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SCROLLS FROM THE DEAD SEA:
THE ANCIENT LIBRARY OF QUMRAN AND MODERN SCHOLARSHIP
The Qumran Library
Related Library of Congress Materials
These items were on display in the exhibit at the Library of
Congress, May - August 1993. Images of these objects are not
included in the online version of the exhibit, but these exhibit
captions are included to provide some additional background on
the scholarly work surrounding the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Qumran
Community, and its Library.
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
BOOK OF ENOCH
The Book of Enoch is a pseudepigraphal work (a work that claims
to be by a biblical character). The Book of Enoch was not
included in either the Hebrew or most Christian biblical canons,
but could have been considered a sacred text by the sectarians.
The original Aramaic version was lost until the Dead Sea
fragments were discovered.
Józef T. Milik, ed.
The Books of Enoch (Oxford, 1976)
Printed book
General Collections, Library of Congress (150)
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
TORAH SCROLL
This eighteenth-century Torah scroll was written in North Africa.
It is rolled to Leviticus, 23:22-29, which corresponds to the
Leviticus Scroll from Cave 4 displayed here (object no. 4). Note
the "wandering peh" (a Hebrew letter) which occurs frequently in
the displayed column.
Torah Scroll (North Africa, c. 18th century)
Parchment
Hebraic Section, African and Middle Eastern Division, Library of
Congress (116)
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
LEVITICUS SCROLL
The large paleo-Hebrew fragment of Leviticus on display here was
published in 1985 by D.N. Freedman and K.A. Mathews. The authors
transliterated the paleo-Hebrew script into modern Hebrew
characters.
D. N. Freedman and K. A. Mathews
The Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll (11 Qpaleo Lev)
(Winona Lake, Indiana, 1985)
Printed book
General Collections, Library of Congress (184)
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
FIRST MACCABEES
Displayed here is the opening page of the First Book of Maccabees
from the Walton Polyglot Bible. First Maccabees describes the
rule of the early Hasmonean princes who freed Judea from the yoke
of the Syrian rulers in 168 B.C.E. It is included in the Roman
Catholic scriptural canon, but was removed from the Protestant
canon after the Reformation and relegated to the Apocrypha.
First Maccabees
[Walton's Polyglot] (London, 1655-1657)
Printed book
Hebraic Section, African and Middle Eastern Division, Library of
Congress (176)
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
SAMARITAN BIBLE
The modern descendant of the paleo-Hebrew script of the Leviticus
Scroll (object no. 4) is the Samaritan script. This biblical
manuscript, written in the Samaritan script, is opened to
Leviticus 23:22-29. Note the similarity between the paleo-Hebrew
script of the Leviticus Scroll written in the late second century
B.C.E. and this Samaritan manuscript from the late nineteenth
century.
Leviticus
[Samaritan Pentateuch] (1880)
Manuscript book
Hebraic Section, African and Middle Eastern Division, Library of
Congress (175)
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
THE HOSEA COMMENTARY
In 1979, M. Horgan completed a work on all the "pesharim," or
commentaries, which included an extensive treatment of the Hosea
Commentary fragments. The "pesharim" interpreted the biblical
text in light of events of the late Second Temple Period--seeing
within the text prophesies and messages relevant to the
community's beliefs and practices.
Maurya Horgan
Pesharim: Qumran Interpretations of Biblical Books (Washington,
1979)
Printed book
General Collections, Library of Congress (154)
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
THE HOSEA COMMENTARY
The Hosea Commentary Scroll was first published by J. Allegro as
the fifth volume of the official publication series, "Discoveries
in the Judaean Desert."
John Marco Allegro
Qumran Cave 4. DJD V (Oxford, 1968)
Printed book
General Collections, Library of Congress (153)
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
SONGS OF THE SABBATH SACRIFICE
The Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice, also known as the Angelic
Liturgy, is a liturgical work composed of 13 sections, one for
each of the first thirteen Sabbaths of the year. This is the
definitive translation and analysis of these distinctive hymns.
Carol Newsom
Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice (Atlanta, 1985)
Printed book
General Collections, Library of Congress (148)
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
DEAD SEA SCROLLS FROM THE THIRD CENTURY C.E.
In his ecclesiastical history, Eusebius relates the story of
Origen, who consulted scrolls found in caves near Jericho for his
"Hexapla," a comprehensive redaction of the Hebrew Scriptures
completed in the first half of the third century C.E.
In the . . . edition of the Psalms . . . [Origen
reported] again how he found one of [the translations]
at Jericho in a tunnel in the time of Antoninus the son
of Severus.
Eusebius
Auncient ecclesiasticall histories . . . (London, 1585)
Printed book
Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress
(112)
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
deadsea.scrolls.exhibit rev. 6/18/93 (kde)