Men: Professional Women Talk about Power,
Sexuality and Ethics_.  Revised edition.  Beyond Words, Hillsboro, OR.
1990.

Okin, Susan Moller. _Justice, Gender, and the Family_.  BasicBooks,
Harper Collins, Publishers.  1989.  ISBN: 0-465-03703-8.
    Feminist critique of modern political theory that shows why and
    how, in order to include all of us, theories of justice need to
    apply their standards to the family itself.  Fascinating reading.
    Contains an interesting demolition of libertarian philosophy.

|Paul, Ellen Frankel.  _Equity and Gender: the Comparable Worth
|Debate_.  1990.
|    Begins by explaining how comparable worth -- or pay equity
|    imposed by law -- is a full frontal assault on the free market by
|    those who scoff at the market's ability to provide justice, and
|    argues that the free market, not the state, is the better ally of
|    feminism.

Ruggie, Mary, _The State and Working Women: A Comparative Study
of Britain and Sweden_.  Princeton Princeton University Press, 1984.

Sayers, Dorothy L.  _Are Women Human?_.  Reprint.  Eerdmans, Grand
Rapids.  1971.
    This may be the actual reference for the next entry, which I
    couldn't find.

*Sayers, Dorothy L.  _Not Quite Human_.
    This does a very good job of showing what it would be like for men
    to be judged on the basis of their gender the way that women are.
    Although it was written a long time ago, it is unfortunately still
    quite relevant.

Schenkel, Susan, "Giving Away Success: Why Women Get Stuck and
What to Do About It"

Stephenson, June.  _The Two-Parent Family Is Not The Best_.
    The book is a fairly academic report on a survey of adults who
    were raised in a variety of circumstances: by biological parents,
    single parents and biological/step parents.  It evaluates both
    their perceptions of their happiness as children and a more
    objective evaluation of their current status as happy,
    well-adjusted adults. It presents extensive statistical reporting
    and analysis of the results of the survey.  Some interesting points:

    Children in a two-parent family were more likely to have a parent
    who used alcohol excessively (with implied negative effects) and
    who abused them physically or sexually.

    "Negative impact on children's self-esteem was affected by parents
    not spending much time with their children, and greatly affected
    by persistent family discord."

    It appears that a child is better off with a single, interested
    parent than with one interested and one disinterested parent.

    "There are also indications that children growing up in two parent
    families where the mother does not work outside the home, may
    develop excessive dependency."

    "A family with a father and a mother who does not work outside the
    home represents only 8% of the families today."

Stromberg and Harkess, eds. _Women Working: Theories and Facts in
Perspective_.  Mayfield Publications, Palo Alto, CA.  1978.
    Commonly used text in sociology of women and work classes.
    Discusses women and work across life course and by race and
    ethnicity and class, and proposals for change.

Ward, Kathryn. _Women Workers and Global Restructuring_.  ILR Press,
School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University, Ithaca,
NY. 1990.
    Impact of multi-national corporate structure on women in
    developing countries.

Weitzman, Lenore.  _The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and
Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America_.  The Free
Press/Mac Millian, 1985.
  Author is currently a member of the faculty at Harvard.  Includes
  statistics on differences in standards of living after divorce
  (73% decline for women, 42% rise for men).  Well documented and
  contains sociologically sound analysis.

Williams, Christine L.. _Gender Differences at Work (Women and Men in
Nontraditional Occupations)_ (University of California Press, 1989.
ISBN 0-520-07425-4).
    A lucid discussion of occupational sex-segregation.


3.  Feminism and Psychology.
----------------------------

Benhabib, Seyla.  "The Generalized and Concrete Other: The
Kohlberg-Gilligan Controversy and Moral Theory" in Kittay, Eva Feder;
Meyers, Diana T., _Women and Moral Theory_, Rowman and Littlefield,
Totowa, NJ, 1987.
    Seyla Benhabib suggests that a functioning ethical system needs to
    recognize both the concrete and the generalized other in order to
    function.  She uses the Kohlberg-Gilligan controversy as a
    reference in the discussion.

Cancian, Francesca M.  _Love in America: Gender and Self-Development_.
Cambridge University Press, 1987.  ISBN: 0-521-39691-3 (trade paperback).
    Blurb: "In the last 25 years, Americans have gained considerable
    freedom in their personal lives.  Relationships are now more
    flexible, and self-development has become a primary goal for both
    men and women.  Most scholars have criticized this trend to
    greater freedom, arguing that it undermines family bonds and
    promotes selfishness and extreme independence...she [instead]
    shows that many American couples succeed in combining
    self-development with commitment, and that interdependence, not
    independence, is their ideal.  In interdependent relationships,
    love and self-development do not conflict but reinforce each other."

Chodorow, Nancy.  _The Reproduction of Mothering_.  UC Press, 1978.
    This is a psychoanalytic account of how boys and girls establish
    different gender identities.  The work focuses on the consequences
    of the fact that mothering is done by women in our society.  This
    is an academic book, which means its by no means easy-going, and
    readers who are unsympathetic to Freudian and object relations
    psychology will dismiss it out of hand. Chodorow's book is really
    the seminal work on "relational" vs. "instrumental" differences in
    wo/men--concepts that are core to later writers like Gilligan,
    etc.

Daly, Mary. _Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism_.
Beacon Press, Boston.  1978.
    Includes sections titled. "American Gynecology. Gynocide by the
    Holy Ghosts of Medicine and Therapy" "Nazi Medicine and American
    Gynecology: A Torture Cross-Cultural Comparison."

Devor, Holly. _Gender Blending_. Indiana University Press, 1989.
ISBN. 0-253-20533-6.
    Examines women who are often mistaken for men and discusses the
    impact on the women and reviews their childhood. An *excellent*
    book for anyone desiring to understand the differences between
    gender, gender roles and gender identity.

Fransella, Fay and Kay Frost.  _On Being a Woman_.  Tavistock
Publications, London and New York. 1977.
    A review of research on how women see themselves.  Focuses on what
    women have to say about themselves, rather than what others say
    about them.  The authors are interested in what it means to a
    woman to be a women; they also make people aware of the fact that
    it is uncommon to ask women what they think of themselves.
    Extensive bibliography.

Gilligan, Carol. _In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and
Women's Development_.  Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.  1982.
    Standard, well known text on different modes of moral development
    between men and women.  Widely cited, widely criticized.

Gilligan, Carol.  "Moral Orientation and Moral development" in Kittay,
Eva Feder; Meyers, Diana T., _Women and Moral Theory_, Rowman and
Littlefield, Totowa, NJ, 1987.
    The article discusses the question of relationship between the
    care perspective and the rights perspective in moral development.
    Gilligan also continues her research begun in
    _In a Different Voice_.

Golden, Carla.  "Diversity and Variability in Women's Sexual
Identities" in _Lesbian Psychologies_.  Chicago: University of
Illinois Press, 1987. p. 28.

Graddol, David and Joan Swann.  _Gender Voices_.  B. Blackwell, Oxford
and New York.  1989.
    In particular, chapter 9, Problems of Power discusses male dominance
    of conversation in the classroom.

Griffin, Susan. _Woman and Nature_.  1978.
    Author gives a description of the figurines on Freud's study
    together with ironic comments on his interpretation of myth and
    irrational "rationalism".  It is a contrast of the voices of
    patriarchy with the voices of women done in a dramatic, poetic
    style.

Harragan, Betty Lehan, _Games Mother Never Taught You_. Warner
Books, New York. 1987.

Haug, Frigga, ed. _Female Sexualization_.  Verso, 6 Meard Street,
London W1V 3RH.  1987.  ISBN: 0-86091-875-0.
    Examines the way women are taught to see themselves as 'feminine'
    through the investment of parts of the body with a whole range of
    social and psychological significance.  Originally published as
    _Sexualisierung: Frauenformen 2_, 1983.

Heatherington, Laurie and Judith Crown, Heidi Wagner, and Scott
Rigby, "Toward an Understanding of Social Consequences of
`Feminine Immodesty' About Personal Achievements", _Sex Roles: A
Journal of Research_, 20 (1989) 371-380.

Heilbrun, Carolyn G.. _Toward A Recognition of Androgyny_.
    A search into myth and literature to trace manifestations of
    androgyny and to assess their implications for today.

Horner, Matina S., "Femininity and Successful Achievement: A Basic
Inconsistency", in Judith Bardwick, et al, eds.  _Feminine Personality
and Conflict_.  Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1970.

Johnson, Miriam M.. _Strong Mothers, Weak Wives_.  UC Press, Berkeley.
1988.
    Hypothesis is that the mother's role derives from a position of
    strength, while the wife's role reflects a position of weakness.
    Examines socialization and societal construction within this
    framework.

Kundsin, Ruth B., ed.  _Women and Success: The Anatomy of
Achievement_. New York: William Morrow & Company, 1974.

Lorber, Judith and Susan A. Farrel, eds. _The Social Construction of
Gender_.  SAGE publications, Newbury Park, CA.  1991.
    Broad collection of writings. "Principles of Gender Construction",
    "Gender Construction in Family Life", "Gender Construction in the
    Workplace", "Feminist Research Strategies", "Racial Ethnic
    Identity and Feminist Politics", "Deconstructing Gender."

Masters, William H. and Virginia E. Johnson.  _Human Sexual Response_.
Boston, Little, Brown, 1966.
    Debunked the Freudian dichotomoy of vaginal vs. clitoral
    orgasms.

Mednick, Martha Tamara Shuch, Sandra Schwartz Tangri, and Lois Wladis
Hoffman, eds.  _Women and Achievement: Social and Motivational
Analyses_.  Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York.  Distributed by
Halstead Press.  1975.

Meyers, Diana T.  "The Socialized Individual and individual Autonomy"
in Kittay, Eva Feder; Meyers, Diana T., _Women and Moral Theory_,
Rowman and Littlefield, Totowa, NJ, 1987.
    Meyers defends the position exponents of the care perspective can
    be morally autonomous.

Miller, Jean Baker, MD.  _Toward a New Psychology of Women_.  Second
edition.  Beacon Press, Boston.  1986.
    Blurb:  On the tenth anniversary of the original publication of
    this revolutionary book, Dr. Jean Baker Miller reflects on where
    women are today, addressing both the enormous progress in some
    areas and the challenges still to be met.  Celebrating the
    questions that have been raised and the actions women have taken,
    as well as looking toward future change, Miller affirms the
    strength and diversity of women.

Raymond, Janice G.  _The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the
She-Male_.  Beacon Press, Boston.  1979.
    Subjects:  Lesbians, sex roles, sex change, medicine (philosophy).

Rheingold, H. L. and K. V. Cook, "The Contents of Boys' and Girls'
Rooms as an Index of Parents' Behavior", _Child Development_, 46
(1975), 445-463.

Rich, Adrienne Cecile. _Of Woman Born: Motherhood as Experience and
Institution_.  10th anniversary ed.  Norton, New York, 1986.
    Original copyright 1976.  A book with a fine rage against
    patriarchy and ambivalence toward men, who are its most obvious
    standardbearers. (Rich recounts how she thought of herself as a
    fiery feminist until she went to France.  When she told one woman
    their that she had three sons, the response was a contemptuous
    "Vous travailez pour l'armee, madame?")

Riger, Stephanie.  "Epistemological Debates, Feminist Voices: Science,
Social Values, and the Study of Women," in _American Psychologist_,
June 1992.
    A well-written article: Riger reviews several very important
    issues pertaining to women and social science (experimental
    psychology in particular).  She calls for "a new vision of the
    psychological study of women that construes gender as a product of
    social interaction and links women's agency with the shaping power
    of the sociocultural, historical, and political context."  Riger
    notes that an extended version of this paper will appear in
    _Psychology of Women: Biological Psychology and Social
    Perspectives_; that paper is "in preparation."

Schaef, Anne Wilson.  _Women's Reality: An Emerging Female System in the
White Male Society_.  New edition.  Harper and Row, Publishers.  1985.
ISBN: 0-86683-753-1.
    From blurb: "_Women's Reality_ is one of the few books that is
    supportive of women's changing roles without putting men down.  It
    allows men and women to see each other as friends rather than
    enemies...A brillian dissection of the psycho-social differences
    between male and female experience."

Schaef, Ann Wilson, _The Addictive Organization_.  Harper and Row,
San Francisco, 1988.  ISBN 0062548417.

*Schaef, Ann Wilson, "White Male System"

Shainess, Natalie. "A Psychiatrist's View. Images of Women -
Past and Present, Overt and Obscured," 1969.
    Reprinted in _Sisterhood is Powerful_ ed Robin Morgan (1970) It
    references the earlier work of Karen Horney from 1926, and Clara
    M. Thompson from 1942, which suggests *someone* has been asking
    questions about Freudian relevance, esp. for women, for a long
    time.

Steinem, Gloria. _Revolution form Within_.
    This has been panned, and probably misjudged, as a woozy exercise
    in New Age thumb-sucking, but it is more about developing a good
    sense of self. A good thing about this book is that it keeps
    self-esteem firmly in context; she evidently recognizes that it is
    difficult to feel good about oneself if one has nothing of oneself
    to feel good about.

Stern, Marilyn and Katherine Hildebrandt Karraker. "Sex Stereotyping
of Infants: A Review of Gender Labeling Studies", _Sex Roles: A
Journal of Research_, 20 (1989) 501-522.

Ussher, Jane. _The Psychology of the Female Body_.  Routledge, London
and New York. 1989.
    Examines the role of the female body in women's identity and
    experience. the way menarche, menstration, pregnancy, and
    menopause affect women's lives, the ways the female body and
    reproduction have been used to confine and control women, and
    psychological evidence is given to refute many myths surrounding
    women's bodies.  Originally part of Ph.D. thesis.


4.  Education.
--------------

Adelman, Clifford.  "Putting Women's Education to Work Could Enrich
U.S. Economy,"  _Los Angeles Times_, October 28, 1990, Opinion Section.
    Author is a senior associate in the Office of Research, US Dept. Ed.
    Fascinating discussion on the US Department of Education's study
    of the high-school class of 1972.

Antler, Joyce and Sari Knopp Biklen, eds.  _Changing Education: Women
as Radicals and Conservators_.  1990.
    In particular, chapter 10: The Impact of Higher Education upon
    Career and Family Choices: Simmons College Alumnae, 1906-1926
    deals with working/middle class women vs. elite.

Astin, A.W.  _From Critical Years: Effects of College on Beliefs,
Attitudes and Knowledge_.  1977.

Bennett, Sheila Kishler, "Student Perceptions of and Expectations for
Male and Female Instructors: Evidence Relating to the Question of
Gender Bias in Teaching Evaluation", _Journal of Educational
Psychology_, 74 (1982), 170-179.

Block, J.H.  "Gender Differences and the Implications for Educational
Policy," in Block, J.H. _Sex Role Identity and Ego Development_, 1984.
pp207-252.

Burstall, Sara A.  _The Education of Girls in the United States_. 1984.

Clarke, Hansen and Michael Meyers.  "Should States Support Single-sex,
Black Schools?" in _State Government News, 35(1), Jan. 1, 1992, p16.
    Brown vs. Board of Education / segregation argument.

Clark, Shirley M. and Mary Corcoran.  "Perspectives on the
Professional Socialization of Women Faculty: A Case of Accumulative
Disadvantage?", _Journal of Higher Education_, Vol. 57, No. 1,
Jan./Feb.  1986.

Edwards, Elizabeth.  "Educational Institutions or Extended Families?
The Reconstruction of Gender in Women's Colleges in the Late
Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries," in _Gender and Education_,
1990 2(1), pp 17-35.
    Women's colleges in Victorian Britain.

Fennema, Elizabeth, and M. Jane Ayer.  _Women and Education_.  1984.

Graham, P.A.  "Women in Higher Education: A Bibliographical Inquiry,"
at New York: Columbia University, Barnard College.  1974.  ERIC
Reproduction Document Service No: ED095742

Hall, Roberta M., with Bernice R. Sandler. "The Classroom Climate: A
Chilly One for Women?", Copyright 1986 by the Project on the Status
and Education of Women, Association of American Colleges, Washington,
DC, 1986.

Hanzot, Elizabeth.  _Myths of Coeducation_.  1984.

Harrington, Susan Marie. "Barriers to Women in Undergraduate
Computer Science: The Effects of the Computer Environment on the
Success and Continuance of Female Students", PhD Thesis, Division of
Teacher Education, University of Oregon, 1990.

Howe, Florence.  _Gender in the Classroom_.

Huff, C. and J. Cooper. "Sex Bias in Educational Software:  The Effect of
Designers' Stereotypes on the Software They Design", _J. Applied Soc.
Psych._, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 519-532, 1987.

Jimenez, E. and M.E. Lockhead.  "The Relative Effectiveness of
Single-sex and Coeducational Schools in Thailand," in _Education
Evaluation and Policy Analysis_, Summer 1989, 11(2) 117.
    Compares math achievement.

Jimenez, Emmanuel and Marlaine E. Lockhead.  "Enhancing Girls'
Learning Through Single-sex Education: Evidence and a Policy
Conundrum," in _Education Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Summer '89,
11(2), p117.
    Figures socio-economic factors into data.

Kersteen, Z., M. Linn, M. Clancy, and C. Hardyck. "Previous
experience and the learning of computer programming:  The computer
helps those who help themselves", _Journal of Educational Computing
Research_, 4(3), 321-333, 1988.

Kierstead, Diane, Patti D'Agostino, and Heidi Dill. "Sex Role
Stereotyping of College Professors: Bias in Students' Ratings of
Instructors", _Journal of Educational Psychology_, 80 (1988), 342-344.

Klein, S.S, ed. _Handbook for Achieving Sex Equity Through
Education_, The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1985.

Lee, V.E., and A.S. Bryk.  "Effects of Single-sex Secondary Schools on
Student Achievement and Attitude," in _Journal of Educational
Psychology_, 78(5), 1986.
    One of the more well-known studies.

Lee, Valerie E. and Helem M. Marks.  "Sustained Effects of Single-sex
Secondary School Experience on Attitudes, Behaviors and Values in
College," in _Journal of Educational Psychology_, 82(3), Sept 1, 1990,
p578.
    Re-examines subjects of '86 study in college.

Lee, Valerie E. and Marlaine E. Lockhead.  "The Effects of Single-sex
Schooling on Achievement and Attitiudes in Nigeria," in _Comparative
Education Review_, 34(2), May 1, 1990, p209.
    Same conclusions as Bryk & Lee '86 for USA.

Leveson, Nancy, "Educational Pipeline Issues for Women",
_Computing Research News_, October 1990 and January 1991.

McPhie, Laura E.  "Viability of Single-sex Education" in _Initiatives_,
Falll 1990, 53(3), 23.
    Describes parallel histories of Amherst & Smith colleges.

Marsh, Herbert W.  "Effects of Attending Single-sex and Coeducational
High Schools: Achievement, Attitude, Behaviors and Sex Differences,"
in _Journal of Educational Psychology_, Mar 1, 1989, 81(1), p70.
    Concludes that coeducation and single-sex are same

Marsh, Herbert W.  "Public, Catholic Single-sex and Catholic
Coeducational High Schools: Their Effects on Achievement, Affect and
Behaviors," in _American Journal of Education_, 99(3), May 1, 1991, p320.
    Contradicts Bryk & Lee; single sex = coeducation.

Martin, Elaine. "Power and Authority in the Classroom: Sexist
Stereotypes in Teaching Evaluations", _Journal of Women in Culture
and Society_, 9 (1984), 482-492.

Ndunda, Mutindi Mumbua Kiluva.  "'Because I am a Woman': Young Women's
Resistance to Science Careers in Kenya," in Thesis, Queen's
University, Canada, Jul 1990.  ERIC Reproduction Document Service No:
ED326433.
    Boys & girls science experience differs in gender related ways

Ott, Mary. "Female Engineering Students-- Attitudes, Characteristics,
Expectations, Responses to Engineering Education", Final report for
NSF grant #SMI-75-18013A01, ERIC Document #ED 160400.

Pallotta-Chiarolli, Maria.  "The Female Stranger in a Male School,"
_Gender and Education_ 1990 2(2), pp 169-183.
    Girls have higher level of gender awareness

Riordan, C.  "Public and Catholic Schooling: The Effects of Gender
Context Policy," in _American Journal of Education_, v5, 1985.
    Weeds out "the catholic school effect" in data.

Rubenfeld, Mona I.  "Relationship Between College Women's Occupational
Interests and a Single-sex Environment," in _The Career Development
Quarterly_, 40(1), Sept. 1, 1991, p64.

Sandler, Bernice R., with the assistance of Roberta M. Hall, "The
Campus Climate Revisited: Chilly for Women Faculty, Administrators,
and Graduate Students", Copyright 1986 by the Project on the Status
and Education of Women, Association of American Colleges,
Washington, DC, 1986.

Sandler, Bernice R., "The Classroom Climate: Chilly for Women?",
Deneef, et al, editors,  The Academic Handbook, Durham: Duke
University Press, 1988, pages 146-152.

Sexton, Patricia.  _Women in Education_.  1976.
    History of discrimination against women throughout all aspects of
    academia.

Schneider, Frank W., Larry M. Coutts, and Meyer W. Starr.  "In Favour
of Coeducation: The Educational Attitudes of Students from
Coeducational and Single-sex High Schools," in _Canadian Journal of
Education_, Fall 88, 13(4), p479.
    Questionaire based research

Sidner, Candace L. "On Being a Woman Student at MIT or How to
Miss the Stumbling Blocks in Graduate Education", Unpublished
report, 1980.

Speck, Phoebe.  "Jack Captured the Crown and Jill Came Tumbling After:
The Gender Factor in Curriculum Policy..." in Paper Presented at the
Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association.  Apr
1991.  ERIC Reproduction Document Service No: ED331189
    Role of gender in curriculum development

Stables, Andrew.  "Differences Between Pupils From Mixed and
Single-sex Schools in Their Enjoyment of School Subjects and in Their
Attitudes to Science and to School," in _Educational Review_, 1990
42(3), pp 221-230.
    Polarization of attitudes in mixed English schools.

Statham, Anne, Laurel Richardson, and Judith A. Cook. _Gender and
University Teaching_.  A volume in the SUNY Series in Gender and
Society, Cornelia Butler Flora, ed.  State University of New York
Press. 1991.  ISBN: 0-7914-0704-7.
    Examines university teaching from several perspectives: what
    female and male professors do in the classroom, their perceptions
    and feelings about teaching, and how students respond.

Stoecker, Judith L. and Ernest T. Pascarella.  "Women's Colleges and
Women's Career Attainments Revisited" in _Journal of Higher
Education_, Jul-Aug 1991, 62(4), pp 394-406.
    Explores influence of women's college on career attainment

Stowe, Laurence G.  "Should Physics Classes be Single-sex?" in
_Physics Teacher_, Sept. 1, 1991, 29(6), p 380.

Tidball, M.D. and V. Kistiakowsky.  "Baccalaureate Origins of American
Scientists..." in _Science_ 1976, V 193, pp646-652.

Tidball, M.D.  "Women's Colleges and Women Achievers Revisited" in
_Signs: Journal of Women in Culture & Society_, 1980, V 5, pp 504-515.
    This is one of the studies that claims the infamous "X% of all
    successful women came from women's colleges"

Vedantham, Anu, "A Hostile Educational Environment", MIT, 6.001,
Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, in Spring, 1990,

Wood, Sherree F.  "Educational Access for Women in the United States,"
in _Community College Quarterly of Research and Practice_, Apr-Jun
1991, 15(2), pp225-233.
   Compares Bryn Mahr/Wellesley to Oberlin/U of Mich.



5.  Feminist Theory and Overviews.
----------------------------------

Bowles, Gloria and Renate Duelli, eds.  _Theories of Women's Studies_.
Routledge & Kegan Paul, London and Boston.  1983.
    Standard, well known text on feminist research methodology.
    Begins the debate.

Bowles, Gloria and Renate Duelli-Klein, eds.  _Theories of Women's
Studies II._  Women's Studies, University of California, Berkeley.  1981.

Castro, Ginette. _American Feminism: A Contemporary History_.  New
York University Press. 1990.  ISBN: 0-8147-1448-X.
    From a french point of view, an overview of feminist history
    and emerging though in the United States.  Originally published in
    French as _Radioscopie du fe'minisme ame'ricain_ in 1984.

de Beauvoir, Simone.  _The Second Sex_.  Translated and edited by H.M.
Parshley.  Vintage Books, New York.  1989.
    Original copyright in 1952.

Echols, Alice. _Daring To Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975_.
University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.  1989.
    Covers radical and cultural feminist development.

French, Marilyn.  _The Women's Room_.  Summit Books, New York, 1977.
Jove Publications, New York, 1978.

French, Marilyn.  _Beyond Power: On Women, Men, and Morals_.  Cape,
London, 1985.  Summit Books, New York, 1985.  Ballantine, New York, 1986.

*French, Marilyn. "Do You Have to be a Lesbian to be a
Feminist?"
    Unions are valid only when both participants are free to make
    them, and that a woman who is economically supported by a man,
    whose children are economically supported by a man, whose house is
    owned by a man, and whose life revolves around a man is bound
    several ways, whether or not she actively chose that life.  The
    freer she can be, the more powerful her choice to stay with her
    partner, male or female.

Friedan, Betty. _The Feminine Mystique_.  Norton, New York, 1963.
20th anniversary edition with new introduction and afterword by
author.  Dell Publishing Co., New York, 1984.
    A strong and angry book that stimulated many women who had hitherto
    accepted their lot into asking whether their lives could be improved.

Friedan, Betty.  _The Second Stage_.  Revised edition, Summit Books,
New York, 1986.
    This book, written 20 years later, advocates partnership between
    women and men in the ongoing development of feminism.

Frye, Marilyn. _The Politics of Reality: Essays in Feminist Theory_.
Crossing Press, Trumansburg, New York.  1983.

Grimshaw, Jean.  _Feminist Philosophers_ (subtitle: Women's
Perspectives on Philosophical Traditions). Harvester Wheatsheaf,
London, 1986. ISBN 0-7108-0791-0.  Published in the U.S. as
_Philosophy and Feminist Thinking_ by University of Minnesota Press.
    "This book is an exploration into some tensions in feminist
    thinking and their relationship to philosophy."  [from the
    preface] The book introduces feminist thinking to traditional
    philosophy, and summarizes the results.  Extensive bibliography.

Harding, Sandra, and Merrill B. Hintikka, eds. _Discovering Reality:
Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and
Philosophy of Science_. D Reidel, Boston and Holland.  Sold and
distributed in the USA and Canada by Kluwer Boston.  1983.

Harding, Sandra. _The Science Question in Feminism_.  Cornell
University Press, Ithaca, New York.  1986.
    Critique of "knowledge," centering on three major epistemological
    approaches, feminist empiricism, feminist standpoint, feminist
    postmodernism.

Harding, Sandra, ed.  _Feminism and Methodology: Social Science
Issues_.  Indiana University Press, Bloomington; Open University
Press, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire.  1987.

Harding, Sandra, and Jean F. O'Barr, eds.  _Sex and Scientific
Inquiry_.  University of Chicago Press, Chicago.  1987.

Harding, Sandra.  _Whose Science?  Whose Knowledge?  Thinking from
Women's Lives_.  Open University Press, Milton Keynes; Cornell
University Press, Ithaca, New York.  1991.

Hooks, Bell. _Feminist Theory From Margin To Center_.  South End
Press, Boston MA.  1984.
    An excellent survey of different feminist philosophies and their
    relationships to one another.

Jaggar, Alison M. _Feminist Politics and Human Nature_.  Rowman &
Allanheld, Totowa, New Jersey.  1983.
    What is human nature?  Is there a "feminine" and a "masculine"?
    Looking at radical, liberal and socialist feminist perspectives in
    addressing this question.

Jaggar, Alison M. and Paula Rothenberg Struhl. _Feminist Frameworks:
Alternative Theoretical Accounts of the Relations between Women and
Men_.  Second edition.  McGraw-Hill, New York.  1984.
    A worthwhile though incomplete reader that sorts out various
    schools of feminist thought.

Jaggar, Alison M. and Susan R. Bordo, eds. _Gender/Body/Knowledge:
Feminist Reconstructions of Being and Knowing_.  Rutgers University
Press, New Jersey.  1989.
    Writings on feminist methodology.

Koedt, Anne, Ellen Levine and Anita Rapone. _Radical Feminism_.
Quadrangle Books, New York.  1973.
    An anthology of radical feminist work.

Komisar, Lucy.  _The New Feminism_.  F. Watts, New York.  1971.

La Follette, Suzanne. _Concerning Women_.  Reprint.  Series: American
Women: Images and Realities.  Arno Press, New York.  1972.
    Originally written in 1926.  Espouses individualist feminism.

*Leoff, Constance. _Bluff Your Way in Feminism_.  ISBN: 8-948456-29-9.
    Provides an overview of (British) feminism; brief, amusing,
    occasionally mildly scurrilous, well researched and covers a lot
    of ground.  May be hard to find.

McElroy, Wendy, ed. _Freedom, Feminism and the State. An Overview of
Individualist Feminism_.  Second edition. Holmes & Meier, New York, 1991.
    Anthology of works by historical feminists as well as contemporary
    feminists expressing the individualist point of view.

MacKinnon, Catharine.  _Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and
Law_.  Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.  1987.

MacKinnon, Catharine. _Toward a Feminist Theory of the State_.
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.  1989.
    The book, really, is an attempt to answer the question. "What
    would a form of government which is actively feminist be like?"
    Here the word 'feminist' is used in the sense of 'radical
    feminism.' The book and the analysis are definitely influenced by
    Marxist theory --- indeed the author calls it 'postmarxist'.  In
    the same way as would a similar analysis of a Marxist state, some
    aspects of the hypothetical feminist state are incompatible with
    liberalism.

Mitchell, Juliet and Ann Oakley, eds.  _The Rights and Wrongs of
Women_.  Penguin, Harmondsworth, New York.  1976.

Mitchell, Juliet and Ann Oakley, eds. _What Is Feminism?  A
Re-Examination_.  Pantheon Books, New York. B. Blackwell, Oxford, UK.  1986.

Morgan, Robin, ed.  _Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings
from the Women's Liberation Movement_.  Random House, New York, 1970.

Morgan Robin, ed.  _Sisterhood is Global: The International Women's
Movement Anthology_.  Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, New York.  1984.

Pateman, Carole and Elizabeth Gross, eds. _Feminist Challenges. Social
and Political Theory_.  Northeastern University Press, PO Box 116,
Boston, Mass. 02117.  1986.  ISBN: 1-55553-004-4.
    New and established scholars demonstrate the application of
    feminism in a range of academic disciplines including history,
    philosophy, politics, and sociology.

Raymond, Janice G.  _A Passion for Friends: Toward a Philosophy of
Female Affection_.  Beacon Press, Boston (also Women's Press, London).
1986.

Sherwin, Susan.  "Philosophical Methodology and Feminist Methodology:
Are They Compatible?" in Code, Lorraine; Mullet, Sheila; Overall,
Christine, (eds.) _Feminist Perspectives, Philosophical Essays on
Method And Morals_, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988.
    Susan Sherwin discusses why a paper of hers submitted to the
    Canadian Philosophical Association was rejected.  She concludes
    feminist methodology is a valid methodology for philosophy.

Smith, Dorothy E.  _The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist
Sociology_.  Northeastern Universty Press, Boston.  1987.
    Explication of standpoint epistemology.

Taylor, Joan Kennedy.  _Reclaiming the Mainstream: Individualist
Feminism Rediscovered_.  1992.
    "... reclaims feminism from the socialists and collectivists and
    what Taylor calls the 'appeal of victimization'.  'We feminists
    who believe in the inspiring history and classical liberal
    mainstream of American feminism should not give up our claim to
    the name _feminist_,' she writes, 'any more than institutions
    supporting limited government should give up their claim to the
    name liberal.' Taylor scrutinizes and reframes feminism from Mary
    Wollstonecraft to Anita Hill. I was struck by her generosity of
    spirit in dealing with the issues raised: most particularly her
    chapter on 'The Temptation of Political Expediency:
    Antipornography.'  Hers is a thorough and satisfying examination
    of the attitudes surrounding this explosive issue.  And she
    covers all the potentially divisive issues: abortion, comparable
    worth, rape, discrimination real and imagined. "Taylor 'holds it
    important to support the full flowering of the individual life'
    and calls for the advocacy of individual rights as a proper
    political stance for feminists."  [Andrea Millen Rich]

Winders, J. A. _Gender, Theory, and the Canon_. University of
Wisconsin Press, 1991.


6.  Folklore.
-------------

Carter, Angela, ed. _The Virago Book of Fairy Tales_.  Virago Press,
London, 1990.  (American edition may have different title?)
    A collection of "adult" fairy tales, all focusing on heroines,
    from all around the world.  On back. "This stunning collection
    contains lyrical tales, bloody tales, hilariously funny and ripely
    bawdy stories, from countries around the world.  And no drippy
    princesses or soppy fairies. Instead girls, women, crones, wise as
    serpents, gentle as doves and occasionally daft as brushes."

Cole, Babbette. _Princess Smartypants_.  G.P. Putnam's Sons, New
York. 1986.
    Children's book, where the princess rejects the prince.

Munsch, Robert. _The Paper Bag Princess_.  Annick Press Ltd.,
Toronto, Canada. 1980.
    Children's book, where the princess rejects the prince.

Zipes, Jack, ed. _Don't Bet on the Prince_.
    Zipes is a folklorist who has collected feminist fairy tales in
    this book and provided some analysis.  Some are entirely new tales,
    others are new takes on old tales.


7.  Gendered Communication and Language.
----------------------------------------

Barreca, Regina. _They Used to Call Me Snow White, But I Drifted_.
Viking Penguin/Penguin Books, New York. 1991.
    Examines the differences in how women and men use humor.  The
    book itself is a very engaging and humorous read.

Bratenberg, Gerd, _Egalias_dotre_ (in Norwegian Pax forlag/Ascheroug
forlag).  It is also available in English: _Egalia's_Daughters_,
published in the U.S. by The Seal Press, Seattle, Wash., and in the
UK by The Journeyman Press, London.  (Also available in Swedish,
German, Italian, Danish and Dutch.)
    The book turns the language and social stereotypes upside down.
    It is really interesting to see how easily one, as reader, gets
    used to the "unusual" language.  This also illustrates how
    powerful the sexism of the language is.

Cherry, Louise.  _Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance_.
    Teacher-child interaction in pre-schools.

Hofstadter, Douglas. _Metamagical Themas: Questing for Essence of Mind
and Pattern_. Bantam, New York.  1985.
    Contains a chapter ("Changes in Default Words and Images,
    Engendered by Rising Consciousness") with an effective argument
    for gender inclusive speech.

Frank, Francine and Frank Anshen.  _Language and the Sexes_.  State
University of New York Press, Albany. 1983.

Lakoff, Robin.  _Language and Woman's Place_.  Harper & Row,
Publishers, New York.  1975.

Miller, Casey and Kate Swift. _The Handbook of Non-Sexist Writing_.
Second edition.  Harper & Row, New York, 1988.
    A practical how-to book that also contains examples of how "men"
    has *not* included "women" in recent history.

Miller, Casey and Kate Swift.  _Words and Women_.  Anchor Press,
Garden City, New York. 1976.
    States the argument for gender neutral language
    much more forcefully.

Penelope, Julia.  _Speaking Freely: Unlearning the Lies of the
Fathers' Tongues_.  Athena Series, Pergammon Press. 1990.
ISBN: 0-08-036555-8.
    A radical feminist treatise on all sorts of sexist aspects of
    language, including but not limited to the discussion of gender
    inclusive pronouns.

Persing, Bobbye Sorrels.  _The Nonsexist Communicator_.
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.  1983.

Rothschild, Joan.  _Turing's Man, Turing's Woman, or Turing's Person?
Gender, Language, and Computers_.  Wellesley College, Center for
Research on Women, Welleseley, MA.  1986.

Spender, Dale. _Man-Made Language_. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980.

Tannen, Deborah. _You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in
Conversation_.  Morrow, New York.  1990.
    Gender differences in communication, anecdotal.


8.  Gender Differences.
-----------------------

Benbow, Camilla Persson. "Sex differences in mathematical reasoning
ability in intellectually talented preadolescents. Their nature,
effects, and possible causes," _Behavioral and Brain Sciences_,
11(1988).169-232.
    Talks about the reasons in variations on math scores between males
    and females.  Her paper is nice in that it also reviews a lot of
    the literature.

Benderly, Beryl Lieff.  _The Myth Of Two Minds: What Gender Means and
Doesn't Mean_.  Doubleday, New York, 1987.
    Benderly had heard of scads of new research claiming to have
    proven innate biological differences between the brains of men and
    women, and decided to do a comprehensive overview of them.  She
    was surprised to find that *none* of this research proved what it
    purported to.

Deaux, K. and T. Emswiller. "Explanations of Successful Performance
on Sex-Linked Tasks:  What is skill for the male is luck for the female",
_Journal of Personality and Social Psychology_, 29 (1974), 80-85.

Fausto-Sterling, Anne. _Myths of Gender: Biological Theories about
Women and Men_.  Basic Books, New York.  1985.
    Describes the methods used in research purporting to support
    intrinsic differences in women and men.  Includes a clear
    explanation of intra-group variability: even if there are more men
    on the high end of the bell curve in math, the bell curves overlap
    so much that this makes no significant difference in the amount of
    mathematical aptitude of the sexes when compared against each
    other and tells nothing about a given woman and a given man.

Frieze, Irene H. _et al_.  _Women And Sex Roles: A Social Psychological
Perspective_.  Norton, New York.  1978.
    This is a social psychology textbook, and is a handy
    resource available for debunking all kinds of sexist claims about
    men and women.

Gould, Steven Jay. _The Mismeasure of Man_.  Norton, New York.  1981.
    A lucid description of how researcher expectations can influence
    experimental findings (gender issues is peripheral, but the
    analogies are clear).

Halper, Diane F.. _Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities_.  Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdate, NJ. 1986.
    The author presents the hypotheses and research that point to the
    roles of nature and nurture in explaining differences in cognitive
    ability; final chapter has an excellent summary.

Holloway, Marguerite, "Profile:  Vive la Difference",  _Scientific
American_, October 1990, 18-42.

Kimura, Doreen. "Sex Differences in the Brain," in _Scientific
American_ September 1992.
    Based on her experiments and others', she concludes that
    intellectual differences in men and women cannot be purely
    environmental, because of the effects that sex hormones have on
    brains, even before puberty.

Lewontin, Richard, Stephen Rose and Leon J. Kamin.  _Not In Our Genes:
Biology, Ideology, and Human Nature_.  Panthon Books, New York.  1984.
    The authors are on a mission to dismantle biological determinism
    entirely, right down to its underpinnings in reductionist
    materialist philosophy.  One needn't agree with them to the same
    extent to see the validity of the debunking. Check out the chapter
    on "The Determined Patriarchy."

Medzian, Miriam.  _Boys Will Be Boys: Breaking the Link between
Masculinity and Violence_.
    It's a fascinating book, and if you're concerned about the problem
    you should read this.  She cites some fascinating studies; for a
    teaser, let me mention a study by Hilda and Seymour Parker of the
    University of Utah on child abuse.  They found a significant
    correlation between lack of involvement in child care and
    nurturance, and child abuse.  This supports a major thesis of the
    book, which is that the willingness to commit unprovoked violent
    acts arises from inability to connect emotionally with others.

Moir, Anne, and David Jessel.  _Brain Sex: The Real Difference between
Men and Women_.  Carol Publishing Group, 1991.
    This book makes the same assertion as Kimura's article and
    discusses how the brain of a fetus is "imprinted" with a certain
    sex based on exposure to hormones at a certain critical time in
    its development in the womb (about six or seven weeks after
    conception).  It goes on to explain how the brains of men and
    women actually function differently, e.g., men tend to use the
    right side of their brain when working on an abstract problem
    while women use both sides.

Montagu, Ashley.  _The Natural Superiority of Women_.  Macmillan
Publishing Company, New York. c1952.  New Revised Edition, 1974.
    [Author is male.]  From foreword: "This book is designed to bring
    the sexes closer together, not to set them apart by placing one
    above the other.  If in these pages the natural superiority of
    women is emphasized, it is because the fact has thus far received
    far too little attention, and the time is long overdue that both
    men and women become aware of it and fully understand its
    superiority."   The author makes a distinction between *natural*
    or biological superiority and social equality of women and men.

Petersen, Anne C. "Biopsychosocial Processes in the Development of
Sex-related Differences", Jacquelynne E. Parsons, ed. _The
Psychobiology of Sex Differences and Sex Roles_.  Hemisphere
Publishing Company, Washington. 1980. 31-56.

Pomerleau, Andree, Daniel Bolduc, Gerard Malcuit, and Louise Cossette.
"Pink or Blue: Environmental Gender Stereotypes in the First Two Years
of Life", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 22 (1990) 359- 367.

Travis, Carol.  _The Mismeasure of Woman_.  Simon and Schuster. 1992.
    The theme is that women are criticized for being too female, or
    not female enough - but are mismeasured - by how well they fit
    into a male world.  Further that the social system dislikes
    *angry* women, and that men avoid the responsibility for changing
    laws and economic or political policies that hurt women.  Travis
    takes a thoughtful rather than combative approach and is more
    likely to poke fun rather than harshly criticize.

[continued in part II]

--------------

Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so
on to [e-mail].


--Cindy Tittle Moore

"If an aborigine drafted an IQ test, for example, all of Western
Civilization would probably flunk."


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

[1-8 in part I]
 9.  History.
10.  Implications of Beauty.
11.  Lesbian Feminism.
12.  Literary Writings.
13.  Media Depiction of Women.
14.  Military, Law Enforcement.
15.  Patriarchy.
16.  Pornography.
17.  Positive Children's Books.
[18-25 in part III]


[continuing from part I]

9.  History.
------------

Adamson, Nancy, Linda Briskin, and Margaret McPhail.  _Feminist
Organizing For Change: The Contemporary Women's Movement in Canada_.
Oxford University Press (Don Mills, Ontario).  1988.
    Blurb: "Beginning with a detailed history of the `second wave'
    (post-1960), it makes a primary distinction between grass-roots
    and institutionalized feminism, and by emphasizing the former
    reveals a part of feminist organizing that has most often been
    invisible."

Anderson, Bonnie S. and Judith P. Zinsser.  _A History of Their Own:
Women in Europe from Prehistory to Present_.  Vols I and II.  Harper
and Row, Publishers, New York.  1988.
    Blurb: "...A groundbreaking and controversial history of European
    women -- the first to approach the past from the perspective of
    women and to be organized by role."

Bridenthal, Renate, and Claudia Koonz, eds.  _Becoming Visible, Women
in European History_.
    An anthology going from prehistory to present day.

Carden, Maren.  _The New Feminist Movement_.  1974.

Coote and Campbell.  _Sweet Freedom: The Struggle for Women's
Liberation_.  1982.

DuBois, Ellen Carol and Vicki L. Ruiz, eds.  _Unequal Sisters: A Multi-
Cultural Reader in U.S. Women's History_.  Routledge, New York.  1990.

DuBoise, Ellen Carol.  _Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an
Independent Women's Movement in America 1848-1869_.  Third printing.
Cornell Paperbacks, Cornell University Press.  1985.  ISBN:
0-8014-9182-7 (trade paperback).
    Blurb: "...Duboise provides a framework and an analysis which link
    present concerns with political events more than a century ago,
    and by so doing illuminates both our contemporary situation and
    our past.  Hers is a rare blend of relevance and solid
    scholarship..."

Eisler, Riane.  _The Chalice and the Blade_. Harper, San Francisco.
1987.
    An interesting revisionist view of history; describes a conflict
    between "gylanic" (cooperative, giving of life honored,
    stereotypically feminine) and "androcratic" (competitive, taking
    of life honored, stereotypically masculine) tendencies in Western
    history. She suggests that the problem with the latter system is
    not men _per se_, but the expectation that men dominate women and
    a few men dominate all the rest. She follows Marija Gimbutas on
    European prehistory, suggesting that her "Old Europe" was a good
    example of the former system. Caution: any attempt at finding
    all-encompassing principles, as she does, is probably an
    oversimplification.

Fraser, Antonia.  _The Weaker Vessel_.  Vintage Books, Random House,
New York.  1985.  ISBN: 0-394-73251-0.
    Blurb: "Fraser gives us life after woman's life in choice and
    telling detail.  This is 'hidden history'...the history of
    ordinary women, and therefore of ordinary men.  As such it is both
    tantalizingly familliar and utterly exotic, close and yet distant
    to our own lives."

Fraser, Antonia.  _The Warrior Queens_. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
1989.  ISBN: 0-394-54939-2 (hardback).
    Blurb: "...Fraser gives us a singularly rich and provocative study
    of the Warrior Queens.  Dramatising the often astonishing ways in
    which the world has perceived -- and still perceives -- women who
    wield power, she examines the paradox and the politics, the mythic
    and the real lives of the sovereign women who have led their
    nations in war."

Gimbuta, Marija.  _The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe_.  c1974, 1982.
    Documents Neolithic Europe in detail, describing such things as
    settlement patterns, burial rites, a sacred script and inferences
    on its social structure.  She proposes that "Old Europe" featured
    parity between the sexes, lack of interest in warfare, well-developed
    artistic traditions, and a belief system centered on female
    generative powers.

Gimbuta, Marija.  _The Language of the Goddess_(1989) and _The
Civilization of the Goddess_(1991).  Harper, San Francisco.
    Expands on the belief system proposed in the first book.

Goreau, Angeline, ed.  _The Whole Duty of a Woman: Female Writers in
Seventeenth Century England_.  Dial Press, Garden City, New York.
1985.

Heilbrun, Carolyn G.  _Writing a Woman's Life_. Ballantine Books.
ISBN 0-345-36256-X.
    Blurb: "With subtlety and great eloquence, Carolyn Heilbrun shows
    how, throughout the centuries, those who write about women's lives
    -- biographers AND autobiographers -- have suppressed the truth of
    the female experience, in order to make the "written life" conform
    to society's expectations of what that life should be."

Hiley, Michael.  _Victorian Working Women: Portraits from Life_.
Gordon Fraser, London.  1979.
    A collection of Arther Munby's photography.  It was his firm
    belief that women should be free to take on any job they wished.
    A fascinating compendium.

Karlsen, Carol F.  _The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in
Colonial New England_.  W.W. Norton and Company, New York and London.
1987.
    Blurb: "A pioneer work in what might be called the sex<ual
    structuring of society.  this is not just another book about
    witchcraft.  Carol Karlsen has uncovered the assumptions, explicit
    and implicit, that goverened the everyday relationships of men and
    women in early New England...The 'witches' come alive in this
    book, not as stereotypes, but as real women living in a society
    that suspected and feared their independence and combativeness."

Miles, Rosalind.  _The Women's History of the World_.  Perennial
Library, Harper and Row, Publishers.  1990.  ISBN: 0-06-097317-X.

Rossi, Alice S., ed.  _The Feminist Papers: From Adams to de
Beauvoir_.  1st Northeastern University Press ed. Boston :
Northeastern University Press, 1988, c1973.  Reprint. Originally
published: New York : Columbia University Press, 1973.
    Women, feminism and history: sources.

Rothschild, Joan, ed.  _Women, Technology, and Innovation_.  Pergamon
Press, Oxford and New York.  1982.
    Includes bibliography.  Discusses technology and innovation on the
    part of women throughout history, with essays on current feminist
    thought on pedagogy and technology.

Scharff, Virginia.  _Taking the Wheel: Women and the Coming of the
Motor Age_.  The Free Press, Macmillian, Inc.  1991.  ISBN: 0-02928135-0.
    Blurb:  "Most men did not want or expect women to drive the new
    gasoline powered automobiles of the early 1900's.  Women took the
    wheel anyway.  As Virginia Scharff explains in this engaging
    survey, the constraints of gender affected the ways in which women
    met the new automotive technology but seldom slowed them down.
    Car culture, Scharff shows with her precise scholarship and
    thoughtful commentarty, was women's culture, too."

Scott, Joan Wallach.  _Gender and the Politics of History_.  Series
title: Gender and Culture.  Columbia University Press, New York.
1988.
    She uses postructural philosophies (Michel Foucault and Jacques
    Derrida - the latter almost considered the father of
    postructuralism) to analyse Gender and the way that History has
    been written. She "deconstructs" the texts hoping to find their
    biases, and so understand why they cannot be "correct," taking the
    position that history has repressed what it means to be a woman.

Sullivan, Sorayan, translator.  _Stories by Iranian Women_.
Introduction by Fazaneh Milani.  Center for Middle Eastern Studies.
University of Texas at Austin.  ISBN: 0-292-77649-7.

Wilson, Katharina M., ed.  _Women Writers of the Renaissance and
Reformation_.  University of Georgia Press.  ISBN: 0-8203-0866-8.

Wilson, Vincent Jr.  _The Book of Distinguished American Women_.
American HIstory Research Associates, PO BOX 140, Brookeville, MD
20833, 1983.  ISBN 0-910086-05-2. (100p paperback)
  Brief but inspiring biographies of 50 (!) women who made names for
  themselves in fields from astronomy to public health to literature.




10.  Implications of Beauty.
---------------------------

Brownmiller, Susan. _Femininity_.  Fawcett Columbine, New York. 1984.
ISBN: 0-449-90142-4 (trade paperback).
    A mild (for Brownmiller) but earnest book that explores the effect
    that demands of "femininity" have on women.

Freedman, Rita. _Beauty Bound_.  Lexington Books, D.C. Heath and
Company. 1988.  ISBN: 0-669-11141-4 (hardback).
    Explores the effects that conventional notions of beauty and
    womens' efforts to meet them have on women.

Wolf, Naomi. _The Beauty Myth_. Chatto & Windus, London, 1991.  W.
Morrow, New York, 1991.
    Examines the impact that conventional notions of feminine beauty
    have on women from a feminist perspective.


11.  Lesbian Feminism.
----------------------

Darty, Trudy and Sandee Potter, eds.  _Women-Identified Women_.
Mayfield Pub. Co., Palo Alto, CA.  1984.

Faderman, Lillian.  _Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship
and Love between Women from the Renaissance to the Present_ New York:
Quill (A division of William Morrow & Co.), 1981.

Faderman, Lillian. _Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History
of Lesbian Life in Twentieth Century America_.

Pharr, Suzanne.  _Homophobia: A Weapon Of Sexism_.  Chardon Press,
Inverness, CA.  1988.
  If there is anyone out there who *doesn't* understand the
  connection between homophobia and sexism, I urge that person
  to read this fairly short book.

Phelan, Shane.  _Identity Politics: Lesbian Feminism and the Limits of
Community_.  Series Title: Women in the Political Economy.  Temple
University Press, Philadelphia.  1989.

Rich, Adrienne.  _On Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian
Existence_. Onlywomen Press, London, 1981; Antelope Publications,
Denver Co., 1982.
    First appeared in _Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society_,
    Vol. 5, no. 5, 1980.

Douglas, Carol Anne.  _Love and Politics: Radical Feminist and Lesbian
Theories_. Ism Press, San Francisco, 1990.


12.  Literary Writings.
-----------------------

Atwood, Margaret. _The Handmaid's Tale_.  Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1986.
ISBN 0395404258.
    Description of future in which women's reproduction is completely
    state-controlled.

Charnas, Suzy McKee.  _Walk to the End of the World_.  In _Radical
Utopias_, Quality Paperback Book Club, New York, 1990.
    Charnas has also written excellent young adult fiction (_The
    Bronze King_, etc).  This is an exploration of a post-apolcalyptic
    world, in which women are blamed for the apocolypse and treated
    accordingly.

Delany, Samuel R.  _Triton_.  In _Radical Utopias_, Quality Paperback
Book Club, New York, 1990.
    An exploration of gender and gender roles set in the future.

Lefanu, Sarah.  _Feminism and Science Fiction_.  Indiana University
Press. 1989.  ISBN: 0-253-23100-0.
    From back: "Through intriguing literary criticism of the works of
    writers such as Joanna Russ, Ursula Le Guin, Suzy McKee Charnas,
    James Tiptree, Jr., and Josephine Saxton, Lefanu explores the ways
    in which feminsit ideas have been stealthily at work, subverting
    male authority in one of its strongholds."  A penetrating and very
    interesting book.

LeGuin, Ursula K. _The Left Hand of Darkness_.  Ace Science Fiction
Books, New York.  c1969.  29th printing, 1984.  ISBN: 0-441-47810-7
(paperback).
    Constructs a world inhabited by non-gendered people that shift
    from one sex to the other only for purposes of reproduction.  A
    fascinating exploration of gender, gender roles, and gender
    identity.  Lyrical and well written.

LeGuin, Ursula K. _Dancing at the Edge of the World: Thoughts on
Words, Women, Places_.  Perennial Library, Harper & Row, Publishers.
1989. ISBN 0-06-097289-0.
    A collection of articles written by the author.  Well worth
    reading.

Russ, Joanna.  "When It Changed." Originally published in _Again,
Dangerous Visions_ edited by Harlan Ellison, in 1972.  It was
reprinted in _Kindred Spirits_ edited by Jeffrey M.  Elliot, in 1984
(Alyson Publications).  Also reprinted in _The Arbor House Treasury of
Science Fiction_ compiled by Robert Silverberg and Martin H. Greenberg
(Arbor House, New York, 1980, ISBN 0-87795-246-9).
    From introduction in Arbor House edition: "The planet that is the
    setting for Ms. Russ's story is completely devoid of men, and
    although this situation has been dealt with in science fiction
    before, it was usually in the form of 'men to the rescue' and/or a
    reaffirmation of the 'natural' need of one sex for the other.
    This is not the case here.  The physiological problmes of a
    single-sex situation have been solved and the social system and
    the satisfactions deriving therefrom are perfectly logical.  Like
    all fine science fiction, 'When it Changed' has much to tell us
    about the present." (p 513).

Russ, Joanna.  _The Female Man_. In _Radical Utopias_, Quality
Paperback Book Club, New York, 1990.
    This is an extension of the work begun in "When it Changed."

Spender, Dale.  _Mothers of the Novel: 100 Good Women Novelists before
Jane Austen_.  Pandora Press, 1986.  ISBN 0-86358-081-5.
  Puts the lie to every thing you learned in high school and
  university literature classes about how only men create LITERATURE.

Tiptree, James Jr. [Alice Sheldon].  "The Women Men Don't See," in
Silverberg, Robert and Martin H. Greenberg, eds, _THe Arbor House
Treasury of Science Fiction.  Arbor House, New York.  1980.  ISBN
0-87795-246-9.
    From introduction: "We listen, but we don't hear.  We see, but we
    don't understand.  We reach, but we don't grasp.  These human
    failings are a part of life for all of us and not always because
    of lack of effort or talent.  Some things are mysterious, and life
    is the richer for it.  Science fiction has always explored the
    things that are not what they seem and the things that are more
    than they appear to be, but rarely as disturbingly and profoundly
    as in this outstanding story by 'James Tiptree, Jr' (Alice
    Sheldon)."


13.  Media Depiction of Women.
------------------------------

Mayor's Task Force on the Status of Women in Toronto.  _Final Report:
Issues: day care, birth control, health care, property law, sexual
discrimination, equal pay for work of equal value,
advertising--degrading women, affirmative action, political power,
recreation, etc. etc. [Toronto: The Task Force] 1974.

Adelson, Andrea, "Study Attacks Women's Roles in TV",  The New
York Times, November 19, 1990, page C18.

Courtney, Alice E. and Thomas W. Whipple.  _Sex Stereotyping in
Advertising_.  Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.  1983.

Edwardsen, Mary, ed. _The Corporate Influence on the Images of Women
in Advertising: A Transcript of Public Hearings Held by the Interfaith
Center on Corporate Responsibility, October 7 & 8, 1976, New York
City_.  The Center, New York, 1977.

Fraser, Laura.  "Behind the New Abortion Scam: How the New Right Uses
Deceptive Advertising and Heavy-Handed Tactics to Prevent Pregnant
WOmen from Choosing and Abortion".  _The San Francisco Bay Guardian_.
Vol 20, no 39. (July 16-23, 1986).

Kilbourne, Jean, Joseph Vitagliano, Patricia Stallone.  _Killing Us
Softly: Advertising's Image of Women_.  Videocassette.  Cambridge
Documentary Films, Cambridge, MA.  1979.
    A study of the psychological and sexual themes that pervade
    today's advertising for products.  With a mixture of fact,
    insight, humor, and outrage, we are shown just how easily we
    are led astray by these advertisements.

Kilbourne, Jean and Cambridge Documentary Films.  Producer and
Directory, Margaret Lazarus.  _Still Killing Us Softly: Advertising's
Image of Women_.  Videocassette.  Cambridge Documentary Films,
Cambridge MA. 1987.
    Discusses the manner in which women are portrayed by advertising
    and the effects this has on women and their images of themselves.

*Komisar, Lucy, "The Image of Woman in Advertising"

Schwartz, L. A. and W. T. Markham, "Sex Stereotyping in Children's Toy
Advertisements", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 12 (1985) 157-170.


14.  Military, Law Enforcement.
-------------------------------

The University Conversion Project, in the September 1992 issue,
published a 32-page booklet with bibliographies, articles, list of
organizations, and organizing ideas pertaining to the links between
"Masculinity, War, Feminism and Non-Violence."  Articles include
"White Men in Ties Discussing Missile Size," by Carol Cohn, "Male
Violence and Imperialism," by Lundy Bancroft, "Prostitution and the
Military," by Suniti Kumar, etc.  The Guide is available for $3 plus
$1 postage from UCP, P.O. Box 748, Cambridge, MA 02142.  You can get
more information by calling [phone] from 10am to 6pm.

*Edwards, Paul N., "The Army and the Microworld: Computers and the
Politics of Gender Identity"

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. _Women in law_.  Basic Books, New York, 1981;
Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, NY, 1983.

Stirling, S.M.  "The Woman Warrior," in _New Destinies_, vol IV,
Summer 1988.  Baen Books.
  This is a well thought-out article by S.M. Stirling entitled _The
  Woman Warrior_.  Stirling defends the idea of women serving in the
  military.  This is a response to opinions expressed by editors who
  had negative comments about female warriors in fantasy stories.
  Although _New Destinies_ is aimed at science fiction readers, this
  article is factual and interesting.  There is a list of references
  at the end of the article.

McNeil, D. G.  "Should Women Be Sent Into Combat?" _The New
York Times_, July 21, 1991, page E3.
    A summary of the arguments for and against allowing women to serve
    in combat positions.  It includes the statistic that even with
    pregnancy leave, enlisted women spend less time off work that
    enlisted men.


15.  Patriarchy.
----------------

Connel, R.W. _Gender and Power: Society, The Person, and Sexual
Politics_.  Stanford University Press.  1987.

Dinnerstein, Dorothy. _The Mermaid and the Minotaur: Sexual Arrangements
and Human Malaise_.  Harper & Row, New York.  1976.
    Examines the roots of patriarchy.

Figes, Eva. _Patriarchal Attitudes: Women in Society_.  Reprint.
Persea Books, New York.  1986.  ISBN: 0-89255-122-4 (trade paperback).
    Examines factors which have placed women in subservient roles in
    most societies, including Christianity, capitalism, Freud, and
    sexual taboos.

Millet, Kate. _Sexual Politics_.  New edition.  Touchstone Books,
Simon and Schuster Inc.  1990 (orig. 1969).  ISBN: 0-671-70740-X
(trade paperback).
    From blurb: "With searing eloquence, it traces the evolution of
    the women's movement starting from 1830, focusing on the profound
    changes in fundamental values that were -- and are -- its goal.
    In the tradition of feminist criticism pioneered by Simone de
    Beauvoir and Doris Lessing, Millett examines four key figures --
    D.H. Lawrence, Henry Miller, Norman Mailer, and Jean Genet -- to
    illuminate how patriarchial bias and myth are reflected in the
    exploitation of women in literature."

Perelberg, Rosine Josef, and Ann C. Miller, eds.  _Gender and Power in
Families_.  Tavistock/Routledge, London and New York.  1990.

Sargent, Lydia, ed. _Women and Revolution. A Discussion of the Unhappy
Marriage of Marxism and Feminism_.  South End Press, Boston, 1981.
Pluto Press, London, 1981.
    An edited collection of articles on the nature of the relationship
    between capitalism and patriarchy.


16.  Pornography.
-----------------

"Dealing With Pornography in Academia: Report on a Grassroots
Action", CMU Computer Science Graduate Students and Staff.
unpublished, 1989.

Baird, Robert M. and Stuart E. Rosenbaum, eds.  _Pornography: Private
Right or Public Menace?_.  Prometheus Books.
    A wide and relatively unbiased collection of positions on
    pornography.  Chapters are devoted to feminist, religious, and
    Libertarian perspectives.  Some familiar names in the book:
    Brownmiller, Dworkin, and Steinem, as well as excerpts from the
    two US commission reports.

Ben-Veniste, Richard.  "Pornography and Sex Crime -- the Danish
Experience."  In Vol. 8, USCOP [U.S. Commision on Obscenity and
Pornography] Technical Report, 1970.

Califia, Pat. "Among Us, Against Us: The New Puritans," in _The
Advocate_ (4/17/80, 14-18); reprinted in _Caught Looking_ (recently
reprinted) Also. "See No Evil: The Anti-Porn Movement," in _The
Advocate_ (9/3/85, 35-39); and "The Obscene, Disgusting and Vile Meese
Commission Report," in _The Advocate_ (10/14/86, 42-46, 108-109).
    Challenges to the well-known feminist anti-pornographic
    and anti-sex stance.

Downs, Donald Alexander. _The New Politics of Pornography_.
University of Chicago Press, Chicago.  1989.  ISBN 0226161625.
    Explores the contemporary antipornography movement, documents the
    weaknesses of both absolutist sides of the conflict.

Dworkin, Andrea.  _Woman Hating_.  Dutton, New York, 1974.

Dworkin, Andrea.  _Intercourse_.  Free Press, New York, 1987.

Dworkin, Andrea.  _Pornography: Men Possessing Women_.  Dutton, New
York, 1989.

Griffin, Susan.  _Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her_.  Harper
and Row, New York, 1980.
    She contends that There are similarities between the ways men in
    patriarchal cultures treat "women" & "nature" and alienate
    themselves from both.

Griffin, Susan. _Pornography and Silence: Culture's Revenge Against
Nature_.  Harper Colophon Books, New York, 1982.

Kuhn, Annette.  _Women's Pictures: Feminism and Cinema_.  Routledge &
K. Paul, London and Boston, 1982.
    She feels that soft core pornography is more harmful to societal
    views on women than is hard core porn (hard core meaning "straight
    sex" films and not bondage/S&M/rape films).

Kutchinksy, Berl.  "Towards an Explanation of the Decrease in
Registered Sex Crimes in Copenhagen."  In USCOP "Technical Review",
Vol 8., 1970.

Kutchinksy, Berl.  "Pornography and Its Effects in Denmark and the
United States: A Rejoinder and Beyond."  "Comparitive Social Research:
An Annual.  Vol. 8.  Greenwich Conn.:JAI Press, 1985.

Stoltenberg, John. _Refusing to be a Man: Essays on Sex and Justice_.
Breitenbush Books, Portland, OR.  1989.
    Stoltenberg speaks to the issues of woman-hating (as a function of
    training from childhood) and pornography.  He is persuasive,
    succinct, and he succeeds in clearing up a lot of confusion in
    these areas.  Probably the most effective presentation I've seen
    in a very long time.  Biological determinism is laid to waste.


17.  Positive Children's Books.
-------------------------------

*_From the Mixed up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler_.
    Strong female protagonist.

L'Engle, Madeleine.  _A Wrinkle in Time_ and many, many others.
    [Science fiction]  AWIT is a classic.  Meg Murray saves her
    father and little brother from the clutches of IT.  Three other
    books follow this one, and L'Engle has written a whole slew of
    other children's books.  Characters are wonderfully drawn, and
    females get strong, well drawn roles.

McKinley, Robin.  _The Hero and the Crown_, _The Blue Sword_.
    [Fantasy] Set in the ancient kingdom of Damar.  The proponents of
    each book are heroic females who take on the foes of the kingdom.
    The books start out slow and finish fast.  _Hero_ is also a
    Newberry Award winner.

McKinley, Robin.  _The Outlaws of Sherwood_.
    [Mythic fiction] This version of Robin Hood does not romanticize
    the life of the outlaws.  It also gives a much stronger role to
    Marian.  There are all the familiar characters, plus a few other
    interesting female characters.  The Sheriff of Nottingham stays
    well in the background.  Interesting version.

Voigt, Cynthia.  _Homecoming_.
    [Fiction] Three children walk across a good portion of America
    after being abandoned.  The oldest sister is the one that pulls
    them through.

[continued in part III]

--------------

Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so
on to [e-mail].


--Cindy Tittle Moore

"If an aborigine drafted an IQ test, for example, all of Western
Civilization would probably flunk."


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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From    : [e-mail]
To      : ALL
Subj    : soc.feminism References

 @SUBJECT:soc.feminism References (part 3 of 3)
 @PACKOUT:03-01-94°
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Message-ID: <feminism/[e-mail]>
Newsgroup: soc.feminism,soc.answers,news.answers
Organization: Disorganized in Orange County, CA

Archive-name: feminism/refs3
Version: 2.2
Last-modified: 15 February 1993

This posting contains useful feminist references for the newsgroup
soc.feminism.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

[1-8 in part I, 9-17 in part II]
18.  Public Policies Regarding Women.
19.  Reactions to Feminism.
20.  Religion.
21.  Sex and/or Violence, Sexual Abuse.
22.  Sexual Harassment and Discrimination.
23.  Test Biases.
24.  Women of Color.
25.  Women's Health.

(Auto)Biographies.
Miscellaneous.
Acknowledgements.


[continuing from part II]

18.  Public Policies Regarding Women.
-------------------------------------

Abramovitz, Mimi. _Regulating the Lives of Women. Social Welfare Policy
from Colonial Times to the Present_.
    An analysis of the impact of US social welfare policy, documents
    how the family ethic has been translated into punitive welfare
    approaches toward women

Baldock, Cora V., and Bettina Cass, eds.  _Women, Social Welfare, and the
State in Australia_.  Allen & Unwin, Sydney and Boston.  1983.

Dahl, Tove Stang. _Women's Law: An Introduction to Feminist
Jurisprudence_.  Oxford University Press.  1987.
     Proposal for a "women's law" by Norwegian sociologist of law.

Diamond, Irene, ed. _Families, Politics, and Public Policy_.  New
York. Longman. 1983.

Enloe, Cynthia.  _Bananas, Beaches and Bases_.
    A radical analysis of international politics revealing the crucial
    role of women in implementing government foreign policies.  It
    deals with several problems, one of which is prostitution especially
    in asia, and also with regard to US military bases.

Freeman, Michael D.A. . _The State, the Law, and the Family: Critical
Perspectives_.  Tavistock Publications, New York. 1984.
    A collection of articles, many British, on the interrelationship
    between the family, the state and patriarchy.

Glendon, Mary Ann. _Abortion and Divorce in Western Law_.  Harvard
University Press, Cambridge MA.  1987.
    Overview and analysis of abortion and divorce laws in several
    western countries.

Gordon, Linda, ed. _Women, the State, and Welfare_.  University of
Wisconsin Press.  1990.
    Collection on women and the welfare state.  Includes articles by
    Elizabeth Schneider on rights, and Frances Fox Piven.

Hernes, Helga Maria. _Welfare State and Woman Power: Essays in State
Feminism_.  Scandinavian Library series. Norwegian University Press,
Oxford.  Distributed by Oxford University Press.  1987.
    Critique of the patriarchal nature of the Scandinavian welfare state.

Mason, Mary Ann. _The Equality Trap_.  Simon & Schuster, New York.
1988.
    Discusses how the push for equality laws has actually been to the
    detriment of women, particularly in the area of family law.  The
    author is a lawyer.

Mueller, Carol M., ed.  _The Politics of the Gender Gap: The Social
Construction of Political Influence_.  SAGE Publications, Newbury
Park, CA.  1988.

Ruggie, Mary. _The State and Working Women:  A Comparative Study of
Britain and Sweden_.  Princeton University Press.  1984.

Pateman, Carole. _The Sexual Contract_.  Stanford University
Press.  1988.
    The meaning of the social "contract" for women.

Pateman, Carole. _The Disorder of Women:  Democracy, Feminism
and Political Theory_.  Stanford University Press.  1989.
    A discussion of women's role in the rise of democratic theory.
    The meaning of consent.

Paul, Ellen Frankel.  _Equity and Gender: the Comparable Worth Debate_.
1990.
    Begins by explaining how comparable worth -- or pay equity imposed
    by law -- is a full frontal assault on the free market by those
    who scoff at the market's ability to provide justice, and argues
    that the free market, not the state, is the better ally of
    feminism.

Petchesky, Rosalind. _Abortion: A Woman's Choice_.  1990.
    Excellent study of abortion politics in America.  Examines the
    patriarchal and capitalist roots underlying the abortion
    controversy, as well as (in 1990 edition) the meaning of the
    rights discourse for women.  Re-imagining "rights."

Tribe, Laurence H.  _Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes_.  W.W. Norton,
New York, London. 1990.  ISBN: 0-393-30699-2.
    Tribe is a professor of constitutional law and brings this
    expertise to his evaluation of the constitutional question of
    abortion.  Besides drawing a sympathetically balanced view of the
    two extremes, he shows what that consequences for the constitution
    would be upon defining a fetus as a "person."  Excellent and very
    readable, unlike many constitutional analyses of any sort.

Sassoon, Anne Showstack, ed. _Women and the State_.  Unwin Hyman,
Winchester, MA.  1988.
    An international collection of articles on women and the welfare
    state.

Stetson, Dorothy McBride. _Women's Rights in the USA. Policy Debates
and Gender Roles_.  Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, CA.
1991.  ISBN: 0-534-14898-0.
    The author examines the hottest current topics in the US that
    relate to women, and how the mjor controversies and policies
    affect gender roles and being female in this country.

Wilson, Elizabeth.  _Women and the Welfare State_.  Tavistock
Publications, London.  1977.


19.  Reactions to Feminism.
---------------------------

Faludi, Susan. _Backlash. The Undeclared War Against American Women_,
(1991).
    Gives an overview of the reaction to feminism in America today.
    It is an incredible compendium of incorrect facts, bogus
    statistics, false logic and unfounded theories, all of which which
    are presented by society and the media in particular as "true" and
    "factual" in order to keep women subordinate.  One caveat about
    this book is that the author seems unsympathetic to the difficult
    choices a woman must make if she wants to combine career and
    family.

Kamen, Paula, "Feminism, a Dirty Word", The New York Times,
November 23, 1990, page A37.

Leidholdt, Dorchen and Janice G. Raymond, eds.  _The Sexual Liberals
and the Attack on Feminism_.  Pergamon Press, New York.  1990.
    Essays which originated as speeches and panel presentations at a
    conferences on April 6, 1987, at the New York University Law
    School.  Includes bibliographical references and index.

Smith, Joan.  _Misogynies: Reflections on Myths and Malice_.  Fawcett
Columbine Book, Ballantine Books, Publishers. 1989.  ISBN:0-449-90591-8.
    From blurb:  "Joan Smith has written a witty and bold collection
    of essays on the alarming subject of women-hating.  She observes
    the phenomenon wryly and never succumbs to the fatuous
    generalizations which characterize misogyny itself...Misogyny,
    unlike sexism, grows in this way behind women's backs, which may
    be why we sometimes optimistcially believe it is no longer
    prevalent.  It is aptly, intelligently and compassionately put
    before us again in this well-written book." (Literary Review).


20.  Religion.
--------------

Adler, Margot. _Drawing Down the Moon_.  Revised edition.  Beacon
Press, Boston.  1986.  ISBN: 0-8070-3253-0.
    This has a chapter on "Women, Feminism, and the Craft".  It places
    feminist wicca in one of its contexts.  Otherwise the book is
    mainly about neopaganism.

Armstrong, Karen. _The Gospel According to Woman_.  Anchor Books,
Doubleday. 1987.  ISBN: 0-385-24079-1 (trade paperback).
    A provocative interpretation of the history of women in
    Christianity.  In particular, there are interesting parallels
    between the Virgins (who could stay separate from men) of
    Christian history and latter-day feminists.

Beck, Evelyn Torton, ed. _Nice Jewish Girls. A Lesbian Anthology_.
Revised and updated.  Beacon Press, Boston.  1989.

Fiorenza, Elisabeth Schussler. _Bread Not Stone_.  Beacon Press,
Boston.  1984.  ISBN: 0-8070-1103-7 (trade paperback).
    Feminist biblical interpretation.

Greenberg, Blu. _On Women and Judaism: A View from Tradition_.  Jewish
Publication Society of America, Philadelphia.  1981.
    This discusses conflicts between Orthodox Judaism and feminism,
    and suggests resolutions of the conflicts within the boundaries of
    Jewish law.

Hampson, Daphne. _Theology and Feminism_.  Basil Blackwell Ltd/Inc.
1990. ISBN: 0-631-14944-9.
    Discusses the limitations of Christianity from a feminist
    perspective, and suggests ways for moving beyond Christianity.

Heine, Susanne. _Women and Early Christianity: A Reappriasal_.
Augsburg Publishing House, Minneapolis. 1988.  ISBN: 0-8066-2359-4.
    Documents the strength of influence women had in early
    Christianity, uses this as basis for concluding that Christianity
    need not be anti-woman.  Originally published in German under
    _Frauen der Fru:hen Christenheit_.

Heschel, Susannah. _On Being a Jewish Feminist:  A Reader_.  Schocken,
1984.

Kaye/Kantrowitz, Melanie and Irena Klepfisz. _The Tribe of Dina:
A Jewish Women's Anthology_.  Beacon Press. 1989.

Koltun, Elizabeth. _The Jewish Woman: New Perspectives_.  Schocken
Books, 1976.

Miles, Margaret R. . _Carnal Knowing: Female Nakedness and Religious
Meaning in the Christian West_.  Beacon Press, Boston.  1989.
    Looks at how images of the female body have shaped and been shaped
    by religious and social forces.  Although most of the emphasis is
    mediaeval, It has a final chapter that looks at a modern
    perspective.  Has an excellent section on Hildegard von Bingen,
    one of the few female writers of the middle ages.

Pagel, Elaine. _Adam, Eve, and The Serpent_. Random House, New York.
1988.  Also, _The Gnostic Gospels_.  Vintage Books edition, Random
House, New York.  1989.
    The former is a thorough exploration of how the Genesis myth is
    inextricably interwined with western culture views of women.  The
    latter shows how the early Christian church although initially
    receptive to women became patriarchal.

Plaskow, Judith. _Standing Again at Sinai:  Judaism From A Feminist
Perspective_.  Harper Collins, 1990.  ISBN 0-06-066684-6.
    Plaskow discusses conflicts between Judaism and feminism, and
    suggests ways to make Judaism into a feminist religion.

Ruther, Rosmary Radford. _Women-Church. Theology and Practice of
Feminist Liturgical Communities_.  ISBN 0-06-066834-2.
    This is a collection of liturgies for unconventional purposes
    (i.e. A Coming-Out rite for a Lesbian). They are not so much pagan
    as they are feminist.  They ignore the distinctions between
    Christian and non-Christian. The thesis of the book is in part
    that women should create their own ritual without waiting for the
    "church" to catch up with their reality.  Ruther has written other
    books with similar themes.

Schneider, Susan Weidman.  _Jewish and Female_.  Simon & Schuster.
ISBN: 0-671-60439-2.

Sprentak, Charlene, ed. _The Politics of Women's Spirituality:
Essays on the Rise of Spiritual Power within the Feminist Movement_.
1982.  ISBN. 0-385-17241-9.
    This is a thick (590pp) sampler with short pieces by a number of
    important authors. A few are written as responses to others which
    gives a bit more sense of the dialog.

Starhawk. _The Spiral Dance_.  10th anniversary edition, revised.
Harper & Row, San Francisco.  1989.  ISBN 0-06-250814-8.
    This has clearly been a very influential book.  Z. Budapest is
    another mother of feminist wicca from the same era; Starhawk seems
    a bit more readable and less cookbook-like.

Stone, Merlin. _When God Was a Woman_.  Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
Publishers.  1976.  ISBN: 0-15-696158-X (trade paperback).
    Historical revisionist view of early matriarchal & female-based
    worship.


21.  Sex and/or Violence and Sexual Abuse.
------------------------------------------

*"Sexual Abuse as a Precursor to Prostitution and Victimization Among
Adolescent and Adult Homeless Women." Journal of Family Issues. v12 n3
p361.

*"Four Theories of Rape: A Macrosociological Analysis".  _Social
Problems_ 34, No. 5 (1986)
    General-social-disinhibition theory is used to model the
    correlation between sexual magazines and rape.

*_Pornography and Sexual Aggression_

Barry, Kathleen.  _Female Sexual Slavery_.  Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ, 1979; New York University Press, London and New York, 1984.

Bart, Pauline and Patricia O'Brien.  _Stopping Rape: Successful
Survival Strategies_.  Pergamon Press, New York. 1985.

Browne, Angela. _When Battered Women Kill_.  Collier Macmillian,
London; Free PRess, New York.  1987.

Brownmiller, Susan. _Against Our Will_. Bantam. 1975.
    This is a disturbing, contradictory work.  It is misrepresented
    both by feminist and anti-feminist camps; feminists lauding it as
    a quintessentially accurate portrayal of rape, the anti-feminists
    denouncing it as a virulently anti-male piece of propoganda.
    A landmark work that first documented the social and historical
    consequences of rape in our society.

Caputi, Jane. _The Age of Sex Crime_.  Bowling Green State University
Popular Press, Bowling Green, OH. 1987.
    Case studies on murder and sex crimes.

Ellis, Lee and Charles Beattie. "The Feminist Explanation for Rape. An
Empirical Test," _Journal of Sex Research_, 19(1).74-93, Feb 1983.
    Abstract. The feminist explanation for rape includes the
    proposition that it derives from traditions of male domination in
    social, political, and economic matters. As a test of this thesis,
    official FBI and victimization statistics on rape were compared
    across 26 large United States central cities relative to various
    indicators of these cities' degree of social, political, and
    economic inequality between the sexes. Of 14 correlations, 4 were
    significant, 3 with a sign opposite to that predicted by the
    feminist explanation. When presumed effects of the two strongest
    control variables were removed by partial correlation techniques,
    only one coefficient was significant, and it was in the direction
    contrary to the feminist explanation. Rape rates appear unrelated
    to inequalities of earnings, education, occupational prestige, or
    employment. The belief that reducing sex disparities in social,
    political, and economic terms will reduce rape is not supported. 3
    Tables, 55 References.

Finkelhor, David and Kersti Yllo. _License to Rape: Sexual Abuse of
Wives_.  Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1985; Free Press, New
York, 1987.

Gauthier and Saucier.  "Preliminary Study of Early Sexual Abuse."
Canadian _Journal of Psychiatry_. 1991. v36 n6 p422. (In French)
    This paper is in french, but they have an English abstract in
    Medline. They compared sexually abused adolescents with
    non-abused. From the abstract: "...[of abused children] their
    perception of self and of the ideal self was not affected by the
    sexual abuse, a finding that will spark discussion."

Griffin, Susan. _The Politics of Rape_. Third revision and updated
edition.  Harper and Row, San Francisco, 1986.
    Original copyright 1970.
    "Another canon in the apologetics of rape is that, if it were not
    for learned social controls, all men would rape."..."But in truth
    rape is not universal to the human species."

Griffin, Susan. "Rape: The All-American Crime" in _Rape: The Power of
Consciousness_, Harper & Row, 1979.

Haber, Joel D.  "Abused Women and Chronic Pain," in _American Journal
of Nursing_, v85, Sept. 1985, pp1010-1012.
    Study shows that abused women have more health problems than
    non-abused ones.

Jones, Anne. _Women Who Kill_.  Fawcett Crest, Ballantine Books, New
York. 1981.
    From blurb: "When battered and abused women began to fight back --
    and kill --- men began to fear that this would becom an epidemic.
    Some felt that women were getting away with murder: But were they?
    They were not.  In fact, in many cases their punishment was
    harsher than that of men.  But this book is much more than a
    desription of battered women who kill in self-defense.  It is a
    social history and a fascinating story of women on the edge of
    society -- women driven to kill for a multitude of reasons.  Here
    are tales of crime and punishment that reveal hard truths about
    American society and women's place in it."

Kelly, Liz. _Surviving Sexual Violence_. University of Minnesota
Press, Minneapolis; Polity Press, Cambridge UK.  1988.

Kilpatrick, D.G. et al., "Mental health correlates of criminal
victimization. A random community survey," _Journal of Consulting &
Clinical Psychology_, Vol. 53, 866-873.  1985.

Koss, M.P.  "Hidden rape. sexual aggression and victimization in
a national sample of students in higher education."  Chapter 1. In A.W.
Burgess, ed, _Rape and sexual assault II_ (pp. 3-25). NY. Garland. 1988.
    Controversial.  This was a study that showed a good percentage of
    the men surveyed believed certain things could be expected if they
    paid for dinner, etc.  There were questions designed in such a way
    that would find out if the men had raped without using the word
    rape.  They would answer yes to these questions but no to the
    questions containing the word rape.

McFarlane, Judith.  "Violence During Teen Pregnancy: Health
Consequences for Mother and Child," in Levy, Barrie, ed, _Dating
Violence_, Seal Press, 1991, pp136-141.
    A study that found 26% of prengant teens were currently in an
    abusive relationship; many noted the abuse began when the
    pregnancy did.

Mercy JA., Saltzman LE., Intentional Injury Section, Centers for
Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333. May 1989. "Fatal violence among
spouses in the United States," 1976-85. _American Journal of Public
Health_. 79(5).595-9.
    Abstract. In this paper we examine patterns and trends in
    homicides between marriage partners in the United States for 1976
    through 1985 using data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's
    Supplemental Homicide Reports (FBI-SHR). We identified 16,595
    spouse homicides accounting for 8.8 per cent of all homicides
    reported to the FBI-SHR during this 10-year period. The rate of
    spouse homicide for this 10-year period was 1.6 per 100,000
    married persons. The risk of being killed by one's spouse was 1.3
    times greater for wives than for husbands. Black husbands were at
    greater risk of spouse homicide victimization than Black wives or
    White spouses of either sex. The risk of victimization was greater
    for spouses in interracial than in intraracial marriages and
    increased as age differences between spouses increased. From 1976
    through 1985, the risk of spouse homicide declined by more than
    45.0 per cent for both Black husbands and wives but remained
    relatively stable for White husbands and wives. Demographic
    patterns in the risk of spouse homicide were similar to those
    reported for nonfatal spouse abuse suggesting that the causes of
    spouse homicide and nonfatal spouse abuse may be similar.

Morgan, Robin.  _The Demon Lover: On the Sexuality of Terrorism_.
W.W. Norton and Company.  1989.  ISBN: 0-393-02642-6 (hardback).
    Controversial.  Blurb: "Something in each of us, no matter how we
    deny it and no matter how much we may deplore terrorist tactics,
    is fascinated by the terrorist.  We might even ambivalently admire
    such a figure: a fanatic of dedication, a mixture of volatile
    impetuosity and severe discipline, an archetype of self-sacrifice.
    ...In this brilliant marriage of theory and personal experience,
    Robin Morgan...sets forth the first feminist analysis of the
    phenomenon of terrorism."

Quigley, Paxton.  _Armed and Female_.  E.P. Dutton, New York. 1989.
    Paperback may be ordered from Second Amendment Foundation, 12500
    NE Tenth Place, Bellavue WA 98005 for US$5.00, includes postage.
    Former anti-gun activist tells why she joined millions of other
    women in choosing a firearm for self-defense.

Randall, Teri.  "Domestic Violence Intervention Calls for More than
Treating Injuries," in _Journal of the American Medical Association_,
264(8), August 22-29, 1990, pp939-940.
    "Battery appears to be the single most common cause of injury to
    women -- more common that automobile accidents, muggings and rapes
    combined."

Russell, Diana H.  _Sexual Exploitation: Rape, Child Sexual Abuse, and
Workplace Harassment_. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA.  1984.

Russell, Diana E. H. and Nancy Howell. "The Prevalence of Rape
in the United States Revisited," _Signs_, 8(4). 688-695, 1983.
    Lead author is in the Department of Social Sciences, Mills
    College, Oakland CA, and has written several books on sexual
    violence.  According to survey findings, assuming that the rape
    rate remains the same, there is a 26% probability that woman will
    be the victim of a completed rape, increasing to 46% for attempted
    rape.

Seng.  "Child Sexual Abuse and Adolescent Prostitution: A Comparative
Study."  _Adolescence_. 1989. v24 n95(really 95??) p665.
    Abstract: "...findings suggest that the relationship
    [abuse>prostitution] is not directed, but invokes runaway behavior
    as an intervening variable. It is not so much that sexual abuse
    leads to prostitution as it is that running away leads to
    prostitution."

Scully, Diana.  _Understanding Sexual Violence: A Study of Convicted
Rapists_.  Series: Perspectives on Gender, vol 3. Unwin Hyman, Boston.
1990.

Stark, Evan, Anne Flitcraft and William Frazier.  "Medicine and
Patriarchal Violence: The Social Construction of a 'Private'
Event," in _International Journal of Health Services_, 9(3), 1979,
pp461-493.
    A study that found that medical records included the labels
    "neurotic," "hysteric," "hypochondriac," or "a well-known patient
    with multiple vague complaints" for one in four battered women
    compared to one in fifty non-battered women; one in four battered
    women are given pain medications/tranquilizers as compared to one
    in ten non-battered women.

Strauss, M.A., Gelles, R.J., and Steinmetz, S.K. _Behind closed doors:
Violence in American families_.  Doubleday, New York, 1980.  Followup
work "Intimate Violence" (no detailed reference).
    These studies show that spousal violence levels are relatively
    independent of gender.  They do not, however, include any
    consideration of motivation or the issues of 'self defense'.

Warshaw, Robin. _I Never Called It Rape: The Ms. report on
Recognizing, Fighting, and Surviving Date and Acquaintance Rape_.
Afterword by Mary P. Koss.  Harper and Row, New York. 1988.

Wolfgang Marvin E., _Patterns in Criminal Homicide_. University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 1958. Also (*Curtis 1974), (*Mercy &
Saltzman 1989).
    The situation appears to bethat the rate that men kill women and
    that women kill men, and also the rate at which husbands kill
    wives and wives kill husbands, are nearly *equal* when looked at
    from a mortality point of view, and ignoring the issue of 'who
    started it'.

Yllo, Kerst, and Michele Bograd, eds. _Feminist Perspectives on Wife
Abuse_.  Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.  1988.
    Includes important discussion of what statistics can or cannot
    show.  Bibliographies.

_National Crime Survey_ (NCS)
    This is an attempt to measure the actual victimization rates of
    how often people are affected by crimes.  The survey is given to a
    population representative of all people over 12 years of age who
    live in a residence.  There are two parts to the survey. a
    screening to determine who has been the victim of a crime; and a
    detailed questionnaire given to victims.  The detailed
    questionnaire includes the details and date of the crime, and
    helps insure that crimes are classified properly (e.g., crimes
    falling outside the survey 'time window' are properly excluded).
    It is a large scale survey, covering approximately 60,000
    households with 101,000 people.  Approximately 96% of the selected
    population agreed to participate in the survey.

_Statistical Abstracts of the U.S. - 1990_. Department of Commerce
(Bureau of the Census), put out yearly.
    Cites the incidence of reported forcible rape as 37.6 per 100,000
    total (i.e., men and women) population.

_Uniform Crime Report_ (UCR)
    Based solely on police reports and is not intended to be a
    statistical measure of victimization The Uniform Crime Report is
    based on police reports.  The data given by the UCR includes
    _only_ murder, not killings in self defense or deaths due to
    negligence - and the interpretation of which is which is left to
    the officer filing the report.

_Uniform Crime Statistics_ (UCS, from the FBI)
    This derives the "one in four" figure given for the rate of rape
    among women.  It used to be "one in five" until the FBI decided
    that marital rape counted as rape (in the mid 1980s).  The FBI's
    definition of rape involves penetration of any orifice without
    consent.  1 in 4 is the rate at which girls are sexually abused
    (rape and molestation); 1 in 6 is the rate at which the same
    occurs for boys.


22.  Sexual Harassment and Discrimination.
------------------------------------------

Baker, Douglas D., David E. Terpstra, and Kinley Larantz. "The
Influence of Individual Characteristics and Severity of Harassing
Behavior on Reactions to Sexual Harassment", _Sex Roles: A Journal of
Research_,  5/6 (1990) 305-325.

Bem, Sandra L. and Daryl J. Bem. "Does Sex-biased Job Advertising
'Aid and Abet' Sex Discrimination?", _Journal of Applied Social
Psychology_, 3 (1973): 6-18.

Chestler, Phyllis.  [book review in psychology today, statistics
on child custody awards]

Dale, R.R.  _Mixed or Single-sex Schools_.  Vols. I & II.  1969.
    Wide range of research on secondary schools.

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, and William J. Goode, eds.  _The other half;
roads to women's equality_.  Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
1971.

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, and Rose Laub Coser, eds.  _Access to power :
cross-national studies of women and elites_.  Allen & Unwin, London
and Boston. 1981.

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs.  _Deceptive distinctions : sex, gender, and
the social order_.  Yale University Press, New Haven; Russell Sage
Foundation, New York.  c1988.

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs.  _Woman's place; options and limits in
professional careers_.  University of California Press, Berkeley.
1970.

*Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. "Bringing Women In: Rewards, Punishments,
and the Structure of Achievement", pages 13-22.

Game, Ann and Rosemary Pringle.  _Gender at Work_.  Allen and Unwin,
Sydney and Boston.  1983.
    Sex discrimination in employment against women in Australia.

*Goldberg, Philip, "Are Women Prejudiced Against Women?", _Trans-
Action_,  5 (1986), 28-80. [am not sure what "Trans-Action" is]

Gornick, Vivian and Barbara K. Moran, eds. _Women in Sexist Society_.
New York: Basic Books, 1972.

Kaschak, Ellyn. "Sex Bias in Student Evaluations of College Professors",
_Psychology of Women Quarterly_, 2 (1978), 235-242.

LaPlante, Alice. "Sexist Images Persist at Comdex", _Infoworld_,
November 27, 1989, page 58.

Lattin, Patricia Hopkins. "Academic Women, Affirmative Action, and
Middle-America in the Eighties", in Resa L. Dudovitz, ed., _Women in
Academe_.  Pergamon Press, Oxford.  1984.  223-230.

MacKinnon, Catharine.  _Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of
Sex Discrimination_.  Yale University Press, New Haven.  1979.

MacKinnon, Catharine.  "Reflections on Sex Equality Under Law," in
_Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review_.  Vol. 20, no. 2.
1985.

Paludi, Michele A. and William D. Bauer. "Goldberg Revisited: What's
in an Author's Name", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 9 (1983) 387-
390.

Paludi, Michele A. and Lisa A. Strayer. "What's in an Author's Name?
Different Evaluations of Performance as a Function of Author's
Name", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 12 (1985) 353-361.

Pringle, Rosemary.  _Secretaries Talk: Sexuality, Power and Work_,
Verso, New York and London. 1989.
    Sex discrimination and sexual harrassment of women.

Rowe, Mary P. "Barriers to Equality: The Power of Subtle
Discrimination to Maintain Unequal Opportunity", _Employee
Responsibilities and Rights Journal_, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1990.  153-163.

Rowe, Mary P. "Dealing with Sexual Harassment", _Harvard Business
Review_, May-June 1981, 42-47.

Russ, Joanna. _How to Suppress Women's Writing_.  University of Texas
Press, 1983, ISBN 0-292-72445-4 (pbk).
    This book analyzes the multitude of subtle and not-so-subtle ways
    in which women writers have been given less than full credit for
    their work throughout history.  It is the perfect companion volume
    to Ellen Moers's _Literary Women_.

Sadker, Myra and David Sadker. "Sexism in the Schoolroom of the
80's", _Psychology Today_, March 1985.

Selvin, Paul.  "Does the Harrison Case Reveal Sexism in Math?",
_Science_ 252 (June 28, 1991), 1781-1783.

Simeone, Angela.  _Academic Women: Working Towards Equality_.  Bergin
and Garvey Publishers, Inc., Massachusetts.  1987.

Sproull, Lee, Sara Kiesler, and David Zubrow, eds. "Encountering an
Alien Culture", in _Computing and Change on Campus_.  Cambridge
University Press, UK.  1987, pages 173-194.

Stewart, Elizabeth, Nancy Hutchinson, Peter Hemmingway, and Fred
Bessai. "The Effects of Student Gender, Race, and Achievement on
Career Exploration Advice Given by Canadian Preservice Teachers",
_Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 21 (1989) 247-262.

Sumrall, Amber Coverdale and Dena Taylor, eds.  _Sexual Harassment:
Women Speak Out_.  The Crossing Press, Freedom, CA 95019, 1992.  ISBN
0-89594-544-4.  ($10.95)
  Highly recommended. This book consists of short (2-4 pages) essays
  by women about their experiences with Sexual Harassment, everything
  from taunts and whistles to rape and other physical abuse.  Stories
  are interspersed with comics drawn by women and some poetry.  Many
  of the stories describe the early conditioning that women receive
  that makes us put up with so much. The book is dedicated to Anita
  Hill.

Top, Titia J., "Sex Bias in the Evaluation of Performance in the
Scientific, Artistic, and Literary Professions: A Review.", Sex Roles: A
Journal of Research, 24 (1991) 73-106.

Weinraub, Marsha and Lynda M. Brown, "The Development of Sex-
Role Stereotypes in Children:  Crushing Realities", Franks and
Rothblum, editors,  _The Stereotyping of Women: Its Effects on Mental
Health_, Springer Publishing Company, New York. 1983, pages 30-58.

Weitzman, Lenore.  _The Marriage Contract_.

    "...child care decisions.  Twentieth century case law has
    established the presumption that prefers mothers as the custodians
    of their children after divorce, particularly if the children are
    of "tender years." [Mnookin, "Custody Adjudication," p. 235.]
    This maternal presumption WAS ESTABLISHED ALMOST ENTIRELY THROUGH
    JUDICIAL DECISIONS RATHER THAN BY STATUTES.  For while most
    statues have put the wife on an equal footing with the husband,
    and have instructed the courts to award custody in the best
    interest of the child, judges typically have held that *it is
    in the child's best interest not to be separated from the mother*
    --unless she has been shown to be unfit. [Ibid.]

    "The child's best interest" has thus evolved into a judicially
    constructed presumption that the love and nurturance of a fit
    mother is always in the child's (and society's) best interest.
    The result has been a consistent pattern of decisions that both
    justify and further reinforce the maternal presumption....

    "Over the past fifty years the assumption that the mother is the
    natural and proper custodian of the children has been so widely
    accepted that it has rarely been questioned, and even more rarely
    challenged.  As Alan Roth asserts, many of the rationales offered
    by the courts for the maternal preference have the ring of
    divine-right doctrine [Alan Roth, "The Tender Years Presumption in
    Child Custody Disputes," _Journal_of_Family_Law_ 15, no. 3 (1972)]"

    "More recently the social science adduced to support the maternal
    presumption has been challenged, but the presumption itself has
    been considered wise because it avoids "the social costs" of
    contested cases.  [See, for example, R. Levy and P. Ellsworth
    "Legislative Reform of Child Custody Adjudication,"
    _Law_and_Society_Review_, Nov. 1969, p. 4]


23.  Test Biases.
-----------------

Brush, Stephen. _ibid_.
    When the SAT is used by college admissions to predict academic
    performance, it underpredicts the grades of women compared with
    those on men.  If a man and a woman have the same SAT scores, the
    woman will tend to get higher grades in college.  Thus an
    admissions process that gives the SAT significant weight will
    reject some women who would have done better than men who were
    accepted.

    In a reply to letters to the editor in the Jan-Feb 1992
    _American Scientist_, Brush wrote:

    [A]ccording to Phyllis Rosser's study, "The SAT Gender Gap," the
    following question was answered correctly by males 27 percent more
    often than by females (a difference of 6 percent is significant to
    the 0.05 level of confidence).

        A high school basketball team has won 40 percent of its first
        15 games.  Beginning with the 16th game, how many games in a
        row does the team now have to win in order to have a 55
        percent winning record?

        A) 3    B) 5    C) 6    D) 11    E) 15

    With a strict time limit, the advantage goes to students who can
    quickly guess and verify the right answer without having to set up
    the equation first.

Rosser, Phillis. "The SAT Gender Gap. Identifying the Causes,"
(Washington, D.C.: Center for Women Policy Studies, 1989).
    According to Phyllis Rosser, much of the SAT gender gap is an
    artifact of sex-biased test questions. Rosser points out that men
    have always received higher scores, on average, but their
    advantage in the mathematics part of the test was once offset by
    women's higher scores on the verbal part.  Women lost this
    compensating factor in the early 1970s because of the gradual
    introduction of test questions about science, business and
    "practical affairs," and the elimination of some questions about
    human relations, the arts, and the humanities.  There was no
    compensating change in the mathematics section.

Block, Ned, ed. _The IQ Controversy_.
    Information on biases of all sorts found in IQ tests.


24.  Women of Color.
--------------------

Anzaldua, Gloria. _Borderlands: The New Mestiza = La Frontera_.
Spinsters/Aunt Lute, San Francisco.  1987.

Anzaldua, Gloria, ed.  _Making face, making soul = Haciendo caras :
creative and critical perspectives by women of color_.  Aunt Lute
Foundation Books, San Francisco.  c1990.

Collins, Patricia Hill. _Black Feminist Thought_.  Unwin Hyman,
Boston.  1990.  Series title: Perspectives on Gender; v. 2.
    Maps out standpoint epistemology from African American feminist
    perspective.  May also include under feminist epistemology.

Davis, Angela. _Women, Race, and Class_.  Random House, New York, 1981.

DuBois, Ellen Carol and Vicki L. Ruiz, eds. _Unequal Sisters. A
Multi-Cultural Reader in U.S. Women's History_.  Routledge, New York.
1990.
    Excellent collection of articles, many historical studies and some
    narratives.

Hooks, Bell. _Ain't I A Woman_.  South End Press, 116 St. Botolph St.,
Boston, Mass. 02115.  1981.  ISBN 0-89608-128-1.
    Examines the impact of sexism on black women during slavery, the
    historic devaluation of black womanhood, black male sexism, racism
    within the recent women's movement, and black women's involvement
    with feminism.  The title comes from an address on the subject
    given by Sojourner Truth.

Hooks, Bell.  _Talking Back:  Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black_.
South End Press, Boston.  1989.

Moraga, Cherrie, and Gloria Anzaldua, eds. _This Bridge Called My
Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color_.  Persephone Press,
Watertown, MA, 1981.  Kitchen Table Press, New York, 1983.
    Anthology of writings by women of color.

Smith, Barbara, ed.  _Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology_.  First
edition.  Kitchen Table -- Women of Color Press, New York.  1983.


25.  Women's Health.
--------------------

Boston Women's Health Book Collective. _Our Bodies, Ourselves_.
Simon and Schuster, New York, 1973.
    A very practical guide to women & our bodies.

Boston Women's Health Collective.  _The New Our Bodies, Ourselves_.
Simon and Schuster, New York.  1984.
    Updated.

Boston Women's Health Collective. _Our Bodies, Ourselves. Growing Older_.
    Oriented toward the 40+ crowd.

ACT UP/New York Women and AIDS Book Group.  _Women, AIDS, and Activisim_.
South End Press, Boston, MA. 1990.
    New book on women and aids and politics.

Corea, Gena. _The Hidden Malpractice_.
    A (sometimes alarmist) look at how medical practices overlooks and
    mistreats women.

Raymond, Janice G., Renate Klein, and Lynette J. Dumble.  _RU 486:
Misconceptions, Myths and Morals_.  Institute on Women and Technology,
Cambridge, MA. 1991.
    Abortion, moral and ethical aspects; medical ethics.  Includes
    bibliographical references.


(Auto)Biographies.
------------------

Bateson, Mary Catherine. _Composing a Life_. Penguin Books.
ISBN 0-452-26505-3 (paperback, $9.95).
    Bateson profiles five women in a wide variety of fields in an
    examination of how their careers happened to develop the way they
    did.

Bennett, Betty T, )Mary Diana Dods, A Gentleman and a Scholar_.
William Morrow and Company, New York. 1991. ISBN 0-688-08717-5
(hardcover).

Komisar, Lucy.  _Corazon Aquino: The Story of a Revolution_.  G.
Braziller, New York.  1987.

Marlow, Joan.  _The Great Women_.  A&W Publishers, New York.  1979.
ISBN: 0-89479-056-0.
    A compilation of 60 women of diverse ages and nations.

Moers, Ellen, ed.  _Literary Women_.  Reprint.  The Great Writers series.
Oxford University Press, New York, 1985.
    Copywrite 1977.  Describes women authors.

Morgan, Robin.  _Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist_.
Random House, New York.  1977.

Perl, Teri. _Math Equals: Biographies of Women Mathematicians and
Related Activities_. Addison-Wesley. 1978.


Miscellaneous.
--------------

"Women on the Verge of an Athletic Showdown" in _Science News_, Jan
11, 1992, Vol 141, No.  2, p 141.
  Female track athletes are improving their performances at faster
  rates than men and, if the trend continues, should be running
  marathons as fast as men by 1998, says Brian J. Whipp, a
  physiologist at the University of California, Lost Angeles.  He and
  UCLA co-worker Susan A. Ward predict that women will catch up with
  men in most track events by early next century.


Adrian, M.J.: _Sports Women_.  Medicine and Sport Science Vol. 24
     Interesting essays ranging from physiology to Ancient Greece.

Chopin, Kate, _The Awakening_.  Capricorn Books. 1964.  Garrett Press,
Inc., New York, 1970.  Norton, New York, 1976.  Women's Press, London 1979.

Cixous, Helene and Catharine Clement. _The Newly Born Woman_.
University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 1986. (Published in French
in 1975).

Dyer, K.F.:  _Catching up the Men -- Women in Sport_.  Junction Books (UK),
1982.  ISBN 086245-075-X.
     This book debunks a lot of myths about female inferiority and
     fragility by careful investigation and documentation, another
     must read.

Ehrenreich, Barbara and Deirdre English, "For Her Own Good: 150
Years of the Experts' Advice to Women", New York: Anchor
Press/Doubleday, 1978.

|Kramarae and Treichler: _A Feminist Dictionary_.  1985.
|    Defines many things from a feminist's point of view.  Includes
|    a good deal of history, figures in the movement, etc.

Lenskij, Helen:  _Out of Bounds: Women, Sport and Sexuality_.  Women's
Press, Toronto, 1986.  ISBN 0-88961-105-X.
     Very powerful book about the 20th century changes in how female
     sexuality, gender roles, and the waves of female athleticism have
     been perceived, and about how these factors influence each other.
     A must read.

Mangan/Park (Eds.): _From Fair Sex to Feminism_.  Frank Cass & Company Lim.
1987.  ISBN 0-7146-4049-2.

|Marine, Gene: _A Male Guide to Women's Liberation_.  1972.

Sabo/Runfola (Eds.): _Jock -- Sports & Male Identity_.
Spectrum/Prentice-Hall 1980.  ISBN 0-13-510131-X.
     This book also contains several essays on female identity and sports.

Steinem, Gloria.  _Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions_.
_Revolution from Within: A Book of Self-Esteem_
    This is a collection of articles and essays written by her that
    was published sometime in the early 1980's. Some of them are a
    result of her earlier career as a journalist. The articles cover
    such things as:
      * Her becoming a Playboy Bunny (seriously!) in the early 1960's.
      * The presidential campaigns of 1968 and 1972.
      * "If Men Could Menstruate", a satirical piece in the vein of
        "If men could get pregnant, abortion would be a sacrament".
      * What present-day anti-abortionists have in common with Nazi Germany.

Tuana, Nancy, ed.  _Rereading the Canon_.  Series.  Penn State Press.
    This new series will consist of edited collections of essays, some
    original and some previously published, offering feminist
    reinterpretations of the writings of major figures in the Western
    philosophical tradition. Each volume will contain essays covering
    the full range of a single philosopher's thought and representing
    the diversity of approaches now being used by feminist critics.
    The series will begin with a volume on Plato; other early volumes
    will focus on Aristotle, Locke, Marx, Wittgenstein, de Beauvoir,
    Foucault, and Derrida. Inquiries should be directed to Nancy
    Tuana, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Texas at
    Dallas, Box 830688, Richardson, TX 75083-0688.

|Tuttle, Lisa: _Encyclopedia of Feminism_.  1986.

Velden, Lee van der & James H. Humphrey: Psychology and sociology of sport,
vol. 1.  AMS Press Inc., NY 1986.  ISBN 0-404-63401-X.

Woolf, Virginia. _Three Guineas_. 1938.  Extensively reprinted.
    Written 50 years ago and sadly still very relevant.

Woolf, Virginia.  _A Room of One's Own_. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New
York.  1981, c1957.

Winterson, Jeanette.  _Oranges are not the only fruit_. Pandora Press
(Unwin Hyman Limited, 15-17 Broadwick SAtreet, London).  1987.


Acknowledgments.
----------------

My thanks to: Joseph Albert, Leslie Anderson, Rich Berlin, Mik Bickis,
Anita Borg, Ed Blachman, Bob Blackshaw, Cindy Blank-Edelman, L.A.
Breene, Janet L. Carson, Robert Coleman, Mats Dahlgren, David
desJardins, Jublie DiBiase, Jym Dyer, Ellen Eades, Marc R. Ewing,
Ronnie Falcao, Lisa Farmer, Sharon Fenick, Bob Freeland, Debbie
Forest, Susan Gerhart, Jonathan Gilligan, Thomas Gramstad, Ron Graham,
David Gross, Mary W. Hall, Stacy Horn, Kathryn Huxtable, Joel Jones,
Bonita Kale, Joanne M. Karohl, Corinna Lee, Nancy Leveson, [e-mail]
(Loren), Jim Lippard, Albert Lunde, Jill Lundquist, Brian McGuinness,
Fanya S.  Montalvo, Tori Nasman, Mirjana Obradovic, Vicki O'Day, Diane
L.  Olsen, Joann Ordille, Jan Parcel, J.  Rollins, Stewart Schultz,
Mary Shaw, Anne Sjostrom, Ellen Spertus, Jon J.  Thaler, Dave Thomson,
Carolyn Turbyfill, Sarah Ullman, Max Meredith Vasilatos, Bronis
Vidiguris, Paul Wallich, Sharon Walter, Karen Ward, Marian Williams,
Celia Winkler, Michael Winston Woodring, Sue J.  Worden, and Daniel
Zabetakis.

Especial thanks to the MLVL library catalogue system.

--------------

Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so
on to [e-mail].


--Cindy Tittle Moore

"If an aborigine drafted an IQ test, for example, all of Western
Civilization would probably flunk."


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Area # 2120  news.answers           02-25-94 01:54      Message # 6653
From    : [e-mail]
To      : ALL
Subj    : soc.feminism Resources

 @PACKOUT:03-01-94°
Fr
Message-ID: <feminism/[e-mail]>
Newsgroup: soc.feminism,soc.answers,news.answers
Organization: Disorganized in Orange County, CA

Archive-name: feminism/resources
Version: 1.6
Last-modified: 15 February 1993

This article, for the soc.feminism newsgroup, provides a list of
various resources and feminist organizations.  Much information is
still needed, and any contributions are gratefully accepted.  The
preponderance of information here is for the USA; information about
organizations in other countries would be greatly appreciated.

Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to
rtfm.mit.edu under
/pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism/resources.  Or, send email to
[e-mail] with
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/resources
in the body of the message, leaving the subject line empty.

Summary of changes:


TABLE OF CONTENTS

  I.  Feminist Organizations
 II.  Related Organizations
III.  Feminist and Women-Oriented Publications
 IV.  Feminist and Women-Oriented Electronic Mailing Lists
  V.  Catalogues/Bookstores.

Disclaimer: This is intended to be an informational compilation of
potential resources for women.  No endorsement of any particular
organization herein is to be inferred from its presence in this
listing.

I.  Feminist Organizations.

  Association of Libertarian Feminists (ALF) [USA]
      P.O.Box 20252, London Terrace P.O.
      New York, New York 10011

    Membership is $ 10 and includes 4 issues of the newsletter.
    Goals are to (quoting from their newsletter header):
      * encourage women to become economically self-sufficient and
        psychologically independent
      * publicize and promote realistic attitudes toward female
        competence, achievement and potential
      * oppose the abridgment of individual rights by any government
        on account of sex
      * work toward changing sexist attitudes and behavior exhibited
        by individuals
      * provide a libertarian alternative to those aspects of the
        women's movement that tend to discourage independence and
        individuality

  Association for Women in Computing [USA]
      AWC, Inc. National
      41 Sutter Street
      Suite 1006
      San Francisco, California  94104

    This is a national organization which was begun 14 years ago.

  BACORR [USA]
      5337 College Ave.#213
      Oakland, CA 94618
      tel: [phone]
      or   408-739-6505

    reproductive rights

  CASSANDRA  [USA]
      PO Box 341
      Williamsville NY 14221

    Network of radical feminist nurses.

  Federation of Feminist Women's Health Centers [USA]
      6221 Wilshire Blvd., suite 419a
      Los Angeles, CA 90048
      tel: [phone] (s:L&R 2/92)

  Feminist Network  [HUNGARY]
      Budapest 1056,
      Szerb u.8. Hungary

  Feminists For Life (FFL) [USA]
      811 E 47th Street
      Kansas City, Missouri  64110
      816-753-2130.

    Feminists for Life is a pro-woman pro-life organization.  The
    feminist part is they support equal opportunity and equal
    protection under the law for women, i.e., "mainstream" feminism
    minus the abortion rights agenda.  The pro-life part means they
    are anti-abortion, anti-capital punishment, anti-euthanasia, etc.,
    i.e., support a consistent life ethic.  From the statement of
    purpose: "As seekers of peace and equality and protectors of life,
    we pursue constructive, non-violent solutions to human problems.
    Since feminism rests upon the principles of justice, non-violence,
    and non-discrimination, abortion and other forms of
    institutionalized killing are inconsistent with these founding
    principles.  We seek to identify and correct those practices which
    exploit women and children and deny them their true equality. As
    feminist women and men, we must be consistent in our demand for
    human rights."  FFL is a secular organization and a national one,
    though many states have state chapters.

  Femmes Libres [FRANCE]
      61 rue Pauly
      F-33130 Begles, France

    International network with bulletin, independent of all political
    organizations, but accept anarcho-syndicalism as common strategy.
    Publication of Libertarian Free Women.

  Foundation for Women's Resources [USA]

  Frauenbuchladen  [GERMANY]
      Bismarckstr. 98
      D-2000 Hamburg 20

    Women's bookstore, home of the group "Anarchafeministinnen Hamburg."

  Frauen Solidaritaet [AUSTRIA]
      Weyrgasse 5/1
      1030 Wien
      tel: [phone]/Kl. 80

    Women solidarity, quarterly, women and third world, in German.

  Fund for the Feminist Majority, The [USA]
  (also called The Feminist Majority Foundation)
      P.O. Box 96780
      Washington DC 20077-7277

    The Fund for the Feminist Majority, located in Washington DC, was
    founded by Eleanor Smeal a few years ago [2-4], primarily as a
    research organization or a feminist institute.  Eleanor Smeal is a
    former NOW president.

    Its status as an organization separate from NOW is unclear to me
    [and others too].  Some people include the Fund as part of NOW,
    others believe Ms Smeal still runs NOW.  In any case, the methods
    of the two groups are different.

    The Fund does not "lobby" in the typical sense of the word, as NOW
    does.  However, the Fund does maintain strong positions such as:
 - pro choice
 - anti pornography

    The Fund accumulates and disseminates information about the status
    of, and on issues pertaining to, women.

    The Fund's primary campaign has been the "5% campaign", referring
    to the fact that while women comprise the majority of the
    population, the have only a meager 5% representation in all forms
    of government.  The goal of this campaign is to get more women
    elected to government positions.  It seems to be the Fund's belief
    that social change will only happen through changes in government.

  International Network of Women in Technology (WITI)  [USA]
      4641 Burnet Avenue,
      Sherman Oaks CA 91403
      [e-mail], 818 990-1987.

    Press Release in December 1991:
      The International Network of Women in Technology (WITI) today
    announced the formation of a grass roots organization of women
    in technology from all sectors.  A cooperative, mutually
    supportive international organization, WITI seeks to form
    strategic alliances with industry, government and universities
    to dramatically improve the status of women in technology
    towards advancing into higher levels of management and fulfill
    significant leadership roles.
      "In industry and government, the role of technology is a
    critical factor in winning global markets and establishing
    timely competitive advantages.  Women are positioned as never
    before to participate on an equal economic and political status
    with men!" said Carolyn Leighton, Founding Executive Director
    and President of Criterion Research.  The recent Department of
    Labor "Glass Ceiling Report" recently concluded that women are
    not successfully pushing beyond mid-management boundaries - only
    a 3% difference in the last 10 years.  In the executive
    management ranks, the track record is even more dismal,
    according to a recent Fortune survey. WITI's mission is to
    change this statistic dramatically by ensuring that its members
    can participate in opportunities where their capabilities and
    expertise can have significant positive impact and visible
    success.  One key to success is the ready accessibility to and
    leverage of information and expertise available through the WITI
    worldwide electronic network.
      "It is time for us to return to a positive, entrepreneurial,
    pioneering spirit", continued Leighton.  "Our energy should not
    be wasted on defensive or offensive tactics, but instead, affirm
    the power we already hold - our intelligence, intuitiveness,
    creativity and natural leadership skills.  We want to team with
    top leaders to find better technological solutions to problems
    not being dealt with effectively. Instead of insisting on
    nonsexist terms, I would prefer to see and hear terms like
    'Chairwoman of the Board' as frequently as 'Chairman of the
    Board'."
      WITI plans to link with other organizations to leverage
    others' efforts to the benefit of WIT members and looks forward
    to making contacts with other groups committed to improving
    women's participation in technical leadership.

  League of Women Voters, The [USA]
      PO Box 96045
      Washington, DC 20077-7330
    OR (don't know which is current)
      1730 M Street
      Washington, DC 20036
      [phone]

    "Founded in 1920, the League of Women Voters is a nonpartisan
    political organization that encourages citizens to play an
    informed and active role in government.  At the local, state, and
    national levels, the League works to influence public policy
    through education and advocacy.  Any person of voting age, male or
    females, may become a League member.  All members receive `The
    National Voter.'"

    The League DOES NOT endorse candidates!  It does endorse issues at
    the local, state, and national levels.  It currently holds the
    position, at the national level, that "public policy in a
    pluralistic society must affirm the right of privacy to make
    reproductive choices."  The cover story in the April/May 1991
    "National Voter" was on "Protecting the Right to Choose" --
    full-page letter from the LWV President in that issue detailed the
    League's "Take Back the System" campaign.

    "Take Back the System" endorses:
      1) Push for televised debates during primaries.
      2) A 900 number for campaign watches, for voters
         to complain about or praise specific campaigns.
      3) Expand the electorate -- improve and extend registration
         efforts, particularly among 18-25 year old Americans.
      4) Push for campaign finance reform: limit the amount cadidates
         can receive from PACs; limits and disclosures of "soft money"
         donations; restore federal tax credits for small political
         contributions from individuals.
      5) Push to reach "disaffected" citizens who have taken themselves
         out of the "system" because of frustration, anger, or confusion.

  Movement for the Establishment of Real Gender Equality (MERGE) [CAN]
      10011  116th Street
      Suite 501
      Edmonton, Alberta T5K 1V4 CANADA
      Phone: [phone]

    MERGE was founded in mid 1987 by Professor Ferrel M. Christensen
    of the University of Alberta, as an organisation dedicated to
    gender equality, supporting both the women's movement and the
    men's movement, without showing bias towards either.  Since MERGE
    incorporates the concerns of both men and women, its members
    consider themselves to be "equalists" and "humanists" working
    towards equitable treatment of both genders.

    MERGE has come under fire for not being dedicated enough towards
    men's issues, while many in the feminist movement have condemned
    MERGE for taking a stance which they consider to be "pro-male,"
    "anti-feminist," and "anti- women".

    To counter these charges, MERGE has published an eight-part
    statement of purpose.  Some of its major positions include:

    - Opposition to any imposition of sex roles and sex role stereotypes
    - Support for legal and educational issues of importance to both
      men as and women.
    - Equal costs for men and women in all economic matters, ie.,
      insurance, services, etc.
    - Support for the principle that divorce settlements should be
      based on contributions of labour (including housework) and
      money, rather than on a presumption of equal contributions or a
      subjection determination of need for either party.
    - Support for a legal presumption of joint custody in divorce
      cases.
    - Support for the principle that whatever legal rights women have
      to claim or renounce legal parenthood, should also be matched by
      corresponding rights for men.  This is a "Pro-Choice" stance
      which also includes the newly-growing groundswell of support for
      the concept of "Pro-Male Choice" in addition.
    - Equal support for all victims of violence, whether female or
      male, and the elimination of gender-based stereotypes regarding
      this subject.

  National Action Commitee on the Status of Women, The [CANADA]

  National Organization of Women (NOW) [USA]

   NOW is the National Organization for Women.  It was headed by
   Molly Yard for many years; Patricia Ireland is the new president
   as of 1991.
   1) Pro-choice.
   2) Officially neutral on questions of banning pornography:
      ``We are, obviously, acutely aware of the dangers of limiting
      free speech and publications, because many feminist
      publications have been, at various points, subject to
      suppression.''  Patricia Ireland, [at the time] NOW's
      executive vice president.

  Nytkis-Naisjarjestojen yhteistyo-kvinno-organisationer i samerbete [FINLAND]
      c/o Saarinimenk 6
      00530 Helsinki, Finland
      tel: [phone]

    Feminist organization.

  Project on the Status and Education of Women [USA]
      Association of American Colleges
      1818 R Street, NW
      Washington DC 20009

    "The Project on the Status and Education of Women of the
    Association of American Colleges provides information concerning
    women in education, and works with institutions, government
    agencies and other associations and programs affecting women in
    higher education.  The Project is funded by Carnegie Corporation
    of New York and The Ford Foundation."

    They have a number of publications and articles available via mail
    for a modest fee (write to the above address, enclose the money).
    For a list of all PSEW publications, send a self-addressed,
    stamped envelope with your request. Among these publications are:
      * _In Case of Sexual Harassment: A Guide for Women_ ($2)
      * _"Friends" Raping Friends: Could it Happen to You?_ ($2)
      * Sexual Harassment Package ($5).  Includes
          _Sexual Harassment: A Hidden Issue_
          Selected Articles from ON CAMPUS WITH WOMEN
          _Title VII Sexual Harassment Guidelines and Educational
          Employment_
          _What Can Students do about Sexual Discrimination?_
          _Writing a Letter to the Sexual Harasser: Another Way of
          Dealing With the Problem_
          _Harvard Issues Statement about Sexual Harassment and
          Related Issues_
      * Campus Rape Packet ($5).  Includes
          _Campus Gang Rape: Party Games?_
          _The Problem of Rape on Campus_
      * Student Climate Issues Packet ($7).  Includes
          _The Classroom Climate: A Chilly One for Women?_
          _Selected Activities Using "The Classroom Climate: A Chilly
          One for Women?"_
          _Out of the Classroom: A Chilly Campus Climate for Women?_
      * _Looking for More Than a Few Good Women in Traditionally Male
        Fields_ ($5)

  Radical Women [USA]
      Valencia Hall
      523-A Valencia (near 16th Street)
      San Francisco, CA  94110 USA
      tel: [phone]

    A multi-racial socialist feminist organization dedicated to
    achieving full equality for women, people of color, lesbians,
    gays, and working people.

  Society of Women Engineers [USA]
      United Engineering Center, Room 305
      345 East 47th Street
      New York, NY   10017
      [phone]

    (From the SWE Section Manual:) "The Society of Women Engineers is
    a non-profit, educational, service organization of graduate
    engineers, men and women with equivalent engineering experience,
    and men and women who are dedicated to the advancement of women in
    the the engineering profession.  It is a national organization
    numbering in the thousands with some international members."

     "The Society of Women Engineers:
          - Stimulates women to achieve full potential in careers as
            engineers and leaders
          - Expands the image of the engineering profession as a positive
            force in improving the quality of life
          - Demonstrates the value of diversity."

    SWE is organized in local "sections" (both student and
    professional).  Many sections of SWE have speaker's bureaus that
    give speaches/presentations to local schools, many are involved in
    Girl Scouts badge programs.  One section actually began a "Teacher
    In Service Training Program", where local SWE members ran a course
    to teach more science to elementary school teachers.  There are
    regional meetings and a national convention too.  I attended a
    regional convention that focused upon skills development (e.g.
    negotiation skills, mentoring (giving and receiving), public
    speaking).

  Women's Action Alliance [USA]

  Women's Action Coalition (WAC) [USA]

  Women Against Imperialism [USA]
      3543 18th St. #14
      San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
      tel: [phone]

    A feminist activist group connecting issues of violence against
    women, reproductive freedom, lesbian liberation, political
    prisoners, anti-racism, anti-intervention, and...; opposing the
    Columbus Day celebration.

  Women's Campaign Fund [USA]
      120 Maryland Avenue, NE
      Washington, DC 20002
      202-544-4484
      202-544-4517 (fax)

    Committed to increasing female representation in the US Senate.
    Bipartisan.  Agenda includes: sexual equality, preserving
    Roe vs. Wade and wupporting women as agents of change.  In 1992,
    WCF expects to contribute nearly 1,000,000 in cash and technical
    assistance to more than 200 candidates.  They put out a short
    newsletter describing the candidates they support.

  Women in Engineering Program Advocates Network (WEPAN) [USA]

    WEPAN (Women in Engineering Program Advocates Network) was founded
    2 years ago by Cathy Deno and directors of Women in Engineering
    Programs at Stevens Institute of Technology (Susan Metz) and the
    University of Washington (Suzanne Brainard).  We had a national
    conference sponsored by NSF and several corporations in June, 1990
    at which it was decided to form a new organization (rather than
    become a part of the Society of Women Engineers or the American
    Society of Engineering Education).  The purpose of WEPAN is "to
    increase the number of young women who pursue careers in
    engineering by encouraging the initiation and expansion of Women
    in Engineering Programs at colleges and universities throughout
    the United States."  WEPAN was incorporated in 1991 and held
    another National Conference.  We now have a membership of some 239
    individuals from more than 100 different institutions and
    companys.

    There are several publications which have resulted from the first
    two years of existence which may be of interest to you.  All of
    them can be ordered from:

      Cathy Deno
      WEPAN Member Services
      Purdue University
      Women in Engineering Programs
      CIVL Bldg. - G293
      West Lafayette, IN 47907

      by e-mail:  [e-mail]
      by phone: [phone]

       * Proceedings, Women in Engineering Conference May 30-June 1,
         1990 (257 pages, 41 papers) - no charge while quantities last
       * Proceedings, Women in Engineering Conference June 2-4, 1991
         (178 pages, 23 papers) - $15
       * Directory of College/University Programs for Women in
         Engineering (40 pages, listing of contact persons and program
         offerings of 187 institutions) - single copies, no charge
       * Catalogue of Resource Materials for Women in Engineering
         Programs (almost 1200 entries describing: Program Fundings,
         Program Offerings, Professional Networks, Publications
         Available and Prevalent Issues) - available on disc - $25 for
         non-members or hard copy $25 everyone; individual sections
         can also be reproduced at cost of copies and mailing.

    Membership in WEPAN is $30 for an individual, $200 for an
    institution (which can designate three individuals as members),
    $500 for a corporate membership (which can designate three
    individuals as members), or $1,000 for an endowing corporate
    member (which can designate five individuals as members).

  Women of Color Resource Center [USA]
      2288 Fulton St, suite 103
      Berkeley, CA 94704 USA
      tel: [phone]

    Publishes "National Directory of Women of Color Organizations and
    Projects"

  Women's Online Network (WON) [USA]

    The Women's Online Network (WON) will distribute information, aid
    in the coordination of useful political action, and provide a
    forum for devloping strategies to improve the position of women in
    our society.

    Carmela M. Federico and Stacy M. Horn founded WON in January 1992.
    It is based in New York City on ECHO, Ms. Horn's public BBS.  Its
    members will include online women, women's organizations, and
    citizens throughout the United States who are interested in a just
    society. WON will focus on direct action, advocacy, and
    dissemination of the information that women need to "make
    decisions, work freely and play with abandon."  Groups have
    already used WON to distribute information about silicone breast
    implants and to coordinate efforts to prevent the re-election of
    Congresspeople whot voted to confirm Judge Thomas.

    Through Internet mail, WON members will communicate with each
    other and post notices of political actions.  A discussion forum
    on ECHO will also be established, the contents of which will be
    distributed electronically to members who choose not to join ECHO.
    ECHO membership will be offered at a reduced rate to WON members.

    To join WON, you can contact the co-founders at [phone]
    (voice), [phone] (ECHO) or via email to either:
    [e-mail] or [e-mail].  Membership entails
    a yearly fee of $20, negotiable if necessary.


II.  Related Organizations.

[By "related," I mean organizations that are not specifically feminist,
 but enjoy feminist support, or are for/by women.]

  AAUW  [USA]
      American Association of University Women
      ATTN: Julia Severson
      1111 16th Street, N.W.
      Washington, D.C.  20036
      202/785-7700

  AWSDA  [USA]
      American Women's Self Defense Association
      713 N. Wellwood Avenue
      Lindenhurst, NY 11757
      Attention:  Elizabeth Kennedy
      [phone]

    A non-profit organization, AWSDA is dedicated to promoting women's
    awareness about rape prevention and self defense. FBI statistics
    indicate that one in ten women will be raped. Some studies have
    shown that one in four women may be sexually assaulted in her
    lifetime.  These figures, if correct, are abhorrent and AWSDA is
    trying to do something about it.  AWSDA is in the process of
    setting up programs to do things such as national advertising
    campaigns, and maintaining a referral database of services
    available for victims of violent crimes. AWSDA helps to further
    educate male and female self defense and rape prevention
    instructors by holding an annual seminar and by publishing a
    quarterly newsletter.  Through sharing our expertise (particularly
    via the newsletter and annual seminars) AWSDA brings together all
    of those people interested in women's self defense.

    In order to continue to achieve these goals and more, AWSDA needs
    the support of interested, motivated persons. We need you - men
    and women who care enough to show their support for AWSDA.  Men
    and women from all walks of life and all backgrounds.  Together we
    can make a difference.  Call or write to the address above or
    e-mail to "[e-mail]" for more information and an
    application form. If you e-mail to me, please be sure to include
    your postal mailing address. We look forward to hearing from you.

  American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) [USA]
      132 West 43rd Street
      New York, NY  10036

    Founded in 1920. Pro- reproductive choice; pro- lesbian & gay
    rights.  [From ACLU Briefing Paper #1 (published in 1991):] "The
    ACLU is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, 250,000-member public interest
    organization devoted exclusively to protecting the basic civil
    liberties of all Americans, and extending them to groups that have
    traditionally been denied them."

  Archives Recherches et cultures Lesbiennes [FRANCE]
      B.P. n' 662
      F-75531 Paris cedex 11
      tel: [phone]

    Lives, theories, politics, cultures: international documentation
    by, for, and about lesbians.

  Asian Lesbian Network Nippon [JAPAN]
      c/o Regumi Studio Tokyo
      Joki, Nakazawa Blde. 3F
      23 Araki-cho
      Shinjuku-Ku
      Tokyo 160 Japan

  Autonomous Frauenzentrum Frauenbeisl [AUSTRIA]
      Michael Gaismair str. 8
      A-6020 Innsbruck
      tel: [phone]

    Autonomous women's center.

  Center for Women's Resources, The [PHILLIPINES]
      #18 Sot. Lozano St.
      Quezon City, Phillipines
      tel: [phone]

  Committee on Women in Science and Engineering (CWSE)  [USA]

    The National Research Council (NRC) has established, within the
    Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel, the Committee on
    Women in Science and Engineering (CWSE) in 1990.  The latter is
    responsible for activities for facilitating the entry and
    retention of a greater number of talented women into scientific
    and engineering careers. Therefore, they are mainly focused on the
    postsecondary segments of the Education/Employment pipeline. They
    held their first meeting in March 1991 and their activities are as
    follows:
      (1) collect and disseminate current data on the participation of
          women in science and engineering in the fields of academe,
          government, industry, and professional societies.
      (2) monitor the progress of efforts to increase the
          participation of women in S&E careers
      (3) conduct symposia, workshops and other meetings to explore
          the policy environment, to stimulate and encourage
          initiatives in program development for women in S&E, and to
          evaluate their effectiveness on a regular basis
      (4) propose research and conduct special studies on issues
          relevant to women scientists and engineers so as to develop
          reports to document evidence and articulate NRC
          recommendations for actions.

  E.coli-bri [GERMANY]
      Nernstweg 32-34
      D-2000 Hamburg 50

    Material against the politics of population control and genetechnology.

  Emily's List [USA]
      1112 16th Street, NW
      Suite 750
      Washington, D.C.  20036
      [phone]

    EMILY (Early Money Is Like Yeast)'s List is a "donor network" --
    the organization itself does not give money to candidates;
    instead, it recommends a list of candidates to the members of the
    network and the members write checks directly to the campaigns of
    the candidates they choose.  Their focus is on electing pro-choice
    Democratic women to state and national office.  They distribute a
    well-researched and very detailed (2 pages' worth) profile of each
    recommended candidate to the network membership.

    To become a member of EMILY's List, one must pay a membership fee
    of $100 every 2 years, and pledge to write a minimum of 2 checks a
    year, for a minimum of $100 each, to a minimum of 2 candidates.

  FFBIZ [GERMANY]
      Dankelmannstr. 15/47
      D-1000 Berlin 19
      tel: [phone]

    "Women's Research Education Information Center" -- women's archive.

  Frauen Literatur Vertrieb [GERMANY]
      c/o Anne Frey
      Erich-Ollenhauer Str. 231
      D-6200 Wiesbaden
      tel: [phone]

    Women's publishing and distributing house.

  Frauen-Wohnprojekt [GERMANY]
      Norderstr. 70
      D-2390 Flensburg
      tel: [phone]

    Autonomist women's project with Women Antifa.

  Freedom from Hunger [USA]
      1644 Da Vinci Court
      Davis, CA 95617
      916-758-6200

    FFH has a "woman to woman" program that raises money to lend to
    impoverished women.  The women use the money to start a business
    that allows them to raise their standard of living.  Typically, a
    $40 loan is enough to start these women up and the loan repayment
    rate is very high.  From their blurb:
      "In most villages, about 30 women form their own solidarity
    group, a kindof support network.  Each woman brings her own
    income-earning proposal to the group for approval and support.
    Then, the group as a whole applies for the loan from FFH.  The
    group distributes the lkoand funds to its individual members and
    is responsible for repayment...More than 80% of our borrowers use
    profits from their income-generating activities to purchase food
    for their children.  They also purchase medicine and clothing.
    After the loans are made, the women continue to meet weekly or
    biweekly in their solidarity groups to share their progress,
    discuss any problems and make payments on their loans...The
    solidarity group structure is an integral part of the "Credit with
    Education" effort because it provides a positive, supportive
    environment for the spread of knowledge.  It is hear that the
    women learn how to best use their earnings to imporve their
    family's nutrition and learn more about the use of family planning
    methods, including birth spacing, and how they contribute to the
    overall health and well-being of both mothers and children."

  Gay and Lesbian Organization of Witwatersrand, The [SOUTH AFRICA]
      PO Box 23017
      Joubert Park 2044
      Johannesburg, South Africa

  Hagazussa [GERMANY]
      Friesenstrasse 12
      D-2800 Bremen
      tel: [phone]

    Lesbian and women's bookshop.

  Indigenous Womens's Network [USA]
      Winona LaDuke
      White Earth Land Recovery Project
      PO Box 327
      White Earth, MN 56591 USA

  Institute for Women's Policy Research (IWPR) [USA]
      1400 20th St. NW, Suite 104,
      Washington, DC 20036
      202-785-5100

  International archief vd Vrouwenbeweging [NETHERLANDS]
      Keizersgracht 10
      NL-1015 CN Amsterdam, Netherlands
      tel: [phone]

    International archive of the women's movement

  Internationalismus-Archiv [GERMANY]
      Geschichtswerkstatt
      Am Oelpfad 27
      D-4600 Dortmund-Hoerde
      tel: [phone]

    Women's Internationalism Archive.

  Korean Women's Associations United [KOREA]
      1-23 Chung-ding
      Choon-ku
      Seoul, Korea
      tel: [phone]
      fax: [phone]

    Umbrella group, 25 member groups campaigning to change the
    family laws.

  KWWA  [KOREA]
      Kwanum Pogyowon Building, 3rd floor
      Guro Dong 482-1
      Guro-Ku
      Seoul, Korea

    Korean Women Workers Association

  Ladies Lodge [THAILAND]
  Asian Lesbian network
      PO Box 322
      Rajdamnern, Bankok, Thailand

    Don't use the word lesbian in the address!

  London Lesbian and Gay Centre [UK]
      69 Cowcross Street.
      London EC1M 6BP United Kingdom
      tel: [phone]

    Out-rage group, publishes Queer Reality

  Moviemiento Homosexual de Lima [PERU]
      Apartado 110289
      Lima 11, Peru

  Mujer a Mujer Toronto [CANADA]
      606 Shaw St.
      Toronto, ONT, N16 G3L6

    Women's group.

  National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL) [USA]

  National Breast Cancer Coalition (NBCC) [USA]
      PO Box 66373
      Washington, DC 20035-6373

    A grass-roots group that lobbies for additional funding
    of breast cancer research.

  National Gay and Lesbian Task Force [USA]

  National Institutes of Health: Office of Research on Women's Health [USA]
      301-402-1770

  National Museum of Women in the Arts, The [USA]
      1250 New York Avenue NW
      Washington, DC 20005

    Committed to preserving and disseminating knowledge of female
    artists throughout history.  Formed in 1987.  Looking for
    supporting memberships.  They have a large and absolutely
    fascinating collection of women that have until now remained
    completely obscure.

  National Roundtable for Women in Prisons [USA]

  National Women's Health Network [USA]
      1325 G Street, NW (Lower Level)
      Washington, DC 20005-2052

    Provides information on many aspects of health care for women.
    There is a bimonthly newsletter as well as an informational
    resource center provided. The newsletter is informative and very
    interesting.  They advocate reforms and legislation affecting
    research into women's health care, and availability of women's
    health care.  For example:
      1) Pushed for resources into women's reproductive health research:
      2) Pushed for safe drugs and medical devices;
      3) Provided information about menopause and "replacement" therapy drugs;
      4) Fought for reproductive rights
      5) Distributed information on women and AIDS
      6) Pushed for funding and research into breast health and breast cancer;
      7) Promoted maternal and child health care policies
      8) Worked on occupational health issues
      9) Pushed for a national health program

  National Women's Political Caucus [USA]

  National Women's Studies Association [USA]

  OGAS [POLAND]
      Beata Kubica
      Sieradzka 5 m.708
      45-334 Opole, Poland

    Opole Group of Social Activity, part of the FA and Federacja
    Zielonych (the Green Federation).  Especially women's rights,
    feminism, pacifism, environmentalism, animal rights.

  Older Women's League [USA]
      666 11th Street, NW Suite 700
      Washington DC 20001-4512

    The First and only national membership organization dedicated to
    improving the lives of mid-life and older women, OWL is a leading
    advocate for economic and social justice, exerting its influence
    in Congress and state legislatures on a vast array of public
    policy fronts, such as pensions, Social Security, insurance and
    health care.  They support expanded employer-sponsored pension
    coverage, increased access to housing, housing alternatives for
    the elderly poor, and the Family Medical Leave Act.

  Out of Control [USA]
      Box 30
      3543 18th St.
      San Francisco, CA 94110 USA

    Lesbian committee to support women political prisoners

  Planned Parenthood [Int'l]

  Polish Feminist Association [POLAND]
      ul. Gorska 7/53
      Warsaw, Poland

  Radical Women [USA]
      32 Union sq. East
      New York, NY 10003 USA
      tel: [phone]
      or       491-5163

    International socialist feminist organization

  Religious Coalition for Abortion Rights (RCAR) [USA]
      100 Maryland Ave., NE
      Washington, D.C., 20002-5625

    A coalition of diverse Christian and Jewish groups supporting a
    woman's right to abortion.  They link reproductive freedom with
    religious freedom, noting that an anti-abortion law would impose a
    religious view held by some citizens upon all citizens (the notion
    of personhood).  They present a distinct challenge to the notion
    that only "unbelievers" are pro-choice.

  Revolutionary Sisters of Color [USA]
      PO Box 191021
      Roxbury, MA 02119 USA

    radical feminist, socialist and activist organization of women of
    color

  Rosa Lila Villa [AUSTRIA]
      Linke Wienzeile 102
      A-1060 Wien
      tel: [phone]

    Lesbian and Gay house.

  Schokofabrik [GERMANY]
      Mariannenstr. 6 HH
      D-1000 Berlin 36

    Women's center.

  Schwarze Witwe [GERMANY]
      Achtermannstr. 10-12
      D-4400 Muenster
      tel: [phone]

    Women's group.

  Society for the Advancement of Women's Health Research, The [USA]

  Wimmin Prisoner Survival Network  [CANADA]
      Box 770, Station P.
      Toronto, ONT M5S 2Z1

  Women in Black [ISRAEL]
      PO Box 61128
      Jerusalem 91060 Israel
      tel: [phone]
    and
      209 Dizengoff St.
      Tel Aviv, Israel
      tel: [phone]

    Women who stand in vigil for one hour each Friday afternoon in
    over 30 locations throughout Israel (and several in Europe and
    North America) demanding an end to occupation.

  Women in House and Senate (WISH) [USA]
    Similar to Emily's List, but for Republican candidates.

  Women of Color Caucus [USA]

  Women's Action for Nuclear Disarmament (WAND) [USA]
      PO Box 153
      New Town Branch
      Boston, MA 02258-9990 USA

  Women's Association [THAILAND]
      64 Petchabur, Bankok, Thailand

  WHAM [USA]
      PO Box 733
      New York, NY 10009 USA
      tel: [phone]

    Women's Health Action and Mobilization

  Women's Information Center (WIC) [THAILAND]
      Counseling for Prostitutes
      PO Box 747
      Bankok 10700, Thailand

  Women's Society for Democracy [KOREA]
      306, Chung Jeung Ro 3 GA,
      Seodaemoon-Ku
      Seoul 120-013, Korea

    Organizing among housewives and office workers

  Women's Studies Center [ISRAEL]
      PO Box 19591
      East Jerusalem via Israel
      tel: [phone]
      fax: [phone] (address to S.Mani)

  WOFPP [ISRAEL]
      POB 31811
      Tel Aviv, Israel
      tel/fax: [phone]

    Women's Organization for Political Prisoners


III.  Feminist and Feminist-Oriented Publications.

Newsletters, articles, magazines, and journals.

  Crazy Quilt [USA]
      PO Box 390575
      Mountain View, CA 94039

    The first issue was published Sept. 1990.  Subscription is
    $16/year, single copies $5.  Publishes women's work -- any kind of
    writing, thoughts, poetry, etc., by women may be submitted for
    publication.

  Eigenverlag des Vereins Beitraege sur feministischen Theorie und Praxis [GER]
      Herwartstr. 22
      D-5000 Koeln 1
      tel: [phone]

    Journal, essays on feminist theory and practice, three times yearly.

  FraZ [SWITZERLAND]
      Postfach 648
      CH-8025 Zuerich, Switzerland
      tel: [phone]

    Feminist magazine, "Lesbian, resistance", in German

  Health  [USA]
      3 Park Avenue
      New York, NY 10016

    Women's health issues.

  Lesben Stich [GERMANY]
      Postfach 360549
      D-1000 Berlin 36

    "The lesbian magazine for the upright gang."

  LesCon [USA]
      584 Castro Street
      San Francisco, CA 94114

    Lesbian contradiction, a journal of irreverent feminism

  Ms.  [USA]
      P.O. Box 50008
      Boulder, CO 80321-0008

    An advertisement-free magazine devoted to a variety of feminist
    issues.  Ms. has had a long history as a feminist magazine.

  Network News, The [USA]
      National Women's Health Network
      1325 G St., N.W.
      Washington DC, 20005

    Women's health issues.

  off our backs [USA]
      2423 18th st, NW, 2nd floor
      Washington, DC 20009 USA
      tel: [phone]

    a women's newsjournal, monthly

  Radiance  [USA]

      PO Box 30246
      Oakland, CA 94604

    A feminist magazine for large women.

  Shocking Pink  [UK]
      c/o 121 Railton Rd.
      London SE24 United Kingdom

    Feminist youth magazine

  SPEAK  [SOUTH AFRICA]
      P.O. Box 45213
      Mayfair 2018 South Africa

    Women's journal

  Women and Guns  [USA]
      Second Amendment Foundation
      James Madison Building
      12500 N.E. Tenth Place
      Bellevue, WA 98005

    Practical advice on self-defense from the woman's point of view.
    Besides gun reviews, includes topics such as self-protection at
    home, effective cover, who should (and should not) own a gun, gun
    storage options, teaching children to stay away from guns.  A
    refreshing feminist editor provides intriguing editorials.

  Women's International Network News [USA]
      Fran P. Hosken
      187 Grant Street
      Lexington, MA 02173
      617-862-9431

    "All the news that is fit to print by, for, and about women".
    Four issues a year, institutional subscriptions $40, individual
    $30, previous years, $15.  Fran will mail out a copy to anyone
    contributing information.

    Fran is Austrian, graduated Smith in 1940, joined the Coast Guard,
    has done field work worldwide, particularly in Africa.  She has
    written and taught widely on architecture, urban studies, women's
    development and communication, is working on a series of
    educational childbirth materials for worldwide use, is famous for
    her human rights/ health action network, which agitated unto the
    UN on genital and sexual mutilation of women and is listed in most
    WHO'S WHO's.

  Women's Review of Books, The  [USA]
      The Women's Review Inc
      828 Washington Street
      Wellesley, MA 02181

    $16/year-monthly except August--newprint--usually about 25 pages

    Editorial Policy: The Women's Review of Books is feminist but not
    restricted to any one conception of feminism; all writing that is
    neither sexist, racist, homophobic, nor otherwise discriminatory
    will be welcome. We seek to represent the widest possible range of
    feminist perspectives both in the books reviewed and in the
    content of the reviews.  We believe that no one of us, alone or in
    a group, can speak for feminism , or women, as such; all of our
    thinking and writing takes place in a specific political, social,
    ethnic and sexual context, and a responsible review periodical
    should reflect and further that diversity. The Women's Review
    takes no editorial stance; all the views expressed in it represent
    the opinion of the individual authors.

  Women to Women Communications [USA]
      PO Box 161775
      Cupertino, CA 95016

    Publishes an international listing of over 400 women's magazines


IV.  Feminist and Women-Oriented Electronic Mailing Lists.

  A number of universities and companies have local women-only or
  women-oriented mailing lists; you may wish to inquire the postmaster
  at your site for any specific local information.

  A number of lists are managed with automated software; a widely used
  one is "LISTSERV".  When you see a LISTSERV address, the correct
  format to use for subscription is SUB <listname> Your Name, where
  <listname> is substituted with the name of the list (e.g., WMST-L,
  WOMEN, etc) and where Your Name is simply your real name, not your
  login or account name.  You will be sent more information following
  such a subscription on how to unsubscribe, suspend mail, and
  retrieve archived information.  Other addresses may or may not be
  managed by automated software; be SURE to include your name and
  email address at the end of any message you send to these other
  addresses.  The date indicates when the information was last verified.

  Amazons International (8/92)

    Amazons International is an electronic newsletter for and about
    Amazons (physically and psychologically strong, assertive women
    who don't like or fit in with femininity as weakness, wimpiness
    and subordination and who are not afraid to break free from
    traditional ideas and restrictions about gender roles), and their
    friends and lovers. Amazons International is dedicated to the
    image of the female hero in fiction and in fact, as it is
    expressed in art and literature, in the physiques and feats of
    female athletes, and in sexual values and practices.  Contact:
    [e-mail].  Note that some women have pointed out that
    to them the list seemed rather male-oriented, very physical.

  BIFEM-L  (8/92)

    A moderated mailing list for women only.  Its purpose is to
    provide a safe space primarily for bisexual women.  Subscription
    messages should be sent to [e-mail] (internet)
    or listserv@brownvm (bitnet).

  EDUCOM-W (8/92)

    EDUCOM-W is an unmoderated list to facilitate discussion of issues
    in technology and education that are of interest to women.  The
    list is intended to promote discussion of how EDUCOM can help
    address those issues in its services to members.

    To subscribe, send a message to listserv@bitnic (bitnet) or
    [e-mail] (internet).

  femail (1/93)

    Femail is intended to provide a forum for discussion of issues of
    interest to women, in a friendly atmosphere. The basic tenets of
    feminism and the day-to-day experiences of women do not have to be
    explained or defended.  Men and women can join, but everyone
    requesting to be added to the mailing list MUST provide the
    moderator with: 1) a full name; 2) a complete uucp path to a
    well-known host or a fully specified Internet address; 3) the
    correspondent's gender (for records and statistics only).  NO
    exceptions.

    To subscribe, send email to [e-mail]
    This list has many requests for additions and deletions, so please
    allow some time for your request to be processed.  (Despite the
    huge membership, the traffic is very reasonable.)

  FEMECON-L (8/92)

    For feminist economists.  Send subscription requests to
    [e-mail] (internet).

  feminism-digest (1/93)

    This is a simple collation of the articles that appear on usenet's
    soc.feminism.  It is not a mailing list in its own right, although
    subscribers are told how to send their articles via email to the
    newsgroup.  It is intended for anyone unable to access
    soc.feminism or simply wishing a digest format.  At present, the
    articles are not filtered.  Anyone can join.

    To subscribe, send email to [e-mail].

  FEMINIST (9/92)

    This list is owned by the Feminist Task Force of the American
    Library Association.  It deals with issues such as sexism in
    libraries and librarianship, pornography and censorship in
    libraries, and racism and ethnic diversity in librarianship.
    Subscription messages (SUB FEMINIST Your Name) should be sent to
    listserv@mitvma (bitnet) or [e-mail] (internet).

  FIST (8/92)

    This list discusses feminism and science and technology.  This is
    an unmoderated list and open to all.  The idea of this list is to
    discuss critiques of science and move beyond those critiques into
    the realm of how to create feminist science.  Send your request
    to [e-mail].  All new members are requested
    to send in an introduction of themselves first thing.

  FEMREL-L (8/92)

    A list concerning women and religion and feminist theology.  Send
    subscription requests messages to listserv@umcvmb (bitnet).

  GENDER (8/92)

    Devoted especially to "discussion of issues pertaining to the
    study of communication and gender."  To subscribe, send email to
    comserve@rpiecs (bitnet) or [e-mail] (internet)
    with SUBSCRIBE GENDER Your Name in the message.

  Kol-Isha  (1/93)

    Halachic questions and issues concerning women's roles in Judaism.
    It is a moderated list available through the courtesy of
    israel.nysernet.  The list encourages Achdut Yisrael and so is
    open to a member of any group, so long as other group member's
    positions are respected.  To subscribe, send a message to
    [e-mail].

  MAIL-MEN (9/92)

    Self-described as "a place of openness and support [for discussing
    men's issues, such as] those problems or experiences that affect
    male humans."  Open to women and men.  Send subscription requests
    to [e-mail].

  SAIS-L  (8/92)

    Science awareness and promotion.  Send email to listserv@unbvm1
    (bitnet) or [e-mail] (internet).

  sappho  (12/92)

    Purpose: A forum and support group for gay and bisexual women.
    The list is not moderated, but may become so if the volume and/or
    content begins to warrant it.  A digest version is available; if
    you want it, be sure to mention it in your addition request.  Men
    who want to "listen in," for whatever reason, are requested to try
    other mailing lists instead; sappho membership is limited to
    women.  To subscribe, send email to [e-mail].

  SASH  (8/92)

    Sociologists against sexual harrassment discussion list.  As a
    subscriber, regardless of your experience with sexual harassment,
    your theoretical framework, your disciplinary focus, your
    socio-economic location, your organizational status--you are
    invited to shape the sexual harassment discourse through
    participation on this discussion board.  However, those whose
    behaviors the moderator finds to be consistently harassing,
    disrespectful, and offensive to the subscribers of this list will
    be unsubscribed.  To subscribe, send email to Phoebe M. Stambaugh
    at (internet) [e-mail] or (bitnet) azpxs@asuacad.

  South-Asian Women list  (12/92)

    There is an email discussion group for south asian women which has
    been set up recently. Women from the south asian countries as well
    as women from other parts of the world interested in the issues
    that concern south asian women are welcome to join this discussion
    group. This group is not open to men as it is set up now. Women
    who would like to join this mailing list should send mail to
    [e-mail] OR [e-mail].

  SWIP-L  (9/92)

    Feminist Philosophy.  Send email to listserv@cfrvm (bitnet) or
    [e-mail] (internet).

  systers  (1/93)

    Systers is a mailing list intended for professional and technical
    women in computer science.  This is a women-only list.  Academic
    and industry people are both welcome.  In general, you should be
    finished with undergraduate studies and either working in Computer
    Science (in industry or academics) or completing Masters/PhD. work
    in Computer Science.  To subscribe, send email to Dr. Anita Borg
    at [e-mail].  She will give you all the
    addresses that you will need for participation on systers.

  WISENET  (8/92)

    Women in science, mathematics or engineering and students
    interested in those disciplines are encouraged to join a newly
    established network to help them progress in their careers.
    WISENET/Midwest is a Midwest network that promotes women and girls
    of diverse backgrounds in science, mathematics and engineering.
    To subscribe, send email to listserv@uicvm (bitnet) or
    [e-mail] (internet).

  WIML-L  (8/92)

    Women's Issues in Music Librarianship.  For more information about
    WIML-L, contact Laura Gayle Green, LGREEN@IUBVM (bitnet).

  WINGS  (1/93)
      PO Box 5307
      Kansas City, MO 64131
      tel: [phone]
      or     816-361-7161
      email: [e-mail]

    Women's International News Gathering Service, produces a monthly
    audio newsletter

  WITI (described above)

    Send email to [e-mail].

  WMST-L  (1/93)

    WMST-L has been formed to facilitate discussion of Women's Studies
    issues, especially those concerned with research, teaching, and
    program administration, and to publicize relevant conferences, job
    announcements, calls for papers, publications, and the like. The
    list also serves as a repository for syllabi and other files
    related to Women's Studies.  To subscribe to WMST-L, send email to
    listserv@umdd (bitnet) or [e-mail] (internet).  For
    more information, or if you have materials that you'd be willing
    to put on file, please contact Joan Korenman, Women's Studies
    Program, U. of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21228-5398
    (korenman@umbc or [e-mail]).

  WOMEN (8/92)

    A "general purpose list, intended to be a connection between all
    women's groups and areas of interest for women and their friends."
    Subscription requests should be sent to [e-mail].

  WON (described above) (8/92)

    Send email to [e-mail] or [e-mail].


V.  Catalogues/Bookstores.

  Just Books [UK]
      7 Winetavern Street
      Smithfield
      BT1 1JQ Belfast
      North Ireland
      Tel: [phone]

    Women/Anarchist.

  National Women's History Project
      7738 Bell Road
      Windsor, CA  95492
      [phone]
      8-5 Pacific Time

    The blurb on the cover says that the catalog is a resource for
    "Posters, Women's History Month Celebration Supplies, Gifts,
    Books, Videos, Display Materials, Classroom Materials".  The
    function of the project is to promote women's history in
    classrooms, workplaces and communities. The catalog gets bigger
    every year, and reading through it is always inspiring.

  RAFKO [NETHERLANDS]
      Postbus 902
      NL-9700 AX Groningen, Netherlands
      tel: [phone]

    Revolutionair Anarchisties Feministies Kollektief.  "Political
    bookstore started by a revolutionary anarchist feminist
    collective."

  Scarecrow Press Catalogue
      52 Liberty Street
      PO Box 4167
      Metuchen NJ 08840
      1-800-537-7107

  Silver Moon Women's Bookshop [UK]
      64-68 Charing Cross Road   tel: [phone]
      London WC2HH 0BB,          fax: [phone]
      United Kingdom

    Europe's largest women's bookshop, lesbian owned and run, stocks
    more than 10,000 books, as well as calendars, video-tapes and
    various other items.  They also publish lesbian fiction under
    their own imprint. With close contact with many publishing houses
    they know of most forthcoming works and host signings, so can
    sometimes supply signed copies of new publications. They do not
    stock second-hand or antiquarian books, but could probably advise
    on sources of these that specialise in women's titles.  They
    accept American Express, Visa and MasterCard, and will do overseas
    orders.

  Xantippe [NETHERLANDS]
      Prinsengracht 290
      NL-1016 HJ Amsterdam, Netherlands
      tel: [phone]
      fax:  [phone]

    'The largest women's bookstore in the world'


--------------

My thanks to: Nancyjane Bailey, Anita Borg, Natalie Cohen, Janet Chin,
Ellen Eades, Marc R. Ewing, Kathleen Freeman, Thomas Gramstad, Mary
Dee Harris, Stacy Horn, Eileen S. Kostolni, Joan Korenman, Dian Lopez,
Diane L. Olsen, Linda C.  Will Steeves, Perry, Carolyn Turbyfill,
Heidi Wolf, and Sue J.  Worden.

--------------

Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so
on to [e-mail].


--Cindy Tittle Moore

"A woman with a mind is fit for all tasks."
--Christine de Pizan (c.1363 - c.1431)


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Area # 2120  news.answers           02-25-94 01:54      Message # 6659
From    : [e-mail]
To      : ALL
Subj    : soc.feminism Terminologi

 @PACKOUT:03-01-94°
Fr
Message-ID: <feminism/[e-mail]>
Newsgroup: soc.feminism,soc.answers,news.answers
Organization: Disorganized in Orange County, CA

Archive-name: feminism/terms
Version: 1.5
Last-modified: 15 February 1993

Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to
rtfm.mit.edu under
/pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism/terms.  Or, send email to
[e-mail] with
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/terms
in the body of the message, leaving the subject line empty.




A variety of movements in feminism means that calling one's self a
feminist can mean many things.  In general, members of the following
categories of feminism believe in the listed policies; however as with
any diverse movement, there are disagreements within each group and
overlap between others.  This list is meant to illustrate the
diversity of feminist thought and belief.  It does not mean that
feminism is fragmented (although it often seems that way!).  Much of
the definitions presented here are inspired from _American Feminism_
by Ginette Castro; there is a definite American bias here.  Other
sources were _Feminist Frameworks_ (2nd ed.) by Jaggar and Rothenberg
(which is a worthwhile but incomplete reader that tried to sort out
these various schools of feminist thought).  Any additional, balancing
information from other countries and/or books is more than welcome
(and will be incorporated).

Defining various kinds of feminism is a tricky proposition.  The
diversity of comment with most of the kinds presented here should
alert you to the dangers and difficulties in trying to "define"
feminism.  Since feminism itself resists all kinds of definitions by
its very existence and aims, it is more accurate to say that there are
all kinds of "flavors" and these flavors are mixed up every which way;
there is no set of Baskin Robbins premixed flavors, as it were.

  Amazon Feminism

    Amazon feminism is dedicated to the image of the female hero in
    fiction and in fact, as it is expressed in art and literature, in
    the physiques and feats of female athletes, and in sexual values
    and practices.

    Amazon feminism is concerned about physical equality and is
    opposed to gender role stereotypes and discrimination against
    women based on assumptions that women are supposed to be, look or
    behave as if they are passive, weak and physically helpless.

    Amazon feminism rejects the idea that certain characteristics or
    interests are inherently masculine (or feminine), and upholds and
    explores a vision of heroic womanhood.  Thus Amazon feminism
    advocates e.g., female strength athletes, martial artists,
    soldiers, etc. [TG]

  Anarcho-Feminism

    Anarcho-feminism was never a huge movement, especially in the
    United States, and you won't find a whole lot written about it.  I
    mention it mostly because of the influential work of Emma Goldman,
    who used anarchism to craft a radical feminism that was (alas!)
    far ahead of her time.  Radical feminism expended a lot of energy
    dealing with a basis from which to critique society without
    falling into Marxist pleas for socialist revolution.  It also
    expended a lot of energy trying to reach across racial and class
    lines.  Goldman had succeeded in both.  Radical feminist Alix
    Schulman realized this, but not in time to save her movement.
    She's put out a reader of Goldman's work and a biography, both of
    which I recommend highly.  [JD]

  Cultural Feminism

    As radical feminism died out as a movement, cultural feminism got
    rolling.  In fact, many of the same people moved from the former
    to the latter.  They carried the name "radical feminism" with
    them, and some cultural feminists use that name still.  (Jaggar
    and Rothenberg don't even list cultural feminism as a framework
    separate from radical feminism, but Echols spells out the
    distinctions in great detail.)  The difference between the two is
    quite striking: whereas radical feminism was a movement to
    transform society, cultural feminism retreated to vanguardism,
    working instead to build a women's culture.  Some of this effort
    has had some social benefit: rape crisis centers, for example; and
    of course many cultural feminists have been active in social
    issues (but as individuals, not as part of a movement).  [JD]

    Cultural feminists can sometimes come up with notions that sound
    disturbingly Victorian and non-progressive: that women are
    inherently (biologically) "kinder and gentler" than men and so on.
    (Therefore if all leaders were women, we wouldn't have wars.)
    I do think, though, that cultural feminism's attempts to heighten
    respect for what is traditionally considered women's work is an
    important parallel activity to recognizing that traditionally male
    activities aren't necessarily as important as we think.  [CTM]

    I have often associated this type of statement [inherently kinder
    and gentler] with Separatist Feminists, who seem to me to feel
    that women are *inherently* kinder and gentler, so why associate
    with men?  (This is just my experience from Separatists I know...I
    haven't read anything on the subject.)  I know Cultural Feminists
    who would claim women are *trained* to be kinder and gentler, but
    I don't know any who have said they are *naturally* kinder. [SJ]

    As various 1960s movements for social change fell apart or got
    co-opted, folks got pessimistic about the very possibility of
    social change.  Many of then turned their attention to building
    alternatives, so that if they couldn't change the dominant
    society, they could avoid it as much as possible.  That, in a
    nutshell, is what the shift from radical feminism to cultural
    feminism was about.  These alternative-building efforts were
    accompanied with reasons explaining (perhaps justifying) the
    abandonment of working for social change. Cultural feminism's
    justification was biological determinism.  This justification was
    worked out in great detail, and was based on assertions in
    horribly-flawed books like Elizabeth Gould Davis's _The First Sex_
    and Ashley Montagu's _The Natural Superiority of Women_.  So
    notions that women are "inherently kinder and gentler" are one of
    the foundations of cultural feminism, and remain a major part of
    it.  A similar concept held by some cultural feminists is that
    while various sex differences might not be biologically
    determined, they are still so thoroughly ingrained as to be
    intractable.  There is no inherent connection between
    alternative-building and ideologies of biological determinism (or
    of social intracta- bility).  SJ has apparently encountered
    alternative-builders who don't embrace biological determinism, and
    I consider this a very good sign. [JD]

    I should point out here that Ashley Montagu is male, and his
    book was first copyright in 1952, so I don't believe that it
    originated as part of the separatist movements in the '60's.
    It may still be horribly flawed; I haven't yet read it. [CTM]

  Erotic Feminism

    [European] This seemed to start (as a movement) in Germany under
    the rule of Otto von Bismarck.  He ruled the land with the motto
    "blood and iron". In society the man was the _ultra manly man_ and
    power was patriarchal power. Some women rebelled against this, by
    becoming WOMAN. Eroticism became a philosophical and metaphysical
    value and the life-creating value. [RG]

  Eco-Feminism:

    This branch of feminism is much more spiritual than political or
    theoretical in nature.  It may or may not be wrapped up with
    Goddess worship and vegetarianism.  Its basic tenet is that a
    patriarchical society will exploit its resources without regard to
    long term consequences as a direct result of the attitudes
    fostered in a patriarchical/hierarchical society.  Parallels are
    often drawn between society's treatment of the environment,
    animals, or resources and its treatment of women.  In resisting
    patriarchical culture, eco-feminists feel that they are also
    resisting plundering and destroying the Earth.  And vice-versa.
    [CTM]

    This is actually socially-conscious environmentalism with a tiny
    smattering of the radical and cultural feminist observation that
    exploitation of women and exploitation of the earth have some
    astonishing parallels.  The rest of "eco-feminism" turns out to be
    a variation on socialism.  The Green movements of Europe have
    done a good job of formulating (if not implementing) an
    environmentally aware feminism; and while Green movements
    were not originally considered a part of eco-feminism, they
    are now recognized as a vital component. [JD]

    (If I remember correctly, a couple of feminist groups, including
    NOW have joined up with Green parties.  [CTM])

  Feminazi:

    This term was "invented" by the radio/tv host Rush Limbaugh.  He
    defines a feminazi as a feminist who is trying to produce as many
    abortions as possible.  Hence the term "nazi" - he sees them as
    trying to rid the world of a particular group of people (fetuses).

    This term is of course completely without merit, but there's the
    definition of it FYI.  [CTM]

  Feminism and Women of Color:

    In _feminist theory from margin to center_ (1984), bell hooks
    writes of "militant white women" who call themselves "radical
    feminists" but hooks labels them "reactionary" . . .  Hooks is
    refering to cultural feminism here.  Her comment is a good
    introduction to that fractious variety of feminism that Jaggar and
    Rothenberg find hard to label any further than to designate its
    source as women of color.  It is a most vital variety, covering
    much of the same ground as radical feminism and duplicating its
    dynamic nature.  Yet bad timing kept the two from ever uniting.
    For more information you might want to also read hooks' book and
    her earlier reader, _ain't i a woman?_ Whereas radical feminism
    was primarily formulated by educated white women focusing on
    women's issues, this variety was formulated by women who would not
    (because they could not) limit their focus.  What is so
    extraordinary is that the two converged in so many ways, with the
    notable exception that the women of color were adamantly opposed
    to considering one form of oppression (sexism) without considering
    the others. [JD]

    I think an important work in the history of feminism and women of
    color is Gloria Anzaldua and Cherrie Moraga's anthology, _This
    Bridge Called My Back: Writings By Radical Women of Color_.  It's
    my belief that the unique contribution of women of color, who
    experience at least two forms of discrimination daily, provides
    balance and reality to much of the more theoretical forms of
    academic feminism favored by educated white women.  [EE]

  Individualist, or Libertarian Feminism

    Individualist feminism is based upon individualist or libertarian
    (minimum government or anarchocapitalist) philosophies, i.e.
    philosophies whose primary focus is individual autonomy, rights,
    liberty, independence and diversity.

  Lesbianism:

    There are a couple of points to make here.  First is that
    Lesbianism is not necessarily a *de facto* part of feminism.
    While it is true that merely being a lesbian is a direct
    contravention of "traditional" concepts of womanhood, Lesbians
    themeselves hold a wide variety of opionions on the subject of
    feminism just as their straight sisters do.

    On the other hand, Lesbianism has sometimes been made into a
    political point by straight women "becoming" lesbian in order to
    fully reject men.  However, it is never accurate to characterise
    all feminists as Lesbians nor all Lesbians as feminists.

    The reader should also note that homophobia is as present among
    feminists as it is in any other segment of society.  Lesbianism
    and feminism, for all their common points and joint interests, are
    two very different groups.  [CTM]

  Liberal Feminism:

    This is the variety of feminism that works within the structure of
    mainstream society to integrate women into that structure.  Its
    roots stretch back to the social contract theory of government
    instituted by the American Revolution.  Abigail Adams and Mary
    Wollstonecraft were there from the start, proposing equality for
    women.  As is often the case with liberals, they slog along inside
    the system, getting little done amongst the compromises until some
    radical movement shows up and pulls those compromises left of
    center.  This is how it operated in the days of the suffragist
    movement and again with the emergence of the radical feminists.
    [JD]

  Marxist and Socialist Feminism

    Marxism recognizes that women are oppressed, and attributes the
    oppression to the capitalist/private property system.  Thus they
    insist that the only way to end the oppression of women is to
    overthrow the capitalist system.  Socialist feminism is the result
    of Marxism meeting radical feminism.  Jaggar and Rothenberg point
    to significant differences between socialist feminism and Marxism,
    but for our purposes I'll present the two together.  Echols offers
    a description of socialist feminism as a marriage between Marxism
    and radical feminism, with Marxism the dominant partner.  Marxists
    and socialists often call themselves "radical," but they use the
    term to refer to a completely different "root" of society: the
    economic system.  [JD]

  Material Feminism

    A movement in the late 19th century to liberate women by improving
    their material condition. This meant taking the burden of
    housework and cooking off their shoulders.  _The Grand Domestic
    Revolution_ by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is one reference. [RZ]

  Moderate Feminism:

    This branch of feminism tends to be populated by younger women or
    other women who have not directly experienced discrimination.
    They are closely affiliated with liberal feminism, but tend to
    question the need for further effort, and do not think that
    Radical feminism is any longer viable and in fact rather
    embarrassing (this is the group most likely to espouse feminist
    ideas and thoughts while denying being "feminist").  [CTM]

  'pop-feminism'

    This term has appeared several times on soc.feminism.  It appears
    to be a catch-all for the bogey"man" sort of feminism that
    everyone loves to hate: you know, the kind of feminism that grinds
    men under its heel and admits to no wrong for women.  It is
    doubtful that such a caricature actually exists, yet many people
    persist in lumping all feminists into this sort of a category.  [CTM]

  Radical Feminism:

    Provides the bulwark of theoretical thought in feminism.  Radical
    feminism provides an important foundation for the rest of
    "feminist flavors".  Seen by many as the "undesireable" element of
    feminism, Radical feminism is actually the breeding ground for
    many of the ideas arising from feminism; ideas which get shaped
    and pounded out in various ways by other (but not all) branches of
    feminism. [CTM]

    Radical feminism was the cutting edge of feminist theory from
    approximately 1967-1975.  It is no longer as universally accepted
    as it was then, nor does it provide a foundation for, for example,
    cultural feminism.  In addition, radical feminism is not and never
    has been related to the Maoist-feminist group Radical Women. [EE]

    This term refers to the feminist movement that sprung out of the
    civil rights and peace movements in 1967-1968.  The reason this
    group gets the "radical" label is that they view the oppression of
    women as the most fundamental form of opression, one that cuts
    across boundaries of race, culture, and economic class.  This is a
    movement intent on social change, change of rather revolutionary
    proportions, in fact.  [JD]

    Ironically, this get-to-the-roots movement is the most root-less
    variety of feminism.  This was part of its strength and part of
    its weakness.  It was always dynamic, always dealing with
    factions, and always full of ideas.  Its influence has been felt
    in all the other varieties listed here, as well as in society at
    large.  [JD]

    To me, radical feminism is centred on the necessity to question
    gender roles.  This is why I identify current "gender politics"
    questions as radical feminist issues.  Radical feminism questions
    why women must adopt certain roles based on their biology, just as
    it questions why men adopt certain other roles based on theirs.
    Radical feminism attempts to draw lines between biologically-
    determined behavior and culturally-determined behavior in order
    to free both men and women as much as possible from their previous
    narrow gender roles.  [EE]

    The best history of this movement is a book called _Daring to
    be Bad_, by Echols.  I consider that book a must! [JD] Another
    excellent book is simply titled _Radical Feminism_ and is an
    anthology edited by Anne Koedt, a well-known radical feminist
    [EE].

    Radical feminist theory is to a large extent incompatible with
    cultural feminism.  The reason is that the societal forces it
    deals with seem so great in magnitude that they make it impossible
    to identify any innate masculine or feminine attributes except
    those which are results of the biological attributes.  (This is
    what I think the [above] "view[s] the oppression of women as the
    most fundamental form of oppression," [is getting at] although I
    don't agree with that statement in its context.) [DdJ]

  Separatists:

    Popularly and wrongly depicted as Lesbians, these are the
    feminists who advocate separation from men; sometimes total,
    sometimes partial.  Women who organize women-only events are often
    unfairly dubbed separatist.  Separatists are sometimes literal,
    sometimes figurative.  The core idea is that "separating" (by
    various means) from men enables women to see themselves in a
    different context.  Many feminists, whether or not separatist,
    think this is a necessary "first step", by which they mean a
    temporary separation for personal growth, not a permanent one. [CTM]

    There is sometimes some overlap between separatist and cultural
    feminists (see below). [SJ]

    It is equally inaccurate to consider all Lesbians as separatist;
    while it is true that they do not interact with men for sexual
    fulfillment, it is not true that they therefore automatically shun
    all interaction with men. [CTM] And, conversely, it is equally
    inaccurate to consider all separatists Lesbians.  Additionally,
    lesbian feminism may be considered a category distinct from
    separatist feminism.  Lesbian feminism puts more emphasis on
    lesbianism -- active bonding with women -- than separatism does,
    in its emphasis on removing bonds with men. [EE]

[Other categories?  Both formal and informal are welcome.]

  Men's Movements:
  [Largely contributed by Dave Gross.  Exceptions noted.]

  It may seem odd to include some notes on men's movements in a
  description of feminism.  However, many of these movements were
  started in reaction to feminism: some inspired by and others in
  contra-reaction to it.  In this context, examining men's movements
  tells of some specific reactions to feminism by men. [CTM]

    Most men's movement historians date the men's movement back to the
    early seventies.  In 1970, according to Anthony Astrachan ("How
    Men Feel" p. 291) the first men's center opened in Berkeley, Calif.
    and the magazine "Liberation" published an article by Jack Sawyer
    entitled "On Male Liberation."

    The men's movement equivalent to the catalyst provided to the
    women's movement by Betty Friedan, was "The Male Machine" by Mark
    Feigen Fasteau in 1975.  My edition has a forward by Gloria
    Steinem in which she writes:  "This book is a complement to the
    feminist revolution, yet it is one no woman could write.  It is the
    revolution's other half."

    But a reexamination of the male gender role certainly predates the
    1970s.  In fact, the book "The American Male" by Myron Brenton,
    complained that "when the plight of woman is given such intense
    scrutiny, a curiously distorting effect tends to be created.
    Suddenly the world is seen only through the feminist prism."  This
    quote, which would be comfortable coming out of Warren Farrell's
    mouth in the 1990s, was published in 1966.  The book was essentially
    a male-friendly, pro-feminist examination of the male sex role,
    and started a theme of portraying masculinity as dangerous and
    destructive (physically and emotionally) to men -- a theme that was
    to also provide the basis for the works of Fasteau, Goldberg and
    Farrell in the 1970s.

    And R.F. Doyle, who was to form one of the rare traditionalist men's
    groups, was already fighting for male-friendly divorce reform in
    the early 1960s (his Divorce Racket Busters in 1960 is in a direct
    line of parentage to his Men's Rights Association in 1973).

    Barbara Ehrenreich in "The Hearts of Men" traces the men's movement
    back even further.  She believes that the current men's movement
    is only the latest representation of a long-term male revolt against
    the "breadwinner ethic:"

 "I will argue that the collapse of the breadwinner ethic had
  begun well before the revival of feminism and stemmed from
  dissatisfactions every bit as deep, if not as idealist-
  ically expressed, as those that motivated our founding
  'second wave' feminists." -- p. 12

    Furthermore, she writes that

 "The great irony... is that the right-wing, antifeminist
  backlash that emerged in the 1970s is a backlash not so
  much against feminism as against the male revolt." -- p.13

    In the mid- to late-1950s (although she traces the roots even
    further back than this), non-conformity becomes a hip topic.
    Playboy magazine started publishing in 1953, and by the early
    sixties had started offering "something approaching a coherent
    program for the male rebellion" (p. 50).  The magazine's
    trademark T&A was only a side-issue, designed to make the rebellion
    against the male sex role (aka The Playboy Philosophy) a safely
    heterosexual one.

    The Beat movement "establish[ed] a vantage point from which the
    'normal' could be judged, assessed and labeled -- square" (p. 67)
    and then "cardiology... passed its own judgement on the 'normal'
    masculine condition, and [came] down, without fully realizing it,
    on the side of the rebels" (p. 87).

    The Human Potential Movement combined with cardiological concerns
    encouraged a change in men's lives; the Vietnam War further
    tarnished the image of masculinity; the 60s counter culture
    allowed androgyny; the second-wave of the women's movement pushed
    for a critique of gender roles; gay liberation groups differentiated
    themeselves from heterosexuals, allowing straight men to change
    their roles without being accused of homosexuality.

    Voila!  The genesis of the men's movement in a nutshell!

    The men's movement, as a movement, has from almost the beginning
    been split into various camps based both on ideology and on
    what concerns the members most wish to concentrate on.  What were
    once scattered "consciousness raising groups" have evolved into
    the following sub-movements:

    Feminist Men's Movement:
    ------------------------

    These groups are closely aligned ideologically with the feminist
    movement.  They believe that we live in a patriarchal system in
    which men are the oppressors of women, and that the men's movement
    should identify this oppression and work against it.  Most of the
    [City-name] Men Against Rape groups fall under this category.  The
    largest feminist men's group is the National Organization for Men
    Against Sexism (Formerly the National Organization for Changing
    Men).  Some publications from this viewpoint are "Changing Men,"
    the journal of NOMAS, and the following books: "The Liberated Man"
    by Warren Farrell, "The Male Machine" by Marc Feigen Fasteau, "The 49%
    Majority" ed. by Deborah David & Robert Brannon, and "Refusing to Be a
    Man" by John Stoltenberg.

    "For these men," according to James Doyle ("Sex & Gender" p. 341),
    "the question of unfair divorce settlements, child-custody cases,
    and the like are a ruse used by some men who favor perpetuating
    their own dominant status in society."  This perhaps is a little
    harsh, but many in the feminist men's movement are suspicious of
    those who would work for men's political concerns without first
    relinquishing the patriarchal reins of political power.

    "They may feel only a vague pricking of conscience about their own
    complicity in the imbalance," writes Anthony Astrachan of the
    feminist wing of the movement (How Men Feel, p. 302), "or they may
    openly acknowledge that men as a class (which does not mean all
    men) oppress women as a class (which does not mean all women).  In
    either case, what they feel is guilt."  (Astrachan dismisses what
    I will call the Men's Liberation movement as "the no-guilt wing.")

    As can be expected, there is much debate among feminists, women,
    and other men about the validity or real intentions of such
    groups.  The entire question of "feminist men," especially ones
    that disagree with aspects of "conventional feminism" sparks much
    debate.  Some accuse them of pandering to the feminist movement,
    others of having a hidden agenda that's really against feminism.
    Female feminists disagree wither men can be feminist, some arguing
    that there is nothing to prevent men from being feminists, and
    others arguing that you have to know what it is like to be a woman
    -- or even BE a woman -- to be a feminist. [CTM]


    Men's Liberation Movement:
    --------------------------

    Other names: Masculist movement, Men's Rights movement.  These
    groups, while quite similar to feminists in several areas (gay
    rights, belief in equal opportunity in the workplace, etc.)
    generally do not believe in the theory that we live in a
    patriarchy in which men oppress and women are oppressed.

 "My thinking has led me to conclude that men as a class do
  /not/ oppress women as a class.  Nor do I believe that women
  as a class oppress men as a class.  Rather, I feel that men
  and women have cooperated in the development of contemporary
  male and female sex-roles, both of which appear to have
  advantages as well as disadvantages, but which are
  essentially restrictive in nature, growth inhibiting, and, in
  the case of the male, physically as well as psychologically
  lethal."  -- Richard Haddad "Concepts and overview of the
  men's liberation movement"

    Characterization of the men's liberation wing as being a
    reactionary or traditionalist movement is common among feminists,
    but doesn't seem to hold under closer observation.  Fred Hayward
    addressed this view in his keynote speech to the National Congress
    for Men in 1981:

 "We must not reverse the women's movement; we must accelerate
  it...  [Men's liberation] is not a backlash, for there is
  nothing about traditional sex roles that I want to go back
  to...

 "We must give full credence to the seriousness of women's
  problems and be willing to work toward their solution, but if
  the others do not return the favor, it is they who are the
  sexist pigs.  It is they who are reactionary.  When I look at
  feminists today, I don't want to call them names -- I only
  want to call their bluff."

    Some of the groups with this viewpoint are: Men's Rights Inc.,
    National Coalition of Free Men, National Congress for Men,
    National Center for Men.  Some of the publications from this
    viewpoint are "Transitions," the journal of the NCFM, and the
    following books: "Why Men Are the Way They Are" by Warren Farrell
    "The Hazards of Being Male" by Herb Goldberg "Men's Rights" by
    Bill & Laurie Wishard "Men Freeing Men" ed. by Francis Baumli.

    Mythopoetic Men's Movement:
    ---------------------------

    These are the ones you see on TV and in magazines wearing masks
    and beating drums.  Robert Bly, the father-figure of this
    movement, says:

 "I see the phenomenon of what I would call the 'soft male' all
  over the country today.  They're not interested in harming
  the Earth, or starting wars, or working for corporations.
  There's something favorable toward life in their whole
  general mood and style of living.  But something's wrong.
  Many of these men are unhappy.  There's not much energy in
  them.  They are life-preserving, but not exactly
  life-giving...."

 "Men are suffering right now -- young males especially.  But
  now that so many men are getting in touch with their feminine
  side, we're ready to start seeing the wild man and to put its
  powerful, dark energy to use.  At this point, many things can
  happen."
   -- interview by Keith Thompson
         Utne Reader, Nov/Dec 1989

    This talk of "powerful, dark energy" worries some, including Bly's
    ex-wife, who compared this movement to fascism:

 "The men's separatist movement is frightening.  Separatism,
  breeds feelings of superiority and imbalance -- male bonding
  usually offers permission to regress."
   -- "The danger in men's groups"
      Utne Reader, Nov/Dec 1989

    A more common reaction to these groups by outsiders is
    bewilderment and ridicule.  "[T]heir words revealed a kind of
    gooeyness wrapped in clinical psych jargon," wrote Jon Tevlin of
    his Wild Man Weekend.  It's possible though, that these groups
    outnumber all other men's groups combined.  There are a surprising
    number of magazines, books, journals, retreats and gurus
    associated with the mythopoetic men's movement.  "Iron John" led
    sales of hardcover nonfiction longer than any other best seller in
    1991, according to the 1993 Writer's Market.

 "What I'm interested in is the return of mythology, and he
  timportance of initiation -- I think that's essential...
  I'm not interested in all the men having opinions on men's
  rights, and attacking women.  I'm not interested in a
  national men's movement."
  -- Robert Bly, quoted by Tim Warren in
     the Baltimore Sun, 28 October 1990

    On the other hand,

 "I don't want to omit people like Warren Farrell and Herb
  Goldberg who are doing men's stuff; they get omitted far oo
  toften when the Men's Movement is discussed.  If Robert
  [Bly] is one of the leaders and perhaps the father of the
  mythopoetic Men's Movement, then Goldberg, Farrell and
  Pleck are the Grandfathers..."
  -- John Lee, quoted by Woody Harper in the
     Men's Council Newsletter, August 1990

    This movement is less political than spiritual, and it's difficult
    to identify just what these folks stand for.  But if you want to
    try, check out the interviews with Bly and with Shepherd Bliss in
    the Nov/Dec 1989 Utne Reader, or pick up "Men's Council News" or
    Robert Bly's surprise best-seller "Iron John."

    The New Traditionalists:
    ------------------------

    I don't know much about these groups.  The only one I'm aware of
    is the National Organization for Men run by Penthouse columnist
    Sidney Siller.  Maybe R.F. Doyle's Men's Rights Association (if it
    still exists) qualifies as well.  These groups look, on the
    surface, much like the Men's Liberation groups, but underneath
    there is a current of resentment that the old sex roles have
    dissolved.  Some openly say that women just aren't men's equals,
    and should have stayed home with the kids.  This is that "male
    backlash" you've probably read about.  Read "The Rape of the Male"
    by R.F. Doyle for a good idea of how these folks think (the front
    cover is a picture of the crucifiction).  Also, Esther Vilar's
    "The Manipulated Man" (written by a woman in 1972, and pretty
    scary).

    The Father's Movements:
    -----------------------

    Some people hold that this is a separate group from the Men's
    Liberation Movement.  There are some groups that are only
    interested in issues like divorce reform, and ignore issues like
    violence toward men, gay rights, and the draft.  Many of these
    groups are very similar to Men's Liberation groups, and only
    differ by their concentration.  Some explicitly exclude issues
    like gay rights in order to not risk offending some of their
    members, and this could itself be considered an ideological
    position which would separate them from the Men's Liberation
    groups.  Anthony Astrachan ("How Men Feel," p. 311) reports that
    some Father's Rights men boycotted the 1983 National Congress for
    Men meeting in Los Angeles, and speculates that this was because
    men's liberation members had proposed resolutions supporting gay
    rights.

    Publications would include: "How to Win Custody" by Louis Kiefer
    "Weekend Fathers" by Gerald and Myrna Silver

--------------

My thanks to:
  Ellen Eades[EE]
  David desJardins [DdJ]
  Jym Dyer [JD]
  Thomas Gramstad [TG]
  Rebecca Grinter [RG]
  David Gross [DG] (incl. all info on men's movements)
  Stacy Johnson [SJ]
  Rudy Zalesak [RZ]

--------------

Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so
on to [e-mail].  I reserve all rights to edit
material for brevity, clarity, and constructiveness.

--Cindy Tittle Moore

 "I myself have never been able to find out precisely what
 feminism is: I only know that people call me a feminist
 whenever I express sentiments that differentiate me from a
 doormat, or a prostitute."  -- Rebecca West, 1913




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