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1993-07-27
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SCROLLS FROM THE DEAD SEA:
THE ANCIENT LIBRARY OF QUMRAN AND MODERN SCHOLARSHIP
Introduction
Related Library of Congress Materials
These items were on display in the exhibit at the Library of
Congress, May - August 1993. Images of these objects are not
included in the online version of the exhibit, but these exhibit
captions are included to provide some additional background on
the scholarly work surrounding the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Qumran
Community, and its Library.
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
PSALMS SCROLL
J. A. Sanders published his findings on the Psalms Scroll first
in 1965, as the fourth volume of "Discoveries in the Judaean
Desert," the official publication series. This is a later
version published in the United States.
J. A. Sanders
The Dead Sea Psalms Scroll (Ithaca, 1967)
Printed book
General Collections, Library of Congress (185)
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
THE FIRST HEBREW PRINTED BOOK OF THE BIBLE: THE PSALMS
Hand-written books of the Bible were found among the Dead Sea
Scrolls. This Psalter is the first book of the Bible printed in
Hebrew. This edition of the Psalms includes the commentary of
David Kimhi and was printed in 1477, probably in Bologna. The
commentary on the Psalms was heavily censored by Church
authorities. The owner of the book, however, inserted by hand
each word that had been expunged.
Psalms (Bologna, 1477)
Printed book
Hebraic Section, African and Middle Eastern Division, Library of
Congress (190)
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
THE ALEPPO CODEX
Until the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1947, the Aleppo
Codex, which dates to the tenth century C.E., was the oldest
known Bible codex. This facsimile was published in 1976.
Aleppo Codex (Jerusalem, 1976)
Printed book
Hebraic Section, African and Middle Eastern Division, Library of
Congress (117)
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
THE COMPLUTENSIAN
This is the earliest of the great polyglot editions of the Bible
and includes texts in Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and Latin.
Produced under the patronage of Cardinal Francisco Ximenes de
Cisneros (1436-1517), it was believed to have cost 50,000 gold
ducats. Psalm 145 is a hymn arranged according to the letters of
the Hebrew alphabet. It is interesting to note that today's
biblical text does not include a verse for the letter "nun," the
fourteenth letter of the alphabet. The fragment of the Psalm
Scroll displayed here does include a missing verse for this
letter.
Psalms
[Complutensian] (1514-1517)
Printed polyglot bible
Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress
(177)
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
THE DEAD SEA LOOKING TOWARDS MOAB
In 1838-1839, Scottish artist David Roberts (1796-1864) traveled
through the Near East, bringing home 300 sketches of monuments
and landscapes that he encountered on his journey. His drawings
were reproduced in six volumes between 1842-1849.
Shown here is his rendering of "The Dead Sea Looking Towards
Moab." In the foreground--carved into the rocky cliff--is the
monastery of St. Saba.
David Roberts
"Dead Sea Looking Towards Moab, April 4, 1839"
The Holy Land (London, 1842-1849)
Lithograph with hand-coloring
Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (163)
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
VIEWS OF JERUSALEM
This map is the lower of two plates depicting Jerusalem. The
Temple of Solomon, located at the top of the map, includes
illustrations of the High Priest at the altar. The Ark of the
Covenant is located in the Holy of Holies (the innermost chamber
of the Temple), with God's spirit, the "Shekhinah," emanating
from the ark and represented by the Tetragrammaton, the four-
letter divine name.
Georg Braun and Franz Hogenberg
"Jerusalem"
Civitates Orbis Terrarum (Cologne, 1612)
Printed book, hand-colored etching
Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress (168)
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
VIEWS OF THE HOLY LAND
This hand-colored map of the Holy Land (Terra Sancta) features an
enlarged depiction of the Dead Sea. On the lower left of the map
is a rendering of the story of Jonah and the whale.
Abraham Ortelius
"Terra Sancta"
Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (London, 1606)
Printed book
Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress (167)
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
VIEWS OF THE HOLY LAND
Claudius Ptolemy (90-168 C.E.) was the preeminent geographer of
the ancient world. Shown here is a hand-colored map of the Holy
Land from a 1482 Ptolemaic atlas. The territories of the twelve
tribes of Israel are clearly marked throughout.
Claudius Ptolemaeus
Cosmographia (Ulm, 1486)
Printed book, hand-colored woodcut
Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress (166)
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE HOLY LAND
This aerial perspective of the Holy Land reflects a nineteenth-
century trend in American mapmaking which featured "bird's-eye"
views prepared for towns and cities across the nation. Published
in New York, the rendering of the Holy Land indicates the intense
American interest in this part of the world.
A. J. Marks
Bird's Eye View of the Holy Land (New York, 1879)
Chromolithograph, sectional map in 6 parts
Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress (169)
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
deadsea.scrolls.exhibit rev. 6/18/93 (kde)