The Unsorted BBS Collection/thegreatunsorted.tar/thegreatunsorted/programming/asm_programming/a00.doc

Text File | 1994-01-31 | 12KB | 274 lines

A86 assembler package   V3.70           January 31, 1994

The entire package is Copyright 1986--1994 Eric Isaacson.
All rights reserved.

PLEASE read Chapter 1 for legal terms and conditions, how to
register for the package, and the overview of the assembler.

This manual is huge!  A note about printing it occurs at
the bottom of the next page.

If you have never heard of "shareware", and you purchased
this disk from XYZ Software House, that advertises great
software for $5 per disk, you may now be asking the following

QUESTION: "What's going on here?  Have I already bought an
  assembler, or what?"

ANSWER: Well, no, not exactly.  You've bought a disk that has
  great software on it; you haven't bought the software yet.
  A86, like the vast majority of software offered by the $5-
  per-disk distribution houses, is free-distribution software
  (also known as "shareware", or "user-supported software").
  That means I retain the rights to A86, but I choose to let
  people pass it around.  I have no business relationship
  with any distribution houses in the U.S.; I don't get a
  penny of the $5 (or whatever) you paid them for the disk
  containing A86.  So I need and expect to be paid by you,
  because I make my living out of making and supporting
  shareware products.

  A few distribution houses do a pretty poor job of revealing
  the shareware nature of the software they sell.  If you
  thought you had purchased the software free and clear, you
  might feel justified in being angry with them for having
  misled you.  And you might look around for houses that do a
  better job of informing the public.  But I hope you'll take
  the time to consider everybody's role in the shareware
  marketing scene; if you do, I think you'll conclude that
  although you may have been misled, you haven't really been
  cheated out of anything.

  Shareware is great for authors like me, who have spent all
  their years in their computer holes, learning to be great
  programmers, and no time in business school learning
  marketing and distribution techniques.  We simply cast our
  programs to the winds.  They are distributed at practically
  no cost to us.  That's why we can charge less than
  the cost of "commercial" software.
                                                        0-2
  Shareware is also great for customers like you.  You can
  try out the software before paying for it.  You'll know
  that a successful shareware product is good, because only
  satisfied customers pay for it.  The existence of shareware
  infuses healthy competition in the entire software market,
  for both price and quality.  In the case of A86, I'm
  utterly convinced that you'll never find a better value for
  an assembler, anywhere.

  Finally, let's consider the distribution houses.  They
  provide a legitimate service, for which they charge a
  reasonable price.  The best houses act as librarians,
  evaluating and cataloguing software.  Most pay thousands of
  dollars for advertising.  Their cut is far less than the
  distributor's cut for "commercial" software (they prosper
  because their volume is bigger).  Most customers for the
  distribution houses are repeat customers, who are aware of,
  and happy with, what they are getting.  If it weren't for
  your XYZ House, you might never have heard of A86, or might
  never have figured out where to obtain it.

  So I hope you'll be happy with shareware, and actively
  desire to support it.  You'll feel good about promoting a
  healthy situation for everybody.  And you'll encourage the
  best programmers in the world to keep writing for you,
  instead of for the big corporations.


Now that I've said that, let's move on to the package.   The
A86 package consists of the programs A86.COM and FAKE.EXE,
a collection of source, batch, and library files used by the
demonstration contained in Chapter 2, and a sequence of DOC
files that, when printed out in order, make the manual.  Each
chapter is a DOC file whose name is A??.DOC, where ?? runs
from 00 though 17.  Exception: chapter 6 is split into
A06A.DOC and A06B.DOC.  The second file is wider, and should
be printed at 12 cpi if you can manage it.  The other files
can print at 10cpi with margins -- You should set your printer
to a 1-inch left margin, as the DOC files do not attempt to
provide a left margin for you.  (You can modify the PAGE.8
program to output the appropriate codes!)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS


CHAPTER 1   INTRODUCTION AND LEGAL TERMS

  Introduction                             1-1
  Legal Terms and Conditions               1-1
  Registration Benefits                    1-3
  Overview of A86                          1-4
  About the Author                         1-6
  How to Contact Me                        1-6


CHAPTER 2   A86 DEMONSTRATION

  Assembling a Very Short Program: PAGE.COM                 2-1
  Demonstration of Error-Reporting                          2-1
  Assembling a Longer Program with Library Files: REV.COM   2-1
  Assembling a medium-sized program: TCOLS.COM              2-2


CHAPTER 3   OPERATION AND REQUIREMENTS

  Creating Programs to Assemble             3-1
  Program Invocation                        3-1
  Assembler Switches                        3-2
  The A86 Environment Variable              3-7
  Using Standard Input as a Command Tail    3-8
  Strategies for Source File Maintenance    3-8
  System Requirements for A86               3-9


CHAPTER 4   ELEMENTS OF THE A86 LANGUAGE

  General Categories of A86 Elements                 4-1
  Operand Typing and Code Generation                 4-3
  Generating Opcodes from General Purpose Mnemonics  4-4


CHAPTER 5   SOME EXCLUSIVE FEATURES OF A86

  The IF Statement                                 5-1
  Multiple operands to PUSH, POP, INC, DEC         5-1
  Repeat Counts to String Instructions             5-1
  Conditional Return Instructions                  5-2
  A86 extensions to the MOV and XCHG instructions  5-2
  Local Symbols                                    5-3
  Operands to AAM and AAD Instructions             5-4
  Single-Operand Forms of the TEST Instruction     5-4
  Optimized LEA Instruction                        5-4
                                                           0-4
CHAPTER 6    THE 86 INSTRUCTION SET

  Effective Addresses                            6-1
  Segmentation and Effective Addresses           6-2
  Effective Use of Effective Addresses           6-3
  Encoding of Effective Addresses                6-4
  Table of Effective Address byte values         6-5
  How to Read the Instruction Set Chart          6-6
  The Instruction Set Chart                      6-8


CHAPTER 7   THE FLOATING-POINT PROCESSOR

  The 8087 and 287 Coprocessors          7-1
  Extra Coprocessor Support              7-2
  Emulating the 8087 by Software         7-2
  The Floating Point Stack               7-3
  Floating Point Initializations         7-3
  Built-In Constant Names                7-4
  Special Immediate FLD Form             7-4
  Floating Point Operand Types           7-5
  Operand Choices in A86                 7-6
  The 87 Instruction Set                 7-6


CHAPTER 8   NUMBERS AND EXPRESSIONS

  Numbers and Bases                         8-1
  The RADIX Directive                       8-2
  Floating-point Initializations            8-3
  Overview of Expressions                   8-3
  Types of Expression Operands              8-3
  Descriptions of Operators and Specifiers  8-4
  Operator Precedence                      8-13
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CHAPTER 9   DIRECTIVES IN A86

  Segments in A86                                 9-1
  CODE ENDS and DATA ENDS Statements              9-2
  The ORG Directive                               9-2
  The EVEN Directive                              9-3
  Data Allocation Using DB, DW, DD, DQ, and DT    9-3
  The STRUC Directive                             9-5
  Forward References                              9-6
  Forward References in Expressions               9-7
  The EQU Directive                               9-7
  Equates to Built-In Symbols                     9-8
  The NIL Prefix                                  9-9
  Interrupt Equates                               9-9
  Duplicate Definitions                           9-9
  The = Directive                                9-10
  The PROC Directive                             9-10
  The ENDP Directive                             9-11
  The LABEL Directive                            9-11
  The INCLUDE Directive                          9-12


CHAPTER 10   RELOCATION AND LINKAGE

  .OBJ Production Made Easy                          10-1
  Overview of Relocation and Linkage                 10-3
  The NAME Directive                                 10-5
  The PUBLIC Directive                               10-5
  The EXTRN Directive                                10-6
  MAIN: The Starting Location for a Program          10-7
  The END Directive                                  10-7
  The SEGMENT Directive                              10-8
  DATA SEGMENT, STRUC and CODE SEGMENT Directives   10-11
  The ENDS Directive                                10-11
  Default Outer SEGMENT                             10-12
  The GROUP Directive                               10-12
  The SEG Operator                                  10-13
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CHAPTER 11   MACROS AND CONDITIONAL ASSEMBLY

  Macro Facility                                     11-1
  Simple Macro Syntax                                11-1
  Formatting in macro definitions and calls          11-2
  Macro operand substitution                         11-2
  Quoted-string operands                             11-3
  Looping by operands in macros                      11-4
  The #L last operator and indefinite repeats        11-5
  Character-loops                                    11-5
  The "B"-before and "A"-after operators             11-6
  Multiple-increments within loops                   11-6
  Negative R-loops                                   11-7
  Nesting of loops in macros                         11-8
  Implied closing of loops                           11-8
  Passing Operands by Value                          11-8
  Passing Operand Size                               11-8
  Generating the Number of an Operand                11-9
  Parenthesized Operand Numbers                      11-9
  Exiting from the Middle of a Macro                11-10
  Local Labels in Macros                            11-10
  Debugging Macro Expansions                        11-11
  Conditional Assembly                              11-11
  Conditional Assembly and Macros                   11-13
  Simulating MASM's Conditional Assembly Constructs 11-14
  Declaring Variables in the Assembler Invocation   11-14
  Null Invocation Variable Names                    11-15
  Changing Values of Invocation Variables           11-15


CHAPTER 12   COMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER ASSEMBLERS

  Conversion of MASM programs to A86                12-1
  Compatibility-symbols recognized by A86           12-4
  Conversion of A86 Programs to Intel/IBM/MASM      12-5


CHAPTER 13   ASSOCIATED TOOLS AND OUTPUT FILES

  Listings with A86                                   13-1
  Listing Control Directives                          13-2
  Cross-reference Facility                            13-3
  A86LIB Source File Library Tool                     13-5
  Using A86.LIB in A86 Assemblies                     13-6
  Environment Variable A86LIB                         13-6
  Forcing a Library Search                            13-7
  Mimicking Tool: FAKE.EXE                            13-7

CHAPTER 14   DESCRIPTIONS OF A86 ERROR MESSAGES

CHAPTER 15   RELEASE HISTORY OF A86

CHAPTER 16    RESERVED SYMBOLS IN THE A86 LANGUAGE

A17.DOC   INDEX