The Unsorted BBS Collection/thegreatunsorted.tar/thegreatunsorted/misc/3b.ptx

Text File | 1994-04-03 | 206KB | 3,671 lines

C.14025 - 14125 kHz and 14200 - 14350 kHz~
D.`Multiply` the original power `by 4`~
Up to what `height` above the ground may you install an `antenna structure`
without needing FCC approval?~
C.The number of sunspots on the side of the sun facing the earth~
Under what circumstances may a `10-meter repeater` retransmit the 2-meter
signal from a Technician class operator?~
A.Under no circumstances~
What is the `maximum symbol rate` permitted for packet emissions `below 28 MHz`?~
Sending a message in a `secret code` is `never` allowed on the amateur bands,
except that an amateur space telecommand station may use a `secret code` to
send commands to an amateur space station.  However, this would not be a
`two-way communication`, so the correct answer is `never`.~
The `Yagi` is a directional antenna, meaning that it sends signals best in
one direction, called the `major radiation lobe`.  It also sends some amount
of signal `power` in the `opposite direction`, which is wasted.  The `front-to-
back ratio` of a `Yagi` measures the amount of transmitter `power` sent out in
the desired direction to the power sent out in the `opposite direction`.~
B.Two VEC-accredited General class or higher VEs must be present~
80-meter band, RTTY, 3610 - 3630 kHz~
amplitude linearity, single-sideband, two audio-frequency sine waves~
If a center-fed dipole antenna is fed by parallel-conductor feed line, how
would an inductively coupled `matching network` be used between the two?~
symmetrical delta-loop, reflector element, 14.1 MHz, 24.35 feet~
When a `disaster` strikes, `normal communications systems` are sometimes
`overloaded`, `damaged` or `disrupted`.  It's at this time that hams prove their
worth to their community by sending messages into and out of the `disaster`
area to not only help with `disaster` relief operations, but also help the
`disaster` victims communicate with their friends and relatives.~
What are the `frequency limits` within the `30-meter band` for `RTTY emissions`?~
C.Electrical safety inside the ham shack~
D.VFO~
B.`1`~
Frequency- and phase-modulated transmitters take 10 to 15 kHz of bandwidth
for `phone` signals.  Double-sideband signals take 6 kHz and `single-sideband`
signals take 3 kHz.  It's easy to see that `single-sideband` signals have the
`narrowest frequency bandwidth`.~
If you are transmitting from a `ground-mounted vertical` antenna, which of the
following is an important reason for people to `stay away from it`?~
In the past, a mechanical TR ("Transmit and Receive") switch was used to
switch an antenna between a transmitter and a receiver.  Modern equipment
uses an `electronic TR switch` with a `higher operating speed`.  The switch is
connected between the transmitter and low-pass filter feeding the antenna on
one side, and between the receiver and the filter on the other side.~
A.Near or over moist ground so RF energy will be radiated away from the
ground~
B.`Image response`~
A.Volt~
What is the `turns ratio` of a transformer to match an audio amplifier having
a `600-ohm` output impedance to a speaker having a `4-ohm impedance`?~
C.`At least 40 dB`~
`Image emissions` in the `15-meter band` may be made within the `frequency
limits` of `21200 - 21450 kHz`.  The `image emissions` questions in this section
are tricky!  No mention of General class is made, so all classes of license
are meant, not just General class.  Don't get mixed up and choose the
General class `frequency limits`.~
B.A signal generator~
net is about to begin, courtesy, move to a different frequency~
During periods of `low solar activity`, which `frequencies` are the `least
reliable` for long-distance communication?~
C.You may not operate on 14.035 MHz until your new license arrives~
FM, below 29.5 MHz, bandwidth, exceed, FCC, limits~
D.Elements 1A and 1B~
A.High intelligibility~
A.The peak-to-peak value~
C.5~
D.The `RF exposure limits` of the human body~
C.`Never`~
All amateur license exams must be administered (given) by at least three
VEC-accredited Volunteer Examiners (VEs).  If you'd like to be on a `VE` team
and give a `Novice license examination`, you must hold a `General class or
higher` amateur license and receive `VEC accreditation` from a VEC, such as
W5YI-VEC or ARRL-VEC.~
D.Across the inductor in the output filter~
A.To the secondary winding~
B.Lunar tidal effects~
D.The capability of being switched by the operator to all amateur
`frequencies below 24 MHz`~
A.8.75 feet~
D.The power radiated in the major radiation lobe compared to the power
radiated 90 degrees away from that direction~
A.It `heats the tissue`~
C.6 dB higher~
D.850 Hz~
If you build an external RF power amplifier which operates below 144 MHz
and it must be granted `FCC type acceptance`, designing it to operate on
amateur `frequencies below 24 MHz` would `NOT disqualify` it.  Any of the other
answers in this question WOULD disqualify it.~
B.AWG number 16~
D.Be sure propagation conditions are unfavorable for tropospheric ducting~
C.2500 miles~
Sometimes a solar flare will shower the earth with enough solar radiation
to cause a `sudden ionospheric disturbance`.  This `disrupts` communications on
`lower frequencies` more than higher frequencies.  If this happens while
you're operating on an HF band, you'll want to switch to a higher frequency
band until the `sudden ionospheric disturbance` is over.~
A.Decrease by approximately one S unit~
A.It provides excellent omnidirectional coverage in the horizontal plane~
A.21025 - 21200 kHz and 21275 - 21450 kHz~
A.It will significantly increase the antenna feed-point impedance~
A `coil` opposes `AC` because it takes energy to change the magnetic field
created in the `coil` by current flowing through it.  This opposition is
called reactance.  If the `AC frequency increases`, a coil's `reactance
increases` because changing the magnetic field faster requires more energy.~
C.A frequency multiplier~
short-distance, daylight hours, D-region absorption~
RF energy, NOT important, effect on body tissue, critical angle~
What minimum `examination elements` must an applicant pass for a `Novice`
license?~
D.To keep the carrier on frequency~
D.35 feet~
mixes, VFO, received signal, IF, interference, image response~
C.Because of `D-region absorption`~
A.`1800 - 2000 kHz`~
C.Only during an FCC-declared general state of communications emergency~
C.200 miles~
B.Only the "neutral" (white) wire~
phone, narrowest frequency bandwidth, single-sideband~
What `influences` all radio `communication beyond ground-wave` or line-of-sight
ranges?~
D.It should be installed so `no one can come in contact` with it~
In a transformer, the `impedance` of the primary windings equals the
`impedance` of the secondary windings multiplied by the square of the `turns
ratio`.  The formula for `2000-ohms` primary `impedance` and a `turns ratio` of `24
to 1` would be 2000 = secondary impedance x (24 x 24), or written another
way, secondary impedance = 2000 / (24 x 24), or `3.5 ohms`.~
C.`8 minutes`~
A.28000 - 28300 kHz~
A.85 Hz~
A.As a `courtesy` to the net, `move to a different frequency`~
The peak voltage of sine-wave AC may be calculated by multiplying RMS
(root-mean-square) voltage by the square root of 2.  So, if an `RMS voltage
of 120 volts` is given, the formula would be 120 x 1.414, or 169.7.  The
`peak-to-peak voltage` of AC is twice its peak voltage, so the answer is `339.4
volts`.~
Amateur Auxiliary, volunteers, monitor, rules violations~
A.`15 amperes`~
What is the "`main lobe`" of a `delta-loop` antenna radiation pattern?~
B.14~
If you are sending `messages` to another ham in a `foreign country` for someone
else (called "`third party`" `messages`), or if you supervise someone not
otherwise allowed to use your station while they talk to the foreign ham,
you must be careful that only `technical` or `personal messages` are sent.~
What are the frequency limits for `General class` operators in the `30-meter
band`?~
C.When the power-supply fuse rating equals the primary winding current~
B.1500 watts PEP~
reactance, opposition to AC, inductors and capacitors~
B.`Phase modulation`~
A `power-supply` uses `capacitors` and `inductors` connected in a `filter network`
to store energy which is used to smooth the voltage pulses produced by its
rectifier.  For safety, a bleeder resistor is connected across the filter
`capacitors` so it discharges their energy when the supply is off.~
A single-sideband phone superheterodyne `receiver` amplifies signals from an
antenna with an `RF amplifier`, then combines this with a `local oscillator`
signal in a `mixer` and sends it `to the IF filter`.  An IF amplifier sends the
output to a detector where it is mixed with a beat frequency oscillator
(BFO).  The detected audio is sent to the AF amplifier hooked to a speaker.~
critical angle, highest takeoff angle, return a radio wave to the earth~
C.In the middle of the CW segment, near 14.100 MHz~
D.To provide emergency and public safety communications~
C.Adjacent interference~
When a `disaster` strikes, normal communications systems are sometimes
overloaded, damaged or disrupted.  An amateur may use any means of
radiocommunication to `obtain assistance` in an emergency.  This includes
transmitting on `any frequency` to get help.~
B.Whenever you operate~
A.`200 watts PEP output`~
driven element, Yagi, 14.0 MHz, 33 feet~
C.`Elements 2 and 3A`~
Although the FCC rules allow `RTTY` transmissions to be used throughout the
`80-meter band` from 3500 - 3750 kHz, you'll find most `RTTY` stations on `3610 -
3630 kHz`, a little below the Novice section.~
Which of the following does `NOT need to be true` if an amateur station
gathers `news information for broadcast` purposes?~
geomagnetic storm, degraded, high-latitude HF propagation~
Sometimes signals from an amateur station will get into the `telephone`
system and cause `interference` to a nearby conversation.  The phone company
has `RFI filters` which attach to the phone lines to help overcome this
problem.~
B.Audible, possibly distorted speech~
C.Elements 2 and 3A~
C.Use only a Yagi antenna to direct the signals away from people~
C.Stop transmitting whenever the telephone is in use~
If the `maximum usable frequency` (MUF) is high and HF radio-wave propagation
is generally good for several days, a `similar condition` can usually be
expected how many `days later`?~
D.Approximately 10 kHz~
A `repeater` has two important parts:  A receiver which is tuned to a single
frequency and a transmitter tuned to another single frequency.  If the
receiver detects a signal on its frequency, it automatically turns on the
transmitter and feeds it the detected signal.  A `repeater` therefore
`automatically retransmits` the signals its receiver detects.~
Civil defense organizations ask hams to volunteer for the Radio Amateur
Civil Emergency Service (`RACES`) and provide communications in case of a
disaster.  To keep in `practice`, `training tests and drills` are regularly held
on the air so that if emergency `operations` are ever needed, they will run
smoothly.~
B.`3 dB higher`~
The formula for `PEP` is [(0.707 PEV)(0.707 PEV)] / RL.  Remember that PEV
(peak envelope voltage) is 1/2 the peak-to-peak voltage.  In this case 1/2
of `200 volts peak-to-peak` is 100 V for the PEV and the `50-ohm resistor` is
RL.  So, `PEP` = [(0.707 x 100)(0.707 x 100)] / 50, or `100 watts`.~
D.`Retransmission of space shuttle communications`~
`Power` is calculated by multiplying current times voltage, or P=IxE.  Since
in this problem resistance is given but not current, just remember Ohm's
law:  E=IxR, or written another way, I=E/R.  So, if I=E/R and P=IxE, then
P=(E/R)xE.  With a voltage of `400 VDC` and an `800-ohm` resistance,
P=(400/800)x400, or `200 watts`.~
Just remember that 10 MHz is the upper/lower `sideband` dividing line which
amateurs have used for years.  Below 10 MHz, use `lower sideband` and above 10
MHz, use upper.  Since `3925-kHz` is below 10 MHz, `lower sideband` is used.~
C.The information must be directly related to the event~
A decibel (0.1 bels, or 1 dB) is a logarithmic measure of `power` level.  Its
formula is:  1 dB = 10 x log(power level change).  Decreasing your `power`
level by a factor of 1000 would be 10 x log(1/1000) or 30 dB lower; a 1/4
decrease would be 10 x log(1/4) or about 6 dB lower; a 1/2 `decrease` (`divide
by 2`) would be 10 x log(1/2) or about `3 dB` lower.~
Larger diameter wire can conduct more current than smaller diameter wire,
but the AWG numbers for wire get smaller as wire diameter increases.  So,
although AWG number 14 can safely carry a 15-ampere current at 120-VAC, `AWG
number 12` (a smaller AWG number but a larger diameter wire) can safely carry
a `20-ampere` current at `120-VAC`.~
C.The capability of achieving full output power on amateur frequencies
between 24 and 35 MHz~
A.Diodes~
If your third-floor amateur station has a `ground wire` running 33 feet down
to a ground rod, why might you get an `RF burn` if you touch the front panel
of your HF transceiver?~
A.`Multipath interference`~
C.It decreases as more parallel resistors are added to the circuit~
B.`14.075 - 14.100 MHz`~
B.It `disrupts` signals on `lower frequencies` more than those on higher
frequencies~
If you hear someone in distress on the air, especially if the safety of
human life is at stake, stop whatever you're doing, `acknowledge` the station
and find out its `location` and give any `assistance` you can.  You may be the
only one who can hear the `station in distress` and send help.~
What `license examinations` may you `administer` if you hold a `General class`
license?~
D.`0.5 ampere`~
General class operators share the entire `10-meter band` equally with
Advanced and Extra class operators.  Once you've made General class, your
`frequency limits` are `28300 - 29700 kHz` in this band when using `phone
emissions`.~
A `repeater` listens for signals on its input frequency and retransmits them
more powerfully on its output frequency.  The difference between the two
frequencies is called the `frequency separation`.  The `10-meter repeater` band
is not very wide, so only `100 kHz` separates the input from the output
frequency.~
A.A `field-strength meter`~
Once you have a `General class` license, you may prepare and `administer
license examinations` for both `Novice and Technician` class licenses.  This
means element 1A only for the telegraphy examination and elements 2 and 3A
for the written examination.~
D.If the antenna is less than one-half wavelength high, radiation off the
ends of the wire is eliminated~
D.`300 bauds`~
B.It `will add nothing` to the output PEP~
B.`Ohm`~
D.It reduces incidental grid modulation~
What size wire is normally used on a `15-ampere`, `120-VAC` household lighting
circuit?~
The FCC acts quickly when `harmful interference` (sometimes known as
"jamming") happens to an important radiocommunication service, such as the
police radio.  If someone `seriously degrades` or `obstructs` the police signal
with another signal, or even `repeatedly interrupts` police transmissions, you
can be sure the FCC will take fast action to find the offender.~
C.1000 watts PEP during daylight hours, reduced to 200 watts PEP during the
night~
D.Maximum grid current~
If a `carbon resistor` is heated, its `resistance will change`, either up or
down.  Its `temperature coefficient rating` describes how much it may change.~
The `E region` is not the highest layer of the ionosphere above the earth,
but it is high enough so that the signals it bends back to earth cover long
distances between the sending and receiving location.  The `maximum distance`
is around `1200 miles` for `one hop`.~
What audio frequencies are used in a `two-tone test` of the `linearity` of a
`single-sideband` phone transmitter?~
If you build an external RF power amplifier which operates below 144 MHz
and it must be granted `FCC type acceptance`, one of the `standards` it must
meet is that it cannot reach full power if it is `driven with less than 50
watts`.~
audio rectification, CW, on-and-off humming or clicking~
B.1200 bauds~
An `antenna noise bridge` has two parts:  A noise generator and a calibrated
tuning circuit called a bridge.  You can measure an `unknown impedance` by
connecting it between the impedance and a radio `receiver`, then changing the
tuning circuit until `minimum noise` is heard in the `receiver`.  The value of
the `unknown impedance` is then read off the calibrated dial.~
B.Greater modulation percentage is obtainable with lower distortion~
A.10 amperes~
standing-wave-ratio, 50-ohm, feed line, antenna, 50-ohm, 1:1~
carbon resistor, resistance, will change, temperature coefficient rating~
How long does it take the increased `ultraviolet` and `X-ray radiation` from
solar flares to affect radio-wave `propagation` on the earth?~
safety, bleeder resistor, discharges, filter capacitors~
A.S5~
in distress, obtain assistance, any means of radiocommunication~
Beacon stations transmit signals on certain frequencies in some ham bands
so you can tune them in and hear just how good propagation is between you
and the beacon.  In the `20-meter band`, `beacons` transmit on `14.1 MHz`.~
power output, increased, S-meter, S8 to S9, 4 times~
C.IF amplifier~
A.`Gain increases`~
B.Average power; average voltage~
A.Because it exists only at night~
What is the "`main lobe`" of a `Yagi` antenna radiation pattern?~
B.75%~
A.Only a small part of the `signal energy is scattered` into the skip zone~
A.One-quarter to one-half the normal peak output voltage of the power
supply~
To perform a two-tone test of a `single-sideband` phone transmitter's
`amplitude linearity`, send `two audio-frequency sine waves` which are non-
harmonically related into the transmitter's microphone input and watch the
output signal on an oscilloscope.  You should see an envelope pattern that
looks like a perfect sine wave if the linearity is good.~
single-sideband phone, 100% modulated, speech processor, will add nothing~
duty cycle, transmitter, Mode B (FEC) AMTOR, 100%~
If RF energy is sent to an `antenna` via a `feed line` which has an `impedance`
that is not `matched` to the `antenna`, RF energy will be reflected back from
the `antenna` and will cancel some of the power flowing through the `feed line`.
This `impedance` difference will cause `standing waves` of both voltage and
current to appear on the `feed line` and will raise the SWR.~
A.Element 2 only~
An amateur may use `any means of radiocommunication` to `obtain assistance` in
an emergency.  If someone is in distress and you can help, especially if the
safety of human life is at stake, don't hesitate to use `any means of
radiocommunication` you may have to get help.~
signal quality, transmitter, monitoring oscilloscope~
D.None; the E region does not support radio-wave propagation~
What are the `frequency limits` within the `20-meter band` for `image emissions`?~
B.`Beacon station`~
During a `disaster` in the US, when may an amateur station make transmissions
necessary to meet essential communication needs and assist relief
operations?~
D.A measure of `solar activity` that is taken at a `specific frequency`~
What should be the `impedance` of a `low-pass filter` as compared to the
impedance of the `transmission line` into which it is inserted?~
solar flux, radio energy~
D.Any two General class or higher VEs must be present~
D.A dramatic `change` in the `earth's magnetic field` over a `short period` of
time~
ultraviolet, X-ray radiation, propagation, 8 minutes~
C.9.7 feet~
What makes `HF scatter signals` often `sound distorted`?~
A.It is a `figure-eight at right angles` to the antenna~
Both `single-sideband` and `double-sideband` transmitters use amplitude
modulation:  The power of an RF signal is constantly changed in step with
the amplitude shape (envelope) of the modulating audio.  If the RF signal is
`overmodulated`, it will use `more bandwidth` than it should and it will sound
`distorted` in a receiver.~
A.200 watts PEP~
C.At dusk in the spring and fall~
frequency, in use, 3 to 5 kHz away~
What is the `duty cycle` required of a `transmitter` when sending `Mode B (FEC)
AMTOR`?~
C.Region 3~
C.You must give your `call sign`, followed by any suitable word that denotes
the `slant mark` and the identifier `"AG"`~
`Rectifiers` conduct current in one direction but not the other.  Two `ratings`
are important with silicon diode `rectifiers`:  One is the `average forward
current` (how much current can be carried in the conducting direction), and
the `peak inverse voltage` (the maximum voltage that may be applied in the
non-conducting direction without destroying the rectifier).~
impedance matching, source, maximum power, load~
A.576 ohms~
A person standing near or touching a `dipole antenna` while it was being used
to transmit might get a bad RF burn.  Observe `RF safety` rules and set up a
`dipole antenna as high as possible` so as to `prevent` any kind of `contact` with
it.~
D.Nothing until the President declares the area a disaster area~
D.Only "10-codes" are permitted~
B.10%~
All of these answers but one are part of several conditions the FCC says an
amateur must meet before transmitting `news information for broadcast`.  The
only one which does `NOT need to be true` is if the information is more
`quickly transmitted` by amateur radio than by other means.~
A.`Solar activity`~
B.1800 - 1900 kHz~
A.180 miles~
monitoring oscilloscope, quality, RF output~
The `solar flux index` is one type of measurement of `solar activity`.  It is
the amount of radio energy the sun emits at the `specific frequency` of 2800
MHz.  This number is usually a good predictor of propagation conditions on
the earth.~
Although there are no special rules limiting `AMTOR operations` to any one
band, you'll find most AMTOR activity in the` 20-meter band near 14.075 MHz`.
Bulletin board systems (BBS) operations are usually just below 14.075 MHz,
while ordinary QSOs are usually heard just above 14.075 MHz.~
A.`Optimize` the `lengths` and `spacing` of the `elements`~
A.It improves voltage regulation~
C.`3500 - 4000 kHz`~
D.Because it does not absorb radio waves as much as other ionospheric
regions~
D.As the `frequency` of the applied AC `increases`, the `reactance increases`~
B.The point of maximum current in a radiating antenna element~
C.Its frequency deviation~
power, reflected back, difference, feed line, antenna, impedance~
During an `emergency`, what `power output` limitations must be observed by a
station `in distress`?~
`Baudot` encoding is an older method for sending teleprinted characters.
Each letter, number or punctuation mark has a `5-bit code` assigned to it, and
these codes are sent sandwiched between `start and stop bits` marking the
beginning and ending of each character.  There is also a shift code which
causes the teleprinter to print either letters or numbers and punctuation.~
Amateur Auxiliary, self-regulation, compliance~
disaster, normal communication systems, overloaded, damaged, disrupted~
Hams have always been known for their courtesy on the air.  If you're
talking with a friend and you begin to hear `interference` from other hams `on
the same frequency` because propagation has changed, be courteous and `move to
another frequency` a few kHz away.~
D.Clearly audible speech from the transmitter's signals~
Which statement about `two-element delta loops` and `quad` antennas is true?~
C.Amplitude modulation~
The length (in feet) of one side of a `driven element` for a `cubical-quad`
antenna is calculated by the formula 251 / frequency (in MHz).  So, for a
`21.4 MHz` antenna, this means 251 / 21.4, or about `11.7 feet`.~
D.2000 watts PEP output~
C.Amateur volunteers who conduct frequency coordination for amateur VHF
repeaters~
When a `received signal mixes` with a local oscillator (`VFO`) signal to
produce an `IF` signal, two frequencies are produced:  The sum and the
difference of the received and VFO frequencies.  Here, the difference of
13.800 MHz and 14.255 MHz is 455 kHz, but so is the difference of 14.255 MHz
and 13.345 MHz.  An `interference` knows as `image response` could occur.~
A `beacon station` is a transmitter which sends a signal on a certain
frequency so other stations may listen for it and get an idea of how good
propagation is between the `beacon station` and their station.  Since the
beacon sends a signal without expecting a reply, this is called `one-way
communications`.~
radial wires, ground-mounted vertical, on the surface, buried~
C.In accordance with practices adopted by the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers~
A.Intentional interference~
C.To cancel electrical noise picked up by an antenna~
B.Only at the maximum point of the solar cycle~
seriously degrades, obstructs, repeatedly interrupts, harmful interference~
D.Two non-harmonically related tones are fed in, and the output is observed
on a distortion analyzer~
As a `General class` control operator `at a Novice station`, how must you
`identify` your station when transmitting on 7250 kHz?~
C.An ammeter~
A.`Repeater` station~
codes or ciphers, two-way domestic, never~
C.1:5~
A.`200 watts PEP output`~
external RF amplifiers, build or modify, one calendar year, 1~
D.Listen for WWVH time signals on 20 MHz~
When selecting a `CW` transmitting frequency, what minimum `frequency
separation` from a contact in progress should you allow to `minimize
interference`?~
A.High-frequency radio signals are absorbed~
B.You must give your `call sign`, followed by the `slant` mark "/", followed by
the identifier `"AG"`~
A.The radiation pattern will not be affected~
audio rectification, single-sideband phone, distorted speech~
What types of `messages` may be transmitted by an amateur station to a `foreign
country` for a `third party`?~
B.Transformers and transistors~
signal tracer, identify an inoperative stage~
C.`Turn down` the volume of `background audio`~
The `Yagi` is a directional antenna, meaning that it sends signals best in
one `direction`, called the `main lobe`.  If you measure the `field strength` of
a signal coming from a `Yagi` antenna, it will be at its `maximum` in that one
`direction`.~
A.The effect is instantaneous~
C.`Greater keying speeds` require `greater frequency shifts`~
B.Frequencies up to 100 MHz or higher are normally usable for long-distance
communication~
A.When the sunspot cycle is at a minimum and D-region absorption is high~
B.`Ohm`~
What are some advantages of a `Yagi` with `wide element spacing`?~
A `full-wave rectifier` changes negative-going pulses of an AC voltage into
positive.  So, for `each cycle` of AC, the positive half of the cycle (the
first 180 degrees) is passed through as a positive pulse, then the negative
half of the cycle (the second 180 degrees) is changed to another positive
pulse.  The rectifier thus `conducts` for all `360 degrees` of an AC cycle.~
D.The `highest takeoff angle` that will `return a radio wave to the earth`
under specific ionospheric conditions~
To perform a `two-tone test` of a `single-sideband` phone transmitter's
amplitude `linearity`, send two tones (which should `not be harmonically
related`) into the transmitter's microphone input and watch the output signal
on an oscilloscope.  You should see an envelope pattern that looks like a
perfect sine wave if the `linearity` is good.~
When a `disaster` strikes, normal communications systems are sometimes
overloaded, damaged or disrupted.  The `FCC` may `declare a temporary state of
communication emergency` and make special rules for the duration of the
emergency to aid communications into and out of the `disaster` area.~
Which property of `RF energy` is `NOT important` in estimating the energy's
`effect on body tissue`?~
If a `Technician` passes the General exams, the exam team VEs will give that
person a certificate called a `CSCE`.  It shows that the person qualifies for
General privileges on the air.  When using the `new frequency privileges`, the
person must identify their station with the Technician call sign, a slant
mark and the letters `"AG"` until the new General license is received.~
interference, on the same frequency, move, to another frequency~
too far for ground-wave, too near for normal sky-wave propagation, scatter~
B.5 kHz~
automatically retransmits, repeater~
Sending a message using `codes or ciphers` is `never` allowed on the amateur
bands, except that an amateur space telecommand station may use codes when
sending commands to an amateur space station.  However, this would not be a
`two-way international` communication, so the correct answer is `never`.~
The `delta-loop` is a directional antenna, meaning that it sends signals best
in one `direction`, called the `main lobe`.  If you measure the `field strength`
of a signal coming from a `delta-loop` antenna, it will be at its `maximum` in
that one `direction`.~
D.3525 - 3775 kHz and 3850 - 4000 kHz~
The length (in feet) of a `driven element` for a `Yagi` antenna is calculated
by the formula 462 / frequency (in MHz).  So, for a `14.0 MHz` antenna, this
means 462 / 14.0, or about `33 feet`.~
frequency limits, 40-meter band, image emissions, 7150 - 7300 kHz~
A directional antenna pointed in the `long-path` direction to another station
is generally oriented how many degrees from its `short-path` heading?~
A `transformer` has a coil called a `primary winding` and another coil called
a secondary winding.  The `primary winding` is connected to a `source of
energy`; this creates a changing magnetic field which causes current to flow
in the secondary winding if it is connected to a load.~
C.1 ampere~
A.The information is more `quickly transmitted` by amateur radio~
D.10125 - 10175 kHz~
C.1 to 3 kHz~
D.Novice, Technician and General~
maximum transmitting power, 21.150 MHz, 200 watts PEP output~
D.Reversed sidebands~
When testing the `amplitude linearity` of a `single-sideband` transmitter, what
kind of audio tones are fed into the microphone input and on what kind of
instrument is the output observed?~
D.On frequencies above 2.3 GHz~
During a `disaster` in the US, what frequencies may be used to `obtain
assistance`?~
What `telegraphy examination` elements may you `prepare` if you hold a `General
class` license?~
band plan, guideline, operating modes~
What is the `maximum transmitting power` an amateur station may use on `10.140
MHz`?~
A.Those `greater than 45 degrees` latitude~
What are the requirements for `administering Novice examinations`?~
D.Turn off the main power switch in your house~
radiation pattern, dipole, less than one-half wavelength, distort~
A.`AWG number 14`~
If the FCC Rules DO NOT specifically cover a situation, how must you `operate`
your amateur station?~
high-gain antennas, higher than nearby structures, RF energy~
B.A 7-bit code in which each character has four mark and three space bits~
A.The IF output of a monitoring receiver~
C.14025 - 14350 kHz~
A.A `mixer`~
frequency limits, 30-meter band, RTTY emissions, 10100 - 10150 kHz~
By how many times must the `power output` of a transmitter be `increased` to
raise the `S-meter` reading on a nearby receiver from `S8 to S9`?~
C.`Two audio-frequency sine waves`~
C.Quartz crystals~
10 dB over S9, power, reduced, 1500 watts to 150 watts, S9~
amplitude linearity, single-sideband, two non-harmonically related tones~
B.`8.7 feet`~
D.Its `linearity`~
D.Stabilizing current~
B.Approximately 39 milliwatts~
A `full-wave rectifier conducts` during how many degrees of `each cycle`?~
A decibel (0.1 bels, or 1 dB) is a logarithmic measure of `power` level.  Its
formula is:  1 dB = 10 x log(power level change).  If you `reduced` your `power`
level from `1500 watts to 150 watts`, that would be a 1/10 change, or 10 x
log(1/10) which equals -10 dB.  So if your report was `10 dB over S9`, the -10
dB from reducing your `power` should give you an `S9` signal report.~
disaster, obtain assistance, any frequency~
C.Amplitude compandored~
D.Greater keying speeds require smaller frequency shifts~
At which `latitudes` are propagation paths more sensitive to `geomagnetic
disturbances`?~
A.14025 - 14300 kHz~
B.The relative position of the driven element with respect to the
reflectors and directors~
B.A maximum change in grid current as the output circuit is changed~
It's a good idea to make sure all your station equipment is properly
grounded with a `short ground wire`.  Not only will it minimize the chances of
electric shock, but it will also `avoid stray RF energy` which causes
electrical noise and interference.~
D.The F region of the ionosphere absorbs most of the signal energy~
ground-mounted vertical, stay away from it, avoid exposure to RF radiation~
Playing music, using obscene or indecent words, and transmitting false or
deceptive messages or signals are all prohibited to amateurs.  The
`retransmission of space shuttle communications` is `NOT prohibited` as long as
prior approval from NASA has been obtained and the retransmissions are for
the exclusive use of amateur operators.~
B.`170 Hz`~
What minimum `examination elements` must an applicant pass for a `Technician`
license with `HF privileges`?~
D.It provides the highest possible angle of radiation for the HF bands~
D.To ensure that the resistance and reactance in the circuit are equal~
avoid stray RF energy, ground wire, short~
What is the voltage across a `500-turn secondary` winding in a transformer if
the `2250-turn primary` is connected to `120 VAC`?~
C.Ampere~
C.So they will receive more sky waves and fewer ground waves~
AWG number 14, 15 amperes~
A transmitter's job is to change (modulate) an `RF wave` so that it can send
information from the transmitter to a receiver at the speed of light.  If
the `RF wave`'s amplitude changes, it's called amplitude modulation.  If its
phase changes, it's called phase modulation.  If its `frequency changes`, it's
called `frequency modulation`.~
A.Amateur `volunteers` who are formally enlisted to `monitor` the airwaves for
`rules violations`~
bandwidth, FM-phone, 5-kHz deviation, 3-kHz modulating frequency, 16 kHz~
A sine wave of `17 volts peak` is equivalent to how many volts `RMS`?~
D.You must use an inverted-T matching network for multiband operation~
B.The `critical angle`~
Sometimes a solar flare will shower the earth with enough solar radiation
to cause a `sudden ionospheric disturbance`.  This disrupts `communications` on
lower frequencies more than higher frequencies.  If this happens while
you're operating on an HF band, you'll want to switch to a `higher frequency`
band until the `sudden ionospheric disturbance` is over.~
B.Once you have a Certificate of Successful Completion of Examination
(CSCE) for General class~
B.24890 - 24975 kHz~
B.Automatic keyers are used to send Morse code instead of hand keys~
Larger diameter wire can conduct more current than smaller diameter wire,
but the AWG numbers for wire get smaller as wire diameter increases.  So,
although `AWG number 14` can safely carry a `15-ampere` current at `120-VAC`, AWG
number 12 (a smaller AWG number but a larger diameter wire) can safely carry
a 20-ampere current at 120-VAC.~
B.During contests~
C.It has higher fidelity and improved signal-to-noise ratio~
height, antenna structure, 200 feet~
A.It is more efficient than any other kind of antenna~
For best `RF safety`, where should the ends and center of a `dipole antenna` be
located?~
General class, 12-meter band, 24890 - 24990 kHz~
A `multiplier stage` in a `transmitter` is used to change an input signal of a
lower frequency into a `harmonic` (an even multiple) of itself.  A mixer stage
is used to change a lower frequency to a non-harmonic higher frequency.~
Depending on the wavelength of the signal, the energy density of the RF
field, and other factors, in what way can `RF energy` affect body tissue?~
D.PEP = [(1.414 PEV)(1.414 PEV)] / RL~
What `safety` feature does a power-supply `bleeder resistor` provide?~
reflector element, Yagi, 28.1 MHz, 17.5 feet~
Be careful on some of these `maximum transmitting power` questions!  The
frequency of `3690 kHz` falls within the Novice section of the 80-meter band,
so the `maximum transmitting power` here would be `200 watts PEP output`.~
A person standing near or touching a `ground-mounted antenna` while it was
being used to transmit might get a bad RF burn.  Take the `precaution` of
setting up a `ground-mounted antenna` high enough so `no one can come in
contact` with it.~
B.Mercator~
A `power-supply circuit` must produce smooth DC from `rectified AC`.  Two types
of capacitors are used to do the job:  An `electrolytic capacitor` is used to
`filter` out the large changes in voltage from the rectifier, while a
suppressor capacitor is used to filter out higher-frequency transient
voltage spikes.~
horizontal radiation pattern, field-strength meter~
peak-inverse-voltage rating, half-wave, one to two times, peak, voltage~
C.IF amplifier~
The requirements for a `Novice` license are the simplest of all.  Two
`examination elements` must be passed, `elements 1A and 2`.  Element 1A is a 5
WPM telegraphy exam and element 2 is a written exam.~
D.`Detector`~
B.They pass through the ionosphere~
Why do stations in the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (`RACES`)
participate in `training tests and drills`?~
In a typical `single-sideband` phone transmitter, what circuit processes
signals from the `balanced modulator` and sends signals `to the mixer`?~
C.For 100% frequency deviation on modulation peaks~
B.23.4 feet~
C.`1500 watts PEP output`~
B.Its percent of carrier phase shift~
B.To `measure` the `impedance` of an antenna or other electrical circuit~
B.The compass direction of a distant station~
C.Mixer interference~
A.RF oscillator~
What is the typical characteristic `impedance` of `coaxial cables` used for
antenna feed lines at `amateur` stations?~
A `ground-plane` antenna is basically a quarter-wave vertical antenna mounted
just above a set of grounded radial wires which branch out on several sides
away from the vertical element.  If the `radials` are horizontal, the
antenna's `feed-point impedance` is around 30 ohms.  If the `radials` are made
more `downward sloping`, its impedance increases to around `50 ohms`.~
If a `full-wave` power supply is disconnected from its load, the diodes in
its rectifier will suddenly see more than the normal inverse voltage.  For
this reason the diodes should have a `peak-inverse-voltage rating` which is
`double` the `peak output voltage` of the power supply.~
A.3 kHz~
What maximum size fuse or circuit breaker should be used in a household
appliance circuit using `AWG number 12` wiring?~
C.Increase by approximately four S units~
C.`Elements 2 and 3A`~
B.It causes radiation poisoning~
C.Only the ground (bare) wire~
A.Turn up the volume of your transceiver~
speech processor, single-sideband phone, improves signal intelligibility~
main lobe, Yagi, direction, maximum, field strength~
B.It improves local communications~
C.28100 - 29600 kHz~
If you are operating `below 28 MHz`, you must limit the `maximum symbol rate`
of data transmissions (RTTY, packet, etc.) to `300 bauds`.  This is usually
controlled nowadays by a small unit which is a combination terminal node
controller (TNC) and RTTY encoder/decoder.~
When the `earth's magnetic field` is disturbed by solar particles, a `change`
in high-latitude HF propagation occurs, usually at latitudes greater than 45
degrees.  If the amount of solar particles increases quickly over a `short
period` of time, this is called a `geomagnetic disturbance`.~
Be careful if you send `messages` to a `foreign country`.  You may send only
`personal remarks` and `technical` information.  Anything beyond this would
violate international agreements and the FCC's rules.~
D.1:2~
feed point, quad, perpendicular, polarization, vertical~
B.21025 - 21150 kHz and 21300 - 21450 kHz~
average height, E region, 70 miles~
C.It will decrease the peak power output~
D.`300 ohms`~
C.204.8 volts~
If you want to hear the kind of `distorted speech` you'd hear if `audio
rectification` of a `single-sideband phone` transmission occurred in an audio
system, just tune in a `single-sideband phone` conversation on the ham bands,
then switch the receiver from "USB" or "LSB" to "AM" mode.~
What is the output `PEP` from a transmitter if an oscilloscope measures `500
volts peak-to-peak` across a `50-ohm resistor` connected to the transmitter
output?~
A.Substantially higher~
C.Weight decreases~
B.2 amperes~
B.Increase your power output to ensure that all net participants can hear
you~
What does "antenna `front-to-back ratio`" mean in reference to a `Yagi` antenna?~
NOT true, only transceivers, power amplifiers, tied into a station ground~
carrier, suppressed, single-sideband phone, at least 40 dB~
How is frequency shift related to keying speed in an `FSK` signal?~
D.None; the F2 region does not support radio-wave propagation~
A.A sudden drop in the solar-flux index~
What instrument can be used to determine the `horizontal radiation pattern` of
an antenna?~
A.The lowest takeoff angle that will return a radio wave to the earth under
specific ionospheric conditions~
A decibel (0.1 bels, or 1 dB) is a logarithmic measure of `power` level.  Its
formula is:  1 dB = 10 x log(power level change).  A 1000-times increase in
`power` level would be 10 x log(1000) or 30 dB higher; a 4-times increase
would be 10 x log(4) or about 6 dB higher; a `two-times increase` would be 10
x log(2) or about `3 dB higher`.~
B.To reduce electrical noise~
B.7000 - 7150 kHz~
If a `Yagi` antenna is modified by `increasing` its `boom length` or by `adding
directors`, its `gain increases`.  However, since it is a rotatable antenna,
`increasing` its `boom length` may make it too big to use or even to build.
`Adding directors` is a problem because each one must be cut and aligned just
right for best performance.~
D.20 to 40 hours~
B.1000 watts PEP output~
D.Approximately 9 milliwatts~
D.Turn off your radio~
solar cycle, 20-meter band, worldwide propagation, at any point~
B.A map projection `centered on a particular location`, used to determine the
shortest path between points on the surface of the earth~
turns ratio, 600-ohm, 4-ohm, impedance, 12.2 to 1~
A.28.2 MHz~
C.Bels/100 ft~
A.56 kilobauds~
What `precaution` should you take when installing a `ground-mounted antenna`?~
single-sideband, two-tone test, linearity~
A.`Magnetizing current`~
B.1.5 seconds~
C.To ensure that there is less resistance than reactance in the circuit~
B.On-and-off humming or clicking~
B.`1060 watts`~
C.`2500 miles`~
C.24900 - 24990 kHz~
What `unit` is used to measure `impedance`?~
If the `impedance` (AC resistance) of a power `source` does not match the
`impedance` of its `load`, some amount power will be wasted as heat instead of
being delivered to the `load`.  So, if the `source` and `load` impedances are
`equal`, `maximum output` power will be sent to the `load`.~
What are the objectives of the `Amateur Auxiliary` to the FCC's Field
Operations Bureau?~
B.Position the antennas along the edge of a wall where it meets the floor
or ceiling to reduce parasitic radiation~
What is the "`critical angle`" as used in radio-wave propagation?~
A.10 meters~
A power-supply's `filter capacitors` store energy which is used to smooth the
voltage pulses produced by its rectifier.  If the `filter capacitors` are not
discharged after the supply is switched off, the power they store may be
enough to cause injury.  For `safety`, a `bleeder resistor` is connected across
a filter capacitor so it `discharges` the energy when the supply is off.~
D.It becomes `distorted` and occupies `more bandwidth`~
A.`On-and-off humming or clicking`~
external RF power amplifiers, FCC type acceptance, 144 MHz~
In a `single-sideband phone` transmitter, one of the sidebands of an
amplitude modulated signal is amplified and the other is filtered out.  The
`carrier` wave is also `suppressed` (by `at least 40 dB`), so all of the
transmitter's power goes into sending a single sideband.~
B.When it is used to jam an illegal transmission~
maximum symbol rate, below 28 MHz, 300 bauds~
A.Auroral activity and changes in the earth's magnetic field~
D.Divide the original power by 4~
A.To determine the standing-wave ratio on a transmission line~
B.Disconnect the antenna-positioning mechanism~
C.20 meters~
Any RF signal which is sent through a feed line loses some of its power as
it travels down the feed line (this is called `attenuation`).  The higher the
frequency, the greater the power loss.  So, if a `160-meter signal` and a `2-
meter signal` are sent along the same feed line, the `attenuation` will be
`greater at 2 meters` since it's the higher frequency.~
D.Immediately cease all transmissions because stations in distress have
emergency rights to the frequency~
A.When `normal communication systems` are `overloaded`, `damaged` or `disrupted`~
A.18.26 feet~
What is an advantage of `downward sloping radials` on a `ground-plane` antenna?~
B.Multiply the original power by 2~
As with any transmitting antenna, it's best to `avoid exposure to RF
radiation` and `stay away from it` while it's being used to transmit.  Since a
`ground-mounted vertical` is actually on the ground and not in the air, extra
precautions should be taken so that no one can come near the vertical when
it's in use.~
In a transformer, the voltages of its primary and secondary windings are in
the same ratio as the number of turns on the primary and secondary windings.
So if a transformer has a `2250-turn primary` and a `500-turn secondary`, the
ratio is 2250/500, or a step-down of 4.5 to 1.  With `120 VAC` on its primary,
the secondary voltage would be 120/4.5, or `26.7 volts`.~
B.As the frequency of the applied AC increases, the reactance increases~
C.The driven element is the longest parasitic element~
Beacon stations transmit signals on certain frequencies in some ham bands
so you can tune them in and hear just how good propagation is between you
and the beacon.  If you wanted to know if the `maximum usable frequency` (MUF)
was good for `28-MHz propagation` to western Europe, you'd listen for signals
from a `10-meter beacon` station in that area.~
A `DC voltage equal` to what value of an applied `sine-wave AC voltage` would
produce the same amount of `heat` over time in a `resistive element`?~
What must be done to prevent `standing waves` of voltage and current on an
antenna `feed line`?~
What are the `frequency limits` within the `10-meter band` for `phone emissions`?~
C.Because of a bad antenna connection, allowing the RF energy to take an
easier path out of the transceiver through you~
D.AWG number 22~
A `delta-loop` antenna is directional, meaning that it sends signals best in
one direction, called the `major` radiation `lobe`.  It also sends some amount
of signal `power` in the `opposite direction`, which is wasted.  The `front-to-
back ratio` of a `delta-loop` measures the amount of `power` sent out in the
desired direction to the power sent out in the `opposite direction`.~
What `stage` in a `transmitter` would `change` a `5.3-MHz input signal` to `14.3 MHz`?~
C.`Mixer`~
B.Increase your power output so that net participants will be able to hear
you over the existing activity~
D.Feeding the antenna with unbalanced feed line~
D.14025 - 14175 kHz and 14250 - 14350 kHz~
B.19.6 kilobauds~
B.You may experience `RF feedback` in your station~
A.It will increase the output PEP~
B.Pulse modulation~
B.A series of pulses at the same frequency as the AC input~
RACES, training tests and drills, practice, operations~
B.29000 - 29700 kHz~
D.Use as much power as possible to ensure that your signal gets out~
What are the frequency limits for `General class` operators in the `40-meter
band` (ITU Region 2)?~
What happens when the `impedance` of an electrical `load` is `equal` to the
internal impedance of the power `source`?~
If a signal-strength report is "`10 dB over S9`", what should the report be if
the transmitter `power` is `reduced` from `1500 watts to 150 watts`?~
Which of the following amateur transmissions is `NOT prohibited` by the FCC
Rules?~
What is `ASCII`?~
An amateur may use any means of radiocommunication to obtain assistance in
an `emergency`.  If someone is `in distress` and you can help, especially if the
safety of human life is at stake, there are `no limitations` on the `power
output` you may use to get help.~
maximum distance, one hop, F2 region, 2500 miles~
D.`At any point` in the solar cycle~
What is `impedance`?~
D.Double~
B.To the `primary winding`~
D.Infrared and gamma-ray emissions~
General class, 20-meter band, 14025 - 14150 kHz and 14225 - 14350 kHz~
A.Use stranded wire to reduce stray RF~
D.The F2 region of the ionosphere~
beacons, 20-meter band, 14.1 MHz~
C.At the antenna feed point~
Under what limited circumstances may `music` be `transmitted` by an `amateur
station`?~
operate, good engineering, good amateur practice~
A.41.67 Hz~
D.2000 watts PEP output~
C.0:0~
D.320,000 watts~
D.Region 4~
One problem with a vacuum-tube `RF amplifier` is that capacitance between the
electrodes inside a tube can result in `positive feedback`.  This causes the
amplifier to oscillate instead of amplify.  `Neutralizing` the amplifier by
using a negative feedback circuit `cancels` these unwanted oscillations.~
In a single-sideband phone superheterodyne `receiver`, what circuit processes
signals from the `RF amplifier` and the `local oscillator` and sends signals `to
the IF filter`?~
C.`RF hot spots` can occur in a station located above the ground floor if the
equipment is grounded by a `long ground wire`~
General class, 10-meter band, 28000 - 29700 kHz~
C.It improves voice frequency fidelity~
Long-distance radio-wave propagation (`beyond ground-wave` range) depends on
the ionosphere.  `Solar activity` sends out electromagnetic and particle
emissions which affect the ionosphere, and this `influences` long-distance
`communication`.~
C.It is very poor~
What is the `peak-to-peak voltage` of a sine wave that has an `RMS voltage of
120 volts`?~
D.`7025 - 7150 kHz and 7225 - 7300 kHz`~
What is the `maximum transmitting power` an amateur station may use on `7080
kHz`?~
ratings, rectifiers, peak inverse voltage, average forward current~
In which `International Telecommunication Union Region` is the continental
`United States`?~
D.The information cannot be transmitted by other means~
C.Messages of a `technical` nature or remarks of a `personal` character~
How can you `minimize` the possibility of `audio rectification` of your
transmitter's signals?~
B.Report the interference to your local Amateur Auxiliary Coordinator~
A.The source delivers minimum power to the load~
A.To reduce the possibility of persons being harmed by `RF energy` during
transmissions~
C.To cancel AC hum from the filament transformer~
D.Make a couple of loops in the ground wire where it connects to your
station~
The `solar flux` index is one type of measurement of solar activity.  It is
the amount of `radio energy` the sun emits at the specific frequency of 2800
MHz.  This number is usually a good predictor of propagation conditions on
the earth.~
D.The frequency stability would not be adequate~
A.The frequency shift in hertz must be at least four times the keying speed
in WPM~
A.`At noon` during the `summer`~
What are the `frequency limits` within the `40-meter band` in ITU Region 2 for
`image emissions`?~
abbreviations or procedural signals, do not obscure the meaning~
A.200 watts PEP output~
A multiplier stage in a `transmitter` is used to `change` an input signal of a
lower frequency into a harmonic (an even multiple) of itself.  A `mixer stage`
is used to `change` a lower frequency to a non-harmonic higher frequency.  In
this case, since the `5.3-MHz input signal` is not a harmonic (even multiple)
of `14.3 MHz`, a `mixer stage` is being used.~
D.300 to 1~
Which statement about a `three-element Yagi` antenna is true?~
B.1000 watts PEP output~
C.400 watts~
When radio waves are bent by the ionosphere and return to earth, the waves
don't all return to the same spot.  Some of the signal energy is scattered
over a large area via `several radio-wave paths`.  If you hear `HF scatter
signals` from a distant station, they will `sound distorted` instead of
remaining steady.~
A.Carrier oscillator~
C.`Negative`~
ground wire, RF burn, resonant length, acts more like an antenna~
D.Short-path skip~
Mainly due to changing solar activity, the ionosphere constantly changes
the way it bends radio signals.  The highest frequency that is bent back to
earth is called the maximum usable frequency (MUF).  `Low solar activity`
lowers the MUF, and `frequencies above 20 MHz` become the `least reliable` when
this happens.~
A.`3525 - 3750 kHz and 3850 - 4000 kHz`~
A.Frequencies below 3.5 MHz~
B.So they will not damage nearby structures with RF energy~
Which statement about `station grounding` is true?~
A.Signal distortion caused by insufficient collector current~
C.5 kHz~
D.Try a different frequency shift~
What is the reason for using a properly adjusted `speech processor` with a
`single-sideband phone` transmitter?~
B.Multimode interference~
Which statement about station grounding is `NOT true`?~
A.A steady hum whenever the transmitter's carrier is on the air~
An `antenna noise bridge` has two parts:  A noise generator and a calibrated
tuning circuit called a bridge.  You can `measure` an unknown `impedance` by
connecting it between the `impedance` and a radio receiver, then changing the
tuning circuit until minimum noise is heard in the receiver.  The value of
the unknown `impedance` is then read off the calibrated dial.~
If RF energy is sent to an `antenna` via a `feed line` which has an `impedance`
that does not match the `antenna`, RF energy will be `reflected back` from the
`antenna` and will cancel some of the `power` flowing through the `feed line`.
This `impedance difference` will cause standing waves of both voltage and
current to appear on the `feed line` and will raise the SWR.~
half-wave rectifier, conducts, each cycle, 180 degrees~
D.66 feet~
C.`20 meters`~
D.It would be used at the antenna feed point to tune out the radiation
resistance~
D.The maximum voltage standing wave point on a radiating element~
B.Between the low-pass filter and antenna~
What sound is heard from a public-address system if `audio rectification` of
a nearby `single-sideband phone` transmission occurs?~
sideband, 3925-kHz, lower~
To perform a `two-tone test` of a `single-sideband` phone transmitter's
amplitude `linearity`, send two non-harmonically related tones into the
transmitter's microphone input and watch the output signal on an
oscilloscope.  You should see an envelope pattern that looks like a perfect
sine wave if the `linearity` is good.~
C.Another name for the American sunspot number~
C.Shorter boom length, lower weight and wind resistance~
B.1200 miles~
A.Region 1~
D.To `avoid exposure to RF radiation`~
B.Those between 5 and 45 degrees latitude~
resistor, capacitor, rectifier diodes, voltage drops, voltage spikes~
D.`Electrolytic`~
If a `Technician` passes the General exams, the exam team VEs will give that
person a certificate called a `CSCE`.  It shows that the person qualifies for
`General privileges` on the air.  When using the new frequency privileges, the
person must `identify` their station with the `Technician call sign`, a `slant
mark` and the letters `"AG"` until the new General license is received.~
Be courteous to other hams who may already be on the band and transmit your
signal far enough away from theirs so that you `minimize interference` to each
other.  When using `RTTY` on a crowded band, a `frequency separation` of `250 to
500 Hz` between your signal and another is the minimum.  Use a greater
`frequency separation` if band conditions allow.~
B.Direct current~
D.A steady whistling~
B.Approximately 3 times~
B.S7~
C.The `opposition to the flow of AC` in a circuit~
downward sloping, radials, ground-plane, feed-point impedance, 50 ohms~
An `unfiltered full-wave rectifier` converts (rectifies) the negative-going
`pulses` of AC voltage into positive-going `pulses`.  So, for one cycle of AC,
the positive half of the cycle is passed through as a positive pulse, then
the negative half of the cycle is changed to another positive pulse.  This
results in only positive `pulses` at `twice the frequency` of the `AC input`.~
B.`14150 - 14350 kHz`~
stage, transmitter, harmonic, multiplier~
B.During contests~
Baudot, 5-bit code, start and stop bits~
If a signal-strength report is "`20 dB over S9`", what should the report be if
the transmitter `power` is `reduced` from `1500 watts to 15 watts`?~
C.The state of the E-region at the point of refraction~
If a horizontal `dipole` antenna is mounted `less than one-half wavelength`
above the ground, its `radiation pattern` will be distorted.  This is because
the ground will reflect the signal and the reflection will cancel out some
of the signal, causing it to `distort` the pattern.~
C.17 feet~
D.The `RF output` of the transmitter~
What is a `band plan`?~
C.50 MHz~
What size wire is normally used on a `20-ampere`, `120-VAC` household appliance
circuit?~
C.AWG number 18~
A.14025 - 14100 kHz and 14175 - 14350 kHz~
frequency limits, 10-meter band, phone emissions, 28300 - 29700 kHz~
What signal source is connected to the vertical input of a `monitoring
oscilloscope` when checking the `quality` of a transmitted signal?~
D.`Capacitors` and `inductors`~
B.`15 meters`~
C.Reversed modulation~
B.SWR increases~
D.`Amplitude modulation`~
B.Because of auroral propagation~
B.`Mode A (ARQ)` and `Mode B (FEC)`~
How much is the `carrier suppressed` below peak output power in a `single-
sideband phone` transmission?~
A.There are no restrictions~
telegraphy examination, prepare, General class, element 1A only~
C.Use traps on the elements~
C.It will change the antenna polarization from vertical to horizontal~
D.3 to 6 kHz~
The `frequency limits` for `CW emissions` in any band are simple to remember:
There are none!  The entire frequency range of any amateur band is open for
`CW emissions`.  For the `80-meter band` this means `3500 - 4000 kHz`, but if you
have a General class license, don't forget you're only allowed to operate
between 3525 - 3750 kHz and 3850 - 4000 kHz.~
When a `disaster` strikes, normal communications systems are sometimes
overloaded, damaged or disrupted.  The `FCC` may declare a `temporary state of
communication emergency` and make `special rules` for the duration of the
emergency to aid communications into and out of the `disaster` area.~
D.Once you have received both your FCC-issued `General class or higher`
license in the mail and` VEC accreditation`~
When can the `F2 region` be expected to reach its `maximum height` at your
location?~
receiver, IF filter, to the detector, IF amplifier~
overmodulated, single-sideband, double-sideband, distorted, more bandwidth~
B.`Bypass capacitors`~
frequencies below the maximum usable frequency, bent back to the earth~
D.On frequencies above 2.3 GHz~
C.3525 - 3750 kHz and 3875 - 4000 kHz~
What are the frequency limits for `General class` operators in the `12-meter
band`?~
What is one `advantage` of using a `random-wire antenna`?~
A.An ohmmeter~
One problem with a vacuum-tube RF `amplifier` is that capacitance between the
electrodes inside a tube can result in positive feedback.  This causes the
`amplifier` to oscillate instead of amplify.  `Neutralizing` the `amplifier` by
using a negative feedback circuit will `eliminate self oscillations`.~
PEP, average-reading wattmeter, 1060 watts~
A.Keep the station's `ground wire` as `short` as possible~
General class, 15-meter band, 21025 - 21200 kHz and 21300 - 21450 kHz~
International Telecommunication Union Region, United States, Region 2~
D.Because of magnetic flux~
C.Mixer~
A.180 miles~
D.21100 - 21300 kHz~
An `FM` signal takes up a lot of `bandwidth` compared to other methods of
modulation.  An `FM` signal `below 29.5 MHz` would take up too much room
compared to the size of an amateur band, so the `FCC` puts lower frequency
`limits` on amateur `FM` signals which you can't `exceed`.~
D.To increase average transmitter output~
CW, frequency separation, minimize interference, 150 to 500 Hz~
C.Element 1B only~
C.150 to 1~
B.IF amplifier~
C.`1800 - 2000 kHz`~
C.`S9`~
C.30 amperes~
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) publishes the ANSI RF
protection guide which says 30 MHz to 300 MHz causes the greatest risk from
`RF energy` exposure.  The `effect on body tissue` depends mostly on the
frequency and power density of the `RF energy`, and also on its polarization.
What's `NOT important` is the `critical angle` of the ionosphere.~
When selecting a `RTTY` transmitting frequency, what minimum `frequency
separation` from a contact in progress should you allow (center to center) to
`minimize interference`?~
B.`70 miles`~
A.45 degrees~
The ionosphere can more easily bend a radio wave enough to return to the
earth if the wave is sent out at a low takeoff angle (horizontal to the
ground).  If the angle is made higher and higher, at some point the radio
wave will go out into space.  We call the `highest takeoff angle` which will
`return a radio wave to the earth` the "`critical angle`".~
sudden ionospheric disturbance, disrupts, lower frequencies~
C.Equal to the normal output voltage of the power supply~
B.Space station~
D.It approaches zero~
B.Frequency-rectification modulation~
B.The audio input of the transmitter~
F2 region, maximum height, at noon, summer~
A.Improved high-latitude HF propagation~
C.Phase-modulated~
B.To ensure that members attend monthly on-the-air meetings~
Technician, CSCE, General privileges, identify, call sign, slant mark, "AG"~
Indoor antennas can be a source of RF energy exposure.  One of the best
precautions you can take is to make sure that no one can come near an `indoor
antenna` when you're on the air.  This means mounting it `far away from people`
and their living spaces.~
The `RF energy` transmitted by a `parabolic dish` is similar to microwave oven
radiation.  If someone was standing near one of these antennas and the
transmitter was switched on, it could give the person very bad RF burns.
Setting up a `protective fence` around the antenna would keep people away from
the `RF energy`.~
Frequency shift keying (`FSK`) is used for sending binary information by
shifting a transmitter's signal between two frequencies, one frequency for
a binary 0, the other for a binary 1.  As you would expect, `greater keying
speeds` must use `greater frequency shifts` to change the data faster.~
What should be done if a properly operating amateur station is the cause of
`interference` to a nearby `telephone`?~
D.To decrease the output voltage~
F2 region, longest-distance, propagation, highest ionospheric region~
A.`3610 - 3630 kHz`~
D.24900 - 24975 kHz~
The formula for `PEP` is [(0.707 PEV)(0.707 PEV)] / RL.  Remember that PEV
(peak envelope voltage) is 1/2 the peak-to-peak voltage.  In this case 1/2
of `500 volts peak-to-peak` is 250 V for the PEV and the `50-ohm resistor` is
RL.  So, `PEP` = [(0.707 x 250)(0.707 x 250)] / 50, or `625 watts`.~
front-to-back ratio, delta-loop, power, major, lobe, opposite direction~
What is the most useful type of `map` to use when `orienting a directional HF
antenna` toward a distant station?~
full-wave rectifier, conducts, each cycle, 360 degrees~
Yagi, often used, 20-meter band, reduce interference from other stations~
D.Energy scattered into the skip zone through `several radio-wave paths`~
main lobe, delta-loop, direction, maximum, field strength~
D.Bypass resistors~
It's a good idea to make sure all your station equipment is `tied into a
station ground` with a short ground wire.  Not only will it minimize the
chances of electric shock, but it will also avoid stray RF energy which
causes electrical noise and interference.  It's `NOT true` that `only
transceivers` and `power amplifiers` need to be grounded.~
A.To identify the source of radio transmissions~
A.When it produces no dissonances or spurious emissions~
B.With the Novice call sign, followed by the `slant bar` "/" (or any suitable
word) and `your own call sign`~
B.1900 - 2000 kHz~
A.It `is very efficient`~
power, 400 VDC, 800-ohm, 200 watts~
C.It will be the same at both frequencies~
D.It produces genetic changes in the tissue~
A.A series of `pulses` at `twice the frequency` of the `AC input`~
changes, phase, RF wave, phase modulation~
20-ampere, 120-VAC, AWG number 12~
D.`3.5 ohms`~
B.A major lobe will develop in the horizontal plane, away from the
parasitic element, `toward the dipole`~
coil, AC, frequency, increases, reactance increases~
C.A delta-loop antenna~
Where is the `source of energy` connected in a `transformer`?~
C.Because it is the `highest ionospheric region`~
The `30-meter band` is the smallest and most restricted band open to `General
class` (and higher) hams in the US.  With a frequency range of `10100 - 10150
kHz`, a power limit of 200 watts, and no voice modes, a contact on the
`30-meter band` is a good test of a ham's communication skills.~
cubical-quad, reflector element, 29.6 MHz, 8.7 feet~
There are several things to think about if you `optimize` a `Yagi` antenna for
`maximum performance`.  You can widen the `spacing` of the `elements`, but this
will make the `Yagi` longer.  Since it is a rotatable antenna, this may make
it too big to use or even to build.  Adding more directors also helps, but
the exact `lengths` of each one must be cut and aligned just right.~
B.Be sure the transmitter is turned off and the `power source is
disconnected`~
D.1200 miles~
A.Be sure `no one can activate the transmitter`~
A.2370 volts~
How many watts of electrical `power` are used if `400 VDC` is supplied to an
`800-ohm` load?~
A.To equalize `voltage drops` and guard against transient `voltage spikes`~
D.The force of repulsion between one electric field and another with the
same charge~
In a properly `neutralized` RF `amplifier`, what type of `feedback` is used?~
D.Approximately 6 kHz~
B.`Only transceivers` and `power amplifiers` need to be `tied into a station
ground`~
B.Lower~
What is the `maximum transmitting power` an amateur station may use on `24.950
MHz`?~
In the `10-meter band` you'll hear lots of Novice operators using CW, RTTY,
packet and SSB in their section of the band, but as a `General class` operator
you'll have the whole `28000 - 29700 kHz` range open to you, plus you'll be
able to use any phone or image mode (above 28.300 MHz).~
A.At the summer solstice~
C.`1500 watts PEP output`~
B.For `slight movement` of the `ALC meter` on modulation peaks~
D.2.8 times the AC frequency~
C.Sporadic-E skip~
B.Frequencies near 3.5 MHz~
The FCC has placed a limit of `1` on the number of `external RF power
amplifiers` designed to operate below 144 MHz which you may `build or modify`
in `one calendar year`.  You must apply for a grant of FCC type acceptance if
you build or modify more than `1` per year.~
Approximately how long is the `reflector element` of a `Yagi` antenna for `28.1
MHz`?~
General class, 40-meter band, 7025 - 7150 kHz and 7225 - 7300 kHz~
latitudes, geomagnetic disturbances, greater than 45 degrees~
B.A shifting of the earth's magnetic pole~
If the `maximum usable frequency` on the path from Minnesota to France is `22
MHz`, which band should offer the best chance for a `successful contact`?~
maximum usable frequency, 17 MHz, successful contact, 20 meters~
20 dB over S9, power, reduced, 1500 watts to 15 watts, S9~
D.A steady DC voltage~
A.Disc ceramic~
C.1500 watts PEP output~
D.1825 - 2000 kHz~
NOT disqualify, FCC type acceptance, frequencies below 24 MHz~
B.During contests~
C.The amplifier must not be able to be operated for more than ten minutes
without a time delay circuit~
15-ampere, 120-VAC, AWG number 14~
In what values are `RF feed line losses` usually expressed?~
A.Messages of any type~
A `monitoring oscilloscope` may be connected to the `RF output` of a
transmitter to show you an image of the transmitter's signal on the
oscilloscope.  It's easy to check the signal `quality` of the transmitter by
comparing the oscilloscope's image to a picture of a good signal.~
A.The radiation pattern will not be affected~
A.`Across` the `filter capacitor`~
D.The frequency~
C.The RF signals of a nearby receiving antenna~
One problem with a vacuum-tube `power amplifier` is that capacitance between
the electrodes inside a tube can result in positive feedback.  This causes
the amplifier to oscillate instead of amplify.  Proper `neutralization` using
a negative feedback circuit will cancel oscillation.  Good adjustment is
shown by a `minimum change in grid current` while the output circuit changes.~
single-sideband phone, frequency separation, minimize interference, 3 kHz~
What name is given to a form of interference that `seriously degrades`,
`obstructs` or `repeatedly interrupts` a radiocommunication service?~
It's a good idea to make sure all your station `equipment is properly
grounded` with a short ground wire.  Not only will it `minimize` the chances of
`audio rectification` of your station's signals, but it will also reduce
electrical noise, interference, and the possibility of electric shock.~
messages, foreign country, third party, technical, personal~
A.Divide the original power by 1.5~
C.Use a reactance bridge to measure the antenna performance from each
direction around the antenna~
What sound is heard from a public-address system if `audio rectification` of
a nearby `CW` transmission occurs?~
If a receiver `mixes` a 13.800-MHz `VFO` with a 14.255-MHz `received signal` to
produce a 455-kHz intermediate frequency (`IF`) signal, what type of
`interference` will a 13.345-MHz signal produce in the receiver?~
What are the two major `ratings` that must not be exceeded for silicon-diode
`rectifiers` used in power-supply circuits?~
B.540 volts~
station in distress, acknowledge, location, assistance~
parallel circuit, total current, equals, sum, current through each resistor~
B.10125 - 10140 kHz~
bleeder resistor, connected, across, filter capacitor~
C.A major lobe will develop in the vertical plane, away from the ground~
A.21250 - 21300 kHz~
A.Frequency modulation~
cubical-quad, driven element, 21.4 MHz, 11.7 feet~
A.Be sure to wear tight-fitting clothes and gloves to protect your body and
hands from sharp edges~
A.Make internal adjustments to the telephone equipment~
By international treaties, every nation in the world is in an `International
Telecommunication Union Region` (ITU Region).  Region 1 is generally Europe
and Africa, `Region 2` is North, Central and South America, and Region 3 is
the rest of the world.  The `United States` is in `Region 2`.~
NOT covered, National Electrical Code, RF exposure limits~
There are four major daytime layers of the ionosphere, called the D region,
the E region, the F1 region and the `F2 region`.  Since the sun's ultraviolet
radiation causes them to form on the daytime side of the earth, think of the
`maximum height` as being the greatest when the sun is the strongest, `at noon`
during the `summer`.~
What are the two major `AMTOR operating modes`?~
There are two paths a signal can take around the earth from a transmitting
antenna to a receiving antenna.  The `short-path` is the shortest distance
across the earth between the two antennas.  The `long-path` is in the opposite
direction (`180 degrees` from the `short-path`) and goes all the way around the
other side of the earth.~
B.Use RG-58 feed line~
C.Improved ground-wave propagation~
Larger diameter wire can conduct more current than smaller diameter wire,
but the AWG numbers for wire get smaller as wire diameter increases.  So,
although AWG number 14 can safely carry 15 amperes at 120-VAC, `AWG number 12`
(a smaller AWG number but a larger diameter wire) can safely carry `20
amperes` at 120-VAC.~
D.Use tapered-diameter elements~
C.To cut off the final amplifier during standby periods~
If you are a `Technician` licensee with a Certificate of Successful Completion
of Examination (`CSCE`) for General privileges, when must you add the special
identifier `"AG"` after your call sign?~
C.Amplitude-rectification modulation~
C.80 and 100 ohms~
The RF energy transmitted by a `microwave` feed horn or waveguide is exactly
like `microwave` oven radiation.  If you were making `repairs` on one of these
and the transmitter was switched on, it could give you very bad RF burns.
One of the most sensible `precautions` to take would be to make sure the `power
source is disconnected` from the transmitter before beginning `repairs`.~
D.14.275 - 14.350 MHz~
A.20 Hz and 20 kHz tones must be used~
A.`Between the transmitter and low-pass filter`~
envelope, modulating audio, amplitude modulation~
RTTY, frequency separation, minimize interference, 250 to 500 kHz~
D.They are changed to a frequency above the MUF~
D.A metronome~
license examinations, administer, General class, Novice and Technician~
C.1.6 MHz~
A.The chassis of each piece of station equipment should be tied together
with high-impedance conductors~
written examination, prepare, General class, elements 2 and 3A~
A.At the bottom of the slow-scan TV segment, near 14.230 MHz~
azimuthal map, centered on a particular location~
C.A 5-bit code, with additional start and stop bits~
A.Frequency shift keying~
A.530 watts~
A.It lowers the radiation angle~
A.100 amperes~
single-sideband, carrier oscillator, speech amplifier, balanced modulator~
C.As the amplitude of the applied AC increases, the reactance decreases~
A.Bypass inductors~
impedance, low-pass filter, transmission line, about the same~
D.Ionospheric interference~
A.None~
D.It is connected between an antenna and ground and is tuned for minimum
SWR~
A.`4:1`~
A `parallel-conductor feed line` is made up of two parallel wires held a
fixed `distance` apart from each other by a set of insulators all the same
length.  The feed line's `impedance` depends on the `radius` of its `conductors`
(its wire size) and the `distance` between the wires (the length of its
insulators).~
A `two-times increase` in `power` results in a change of how many dB?~
A decibel (0.1 bels, or 1 dB) is a logarithmic measure of `power` level.  Its
formula is:  1 dB = 10 x log(power level change).  If you `reduced` your `power`
level from `1500 watts to 15 watts`, that would be a 1/100 change, or 10 x
log(1/100) which equals -20 dB.  So if your report was `20 dB over S9`, the -
20 dB from reducing your `power` should give you an `S9` signal report.~
If the `maximum usable frequency` on the path from Ohio to Germany is `17 MHz`,
which band should offer the best chance for a `successful contact`?~
C.By ensuring that all station `equipment is properly grounded`~
D.A signal tracer and an audio amplifier~
C.A plan of operating schedules within an amateur band published by the FCC~
At what point in an HF transceiver block diagram would an `electronic TR
switch` normally appear?~
unit, reactance, ohm~
frequency limits, 15-meter band, image emissions, 21200 - 21450 kHz~
Where would you tune to hear `beacons` that would help you determine
propagation conditions on the `20-meter band`?~
B.It is smaller, less expensive and easier to erect than a dipole or
vertical antenna~
C.During nationally declared emergencies~
A.Multiply the original power by 1.5~
What are the frequency limits for `General class` operators in the `160-meter
band`?~
A.So the `source` can deliver `maximum power` to the `load`~
10-meter repeater, control operator, General class license~
C.Amplitude modulation~
B.`IF amplifier`~
B.Propagation through ground waves that absorb much of the signal~
A `field-strength meter` is used to measure `relative RF output`, say from an
antenna.  You could find out the antenna's horizontal radiation pattern by
reading the `field-strength meter` at different places around the antenna and
plotting the results on paper.~
A.By using a solid-state transmitter~
no load, transformer, magnetizing current~
D.12 dB higher~
To perform a two-tone test of a `single-sideband` phone transmitter's
`amplitude linearity`, send `two non-harmonically related tones` into the
transmitter's microphone input and watch the output signal on an
oscilloscope.  You should see an envelope pattern that looks like a perfect
sine wave if the linearity is good.~
What is the name of the `stage` in a VHF FM `transmitter` that selects a
`harmonic` of an HF signal to reach the desired operating frequency?~
A `random-wire antenna` gets its name from the fact that it's a long wire of
any length, just so it's longer than one wavelength of its signal.  One
`advantage` to a `random-wire antenna` is that it's `multiband` and is good for
any wavelength shorter than its own length.~
PEP, 500 volts peak-to-peak, 50-ohm resistor, 625 watts~
Power is calculated by multiplying current times voltage, or P=IxE.  Since
in this problem resistance is given but not voltage, just remember Ohm's
law:  E=IxR.  So, if E=IxR and P=IxE, then P=IxIxR.  With a current of `7.0
milliamperes` (or 0.007 amperes) and a resistance of `1.25 kilohms` (or 1250
ohms), P=0.007 x 0.007 x 1250, or approximately .061 watts (`61 milliwatts`).~
B.Element 2 only~
C.To avoid excessive grid current~
peak-to-peak voltage, RMS voltage of 120 volts, 339.4 volts~
A.Repeater station~
An `S-meter` may be used to compare the relative strength of two signals, but
it isn't very accurate or very sensitive.  If an `S-meter` is showing S8 for
a transmitter's signal and `power output` is `increased by four times`, the S-
meter's reading will `increase` by only `one S unit`, from S8 to S9.~
B.The `director` is normally the `shortest parasitic element`~
examination elements, Technician, elements 2 and 3A~
C.1200 bauds~
What effect does a `sudden ionospheric disturbance` have on the daylight
ionospheric propagation of HF radio waves?~
When radio waves are bent by the ionosphere and return to earth, the waves
don't always arrive in the same place at the same time.  Different parts may
`follow different paths` through the ionosphere and partly cancel each other
out at the receiving antenna.  This is called `multipath interference` and
results in `signal fading`.~
What is the `Baudot` code?~
protective fence, parabolic dish, RF energy~
automatically transmit, operator speaks, VOX~
D.Amplitude modulation~
D.A 6-bit code, with additional start, stop and parity bits~
B.If the antenna is `less than one-half wavelength` high, reflected radio
waves from the ground significantly `distort` the pattern~
In an `inductor`, what causes `opposition` to the `flow of AC`?~
D.Windload decreases~
The gain and bandwidth of a `Yagi` antenna may be improved by widening the
element spacing.  However, a `wide element spacing` will make the `Yagi` longer,
and since it is a rotatable antenna, this may make it too big to use or even
to build.  Sometimes the `high gain` and `wider bandwidth` that comes with wider
element spacing is impractical.~
B.`33 feet`~
C.The `power` radiated in the `major radiation lobe` compared to the power
radiated in exactly the `opposite direction`~
C.Inform your neighbors so they are aware of your intentions~
A.No special form of identification is needed~
neutralizing, amplifier, eliminate self oscillations~
Which `sideband` is commonly used on `3925-kHz` for phone operation?~
The length (in feet) of a `driven element` for a `symmetrical delta-loop`
antenna is calculated by the formula 1005 / frequency (in MHz).  So, for a
`28.7 MHz` antenna, this means 1005 / 28.7, or 35.0 feet.  In a symmetrical
delta-loop antenna, each leg is 1/3 the total length, so 35.0 / 3 is about
`11.7 feet`.~
What type of `signal fading` occurs when two or more parts of a radio wave
`follow different paths`?~
Be courteous to other hams who may already be on the band and transmit your
signal far enough away from theirs so that you `minimize interference` to each
other.  When using `CW` on a crowded band, a `frequency separation` of `150 to
500 Hz` between your signal and another is the minimum.  Use a greater
`frequency separation` if band conditions allow.~
B.PEP = `[(0.707 PEV)(0.707 PEV)] / RL`~
If a slightly `longer parasitic` element is placed `0.1 wavelength` away from an
HF dipole antenna, what effect will this have on the antenna's `radiation
pattern`?~
A.Because the ground rod is not making good contact with moist earth~
C.Approximately `4 times`~
Every 11 years the sun goes from a period of low sunspot activity to high,
then back to low again.  This changes `worldwide propagation` conditions from
good during high activity to poor during low activity.  However, the `20-
meter band` is low enough in frequency that it is not affected much `at any
point` in the `solar cycle`, even in the daytime.~
`High sunspot numbers` mean increased solar radiation, which changes the
ionosphere so that frequencies of up to `40 MHz` are good for `long-distance
communication`.~
C.VFO~
General class, 75/80-meter band, 3525 - 3750 kHz and 3850 - 4000 kHz~
20-meter band, RTTY, 14.075 - 14.100 MHz~
A transmitter's job is to change (modulate) an `RF wave` so that it can send
information from the transmitter to a receiver at the speed of light.  If
the `RF wave`'s amplitude changes, it's called amplitude modulation.  If its
`phase changes`, it's called `phase modulation`.  If its frequency changes, it's
called frequency modulation.~
Why are `HF scatter signals usually weak`?~
messages, foreign country, technical, personal remarks~
D.It will depend on the emission type in use~
C.Polar projection~
In a transmitter using frequency modulation, a reactance modulator changes
the tuned frequency of an oscillator circuit, then the result is fed to an
RF power amplifier.  Using `phase modulation`, an oscillator's signal is fed
directly to an `RF power amplifier`, but the `reactance modulator` changes the
tuned frequency of the amplifier instead.~
NOT need to be true, news information for broadcast, quickly transmitted~
If a `carbon resistor`'s temperature is increased, what will happen to the
`resistance`?~
A.A `field-strength meter`~
In a single-sideband phone superheterodyne `receiver`, what circuit processes
signals from the `IF filter` and sends signals `to the detector`?~
What does a `neutralizing` circuit do in an `RF amplifier`?~
B.Messages facilitating the business affairs of any party~
There are four major daytime layers of the ionosphere, called the D, E, F1
and F2 regions.  The D region is the lowest and absorbs lower-frequency HF
signals, while the E, F1 and F2 regions bend higher-frequency HF signals.
This `D-region absorption` is so great that during `daylight hours` the lower-
frequency HF bands are good only for `short-distance` contacts.~
D.Watt~
A.AWG number 20~
D.Disruptive interference~
What is a characteristic of `HF scatter signals`?~
B.Use a beryllium ground wire for best conductivity~
NOT an important reason, station ground, cost~
neutralizing, RF amplifier, cancels, positive feedback~
A.The electric charge stored by a capacitor~
A.The reflector is normally the shortest parasitic element~
D.A linear translator~
If you use `good engineering` and `good amateur practice`, then no matter what
the situation, you'll `operate` your station safely, courteously and within
the rules, the way you'd like other people to `operate` theirs.~
Larger diameter wire can conduct more current than smaller diameter wire,
but the AWG numbers for wire get smaller as wire diameter increases.  So,
although `AWG number 14` can safely carry `15 amperes` at 120-VAC, AWG number 12
(a smaller AWG number but a larger diameter wire) can safely carry 20
amperes at 120-VAC.~
B.An antenna noise bridge~
A `quad` antenna's horizontal or `vertical polarization` depends upon the
position of the side where it is fed.  If the `feed point` is parallel to the
ground, the quad's polarization will be horizontal.  If the feed side is
`perpendicular` to the ground, its `polarization` will be `vertical`.~
B.`Filter`~
B.A major lobe will develop in the horizontal plane, parallel to the two
elements~
Instead of making strict operating rules for each amateur band, the FCC
lets hams agree on a `guideline` called a "`band plan`" for using different
`operating modes` courteously within a band.  For example, FCC rules say RTTY
and CW may both use 7.00 - 7.10 MHz, but the `band plan` asks that CW signals
stay within 7.00 - 7.08 MHz and RTTY signals be kept to 7.08 - 7.10 MHz.~
B.Two harmonically related tones are fed in, and the output is observed on
a distortion analyzer~
When are `codes or ciphers` permitted in `two-way domestic` amateur
communications?~
B.Using more transmitter power than the antenna can handle~
If `no load` is attached to the secondary winding of a `transformer`, what is
current in the primary winding called?~
A.Local oscillator~
A.Normal speech~
long-path, short-path, 180 degrees~
C.Balanced modulator~
What is the `impedance` of a speaker that requires a transformer with a `turns
ratio` of `24 to 1` to match an audio amplifier having an output impedance of
`2000 ohms`?~
A.`Mixer`~
C.Cancel the net for that day~
What is the `maximum distance` along the earth's surface that is normally
covered in `one hop` using the `E region`?~
What do `RTTY`, `Morse code`, `AMTOR` and `packet` communications have in common?~
C.Vacuum variable~
Approximately how long is each side of a `cubical-quad` antenna `reflector
element` for `29.6 MHz`?~
C.A map that shows the angle at which an amateur satellite crosses the
equator~
B.`11.7 feet`~
C.Once you have prepared telegraphy and written examinations for the Novice
license, or obtained them from a qualified supplier~
Which wires in a `four-conductor line` cord should be `attached to fuses` in a
`240-VAC primary` (single phase) power supply?~
B.BFO~
HF scatter signals, usually weak, signal energy is scattered~
General class, at a Novice station, identify, slant bar, your own call sign~
A.45 miles~
What does the term "antenna `front-to-back ratio`" mean in reference to a
`delta-loop` antenna?~
What is one important thing to consider when using an `indoor antenna`?~
What `standing-wave-ratio` will result from the connection of a `50-ohm feed
line` to a resonant `antenna` having a `10-ohm` feed-point impedance?~
D.At the bottom of the RTTY segment, `near 14.075 MHz`~
In order to earn a `Technician` license with `HF privileges`, three `examination
elements` must be passed, `elements 1A, 2 and 3A`.  Element 1A is a 5 WPM
telegraphy exam, while both elements 2 and 3A are written exams.~
D.At the top of the antenna~
C.`Any means of radiocommunication`~
An `FM` transmitter's output frequency changes (deviates) in proportion to
the `frequency deviation` of its reactance-modulated oscillator.  So, if a
`146.52-MHz` transmitter is producing a `5-kHz deviation`, the ratio is
146,520,000 / 5,000, or 29,304 to 1.  If the transmitter has a `12.21-MHz`
oscillator, then 12,210,000 / 29,304 is `416.7 Hz` of `frequency deviation`.~
B.`625 watts`~
examination elements, Technician, HF privileges, elements 1A, 2 and 3A~
A.1 dB higher~
B.169.7 volts~
Compared to a `dipole antenna`, what are the directional radiation
characteristics of a `cubical-quad` antenna?~
C.270 degrees~
disadvantage, random-wire antenna, RF feedback~
B.`21 feet`~
D.Be sure you and the antenna structure are properly grounded~
C.Frequencies on or above 10 MHz~
A power-supply's filter capacitors store energy which is used to smooth the
voltage pulses produced by its rectifier.  If the filter capacitors are not
discharged after the supply is switched off, the power they store may be
enough to cause injury.  For safety, a `bleeder resistor` is `connected across`
a `filter capacitor` so it discharges the energy when the supply is off.~
D.Positive~
C.The radius of the conductors and the frequency of the signal~
If a `1.0-ampere` current source is connected to `two parallel`-connected 10-ohm
`resistors`, how much current passes through `each resistor`?~
The formula for the `standing-wave ratio` (SWR) of a `feed line` connected to
an `antenna` is very simple:  It's the larger impedance divided by the smaller
impedance.  So, for a `50-ohm feed line` connected to a `10-ohm antenna`, the
SWR would be 50:10, or `5:1`.~
D.Only if the 10-meter `control operator` holds at least a `General class
license`~
B.It is a figure-eight off both ends of the antenna~
A.`Azimuthal`~
C.With your call sign, followed by the slant bar "/" (or any suitable word)
and the Novice call sign~
As current flows through an `inductor`, a magnetic field is created around
it.  Creating this field takes energy (which comes from the inductor's
circuit) and can be thought of as an opposing voltage.  Since AC voltage
constantly increases and decreases, an `inductor` is constantly in `opposition`
to the `flow of AC`; this is called `reactance`.~
Why should a `protective fence` be placed around the base of a ground-mounted
`parabolic dish` transmitting antenna?~
B.`Phase modulation`~
A single-sideband phone superheterodyne `receiver` amplifies signals from an
antenna with an RF amplifier, then combines this with a local oscillator
signal in a mixer and sends it to the IF filter.  An `IF amplifier` sends the
output to a `detector` where it is mixed with a beat frequency oscillator
(`BFO`).  The detected audio is sent `to the AF amplifier` hooked to a speaker.~
A.`Peak inverse voltage`; `average forward current`~
A.It allows greater receiver sensitivity~
C.`Reactance`~
The length (in feet) of one side of a driven element for a `cubical-quad`
antenna is calculated by the formula 251 / frequency (in MHz).  So, for a
`29.6 MHz` antenna, this means 251 / 29.6, or nearly 8.5 feet.  The `reflector
element` is made slightly longer than the driven element, so the answer of
`8.7 feet` is the best.~
C.1250 watts~
A.It will increase by 20% for every 10 degrees centigrade~
What receiver stage `combines` a 14.25-MHz `input signal` with a 13.795-MHz
`oscillator signal` to produce a 455-kHz intermediate frequency (`IF`) signal?~
D.`Move` your contact `to another frequency`~
A.The direction of least radiation from the antenna~
The `3525 - 3750 kHz and 3850 - 4000 kHz` frequencies are known as the `75/80-
meter band`.  You'll find this band is most active at night as hams around
the world talk with each other using all kinds of modes such as Morse code,
SSB, RTTY, etc.  US `General class` hams may use most of the `75/80-meter band`
except for two small sections reserved for Advanced and Extra class hams.~
D.Any United Nations approved frequency~
D.High-frequency radio signals become weak and distorted~
What is the output `PEP` from a transmitter if an oscilloscope measures `200
volts peak-to-peak` across a `50-ohm resistor` connected to the transmitter
output?~
A.It will be `greater at 2 meters`~
B.It `discharges` the `filter capacitors`~
B.180 degrees~
A.150 to 500 Hz~
What devices would you install to reduce or `eliminate audio-frequency
interference` to home-entertainment systems?~
All amateur license exams must be administered (given) by at least `three
VEC-accredited` Volunteer Examiners (VEs).  If the VEs are `administering
Novice examinations`, each must each hold a `General class` or higher amateur
license.~
It's a good idea to make sure all your equipment is connected to a `station
ground` with a short ground wire.  Not only will it minimize the chances of
electric shock, but it will also avoid stray RF energy which causes
electrical noise and interference.  Reducing the `cost` of a station is `NOT an
important reason` compared to your safety.~
standing waves, feed line, antenna, impedance, matched~
If a `disaster` disrupts normal communications in an area, what would the `FCC`
include in any notice of a `temporary state of communication emergency`?~
What is `solar flux`?~
A.As the frequency of the applied AC increases, the reactance decreases~
B.By using CW emission only~
What is the `solar-flux index`?~
Why would you use an `antenna noise bridge`?~
When the earth's magnetic field is disturbed by solar particles, a change
in high-latitude HF propagation occurs, usually at `latitudes greater than 45
degrees`.  These `geomagnetic disturbances` happen when the amount of solar
particles increases quickly over a short period of time.~
A.`300 bauds`~
General, Advanced and Extra Class operators all share the `12-meter band`
equally, so the `frequency limits` for `phone emissions` are the same for
everyone:  `24930 - 24990 kHz`.~
C.30 amperes~
A.14.000 - 14.050 MHz~
A handy circuit called a `VOX` (voice operated switch) allows a ham to send
voice transmissions without touching any controls.  Whenever the `operator
speaks`, the `VOX` will activate the transmitter and `automatically transmit` the
voice signal.  One problem with a `VOX` is that any other sounds (like a
sudden sneeze or a door slamming) will activate the `VOX` too.~
electronic TR switch, higher operating speed~
advantage, random-wire antenna, multiband~
C.19.6 kilobauds~
How should the `microphone gain` control be adjusted on a `single-sideband
phone` transmitter?~
A.Minimum conductor sizes for different lengths of amateur antennase~
The main idea behind using a `speech processor` with a `single-sideband phone`
transmitter is to raise the average power level of the SSB signal.  If the
transmitter is `100% modulated`, it will be running at peak power, so using a
`speech processor will add nothing` to its output.~
C.2:1~
How is the output `PEP` of a transmitter calculated if an oscilloscope is used
to measure the transmitter's `peak load voltage` across a `resistive load`?~
A.A map projection centered on the North Pole~
17 volts peak, RMS, 12 volts~
What is the `maximum symbol rate` permitted for RTTY emissions `below 28 MHz`?~
B.200 watts~
A.RF oscillator~
B.24.4 to 1~
What are the frequency limits for `General class` operators in the `20-meter
band`?~
How does a `capacitor` react to `AC`?~
three-element Yagi, director, shortest parasitic element~
B.Use closer element spacing~
D.Relay station~
B.High front-to-back ratio and lower input resistance~
horizontal- and vertical-channel amplifiers, oscilloscope~
A.None~
The sun sends out `ultraviolet` and `X-ray radiation` and also charged
particles which affect radio-wave `propagation` on the earth.  The radiation
moves a the speed of light and takes about `8 minutes` to reach earth, while
the charged particles move much slower and arrive a day or two later.~
If the `impedance` (AC resistance) of a power `source` does not match the
`impedance` of its `load`, some amount power will be wasted as heat instead of
being delivered to the `load`.  So, if the `source` and `load` impedances are
`equal`, `maximum power` will be sent to the `load`.~
carrier suppression, double-sideband phone, more power, into the sidebands~
impedance, load, equal, source, maximum power~
B.Trimmer~
What type of radio-wave propagation allows a signal to be detected at a
distance `too far for ground-wave` propagation but `too near for normal sky-
wave propagation`?~
impedance, opposition to the flow of AC~
In a `single-sideband` phone transmitter, signals from a `speech amplifier` and
a `carrier oscillator` are combined in a `balanced modulator` circuit.  The
result is sent into a filter, then this is sent to the mixer circuit where
it is combined with a heterodyne oscillator's signal to produce an RF signal
which is then amplified and transmitted.~
A.7025 - 7175 kHz and 7200 - 7300 kHz~
A.VXO~
C.Capacitive reactance; avalanche voltage~
A.Element 2 only~
power amplifier, neutralization, minimum change in grid current~
two-tone test, linearity, single-sideband, not be harmonically related~
A.Pulse modulation~
D.To tune out noise in a receiver~
What is the `average height` of maximum ionization of the `E region`?~
Mainly due to changing solar activity, the ionosphere constantly changes
the way it bends radio signals.  The highest frequency it will bend back to
earth is called the `maximum usable frequency` (MUF).  Since the sun rotates
once every `28` days, if solar conditions allow good propagation for several
days, you can expect a `similar condition` to occur `28 days later`.~
If a `half-wave` power supply is disconnected from its load, its rectifier
diode will suddenly see more than the normal inverse voltage.  For this
reason the diode should have a `peak-inverse-voltage rating` which is `one to
two times` the `peak` output `voltage` of the power supply.~
symmetrical delta-loop, driven element, 24.9 MHz, 13.45 feet~
D.Peak load impedance; peak voltage~
Which two types of radiation from the sun `influence propagation`?~
Mainly due to changing solar activity, the ionosphere constantly changes
the way it bends radio signals.  The highest frequency that is `bent back to
earth` is called the maximum usable frequency (MUF).  Signals with
`frequencies below the maximum usable frequency` can be `bent back to the
earth`, but frequencies higher than the MUF go out into space.~
C.It is a circle (equal radiation in all directions)~
B.1000 watts PEP output~
D.At the power supply feed point~
In a `parallel circuit` with a voltage source and several branch resistors,
how is the `total current` related to the current in the branch resistors?~
B.Double-sideband~
maximum distance, one hop, E region, 1200 miles~
A.Phase-rectification modulation~
If you are operating `below 28 MHz`, you must limit the `maximum symbol rate`
of data transmissions (RTTY, packet, etc.) to `300 bauds`.  This is usually
controlled nowadays by a small unit which is a combination terminal node
controller (TNC) and RTTY encoder/decoder.~
B.Phase modulation~
D.`360 degrees`~
cubical-quad, driven element, 14.3 MHz, 17.6 feet~
antenna noise bridge, receiver, unknown impedance, minimum noise~
Unless you live close to an airport, the maximum `height` of any `antenna
structure` you use is `200 feet`.  This includes the tower, plus the antenna,
its supports, radiating elements, etc.~
What emission is produced by a `reactance modulator` connected to an `RF power
amplifier`?~
B.The `radio energy` emitted by the sun~
B.`12 volts`~
If you are communicating with another amateur station and hear a `station in
distress` break in, what should you do?~
C.Preemphasis network~
There are no special `frequency limits` within the `30-meter band` for any
authorized emissions, including `RTTY emissions`.  The entire range of `10100 -
10150 kHz` may be used for CW, RTTY or data emissions as long as no
interference is caused to stations in foreign countries using the band.~
What components are used in a `power-supply filter network`?~
RF feed line losses, dB/100 ft~
A.For full deflection of the ALC meter on modulation peaks~
C.6 watts~
neutralization, amplifiers, cancel oscillation~
does NOT require a feed line, random-wire antenna~
A.With your call sign, followed by the word "controlling" and the Novice
call sign~
gray-line, propagation, is very efficient~
In the amateur service, three types of directional antennas are very
popular and `compare favorably` with each other.  They are:  `Two-element delta
loops`, `quad` and `three-element Yagi` antennas.  All are fairly easy to
construct for many different bands, easy to install and maintain and give
good performance over the years.~
C.Locate the antennas as `far away` as possible from `living spaces` that will
be occupied while you are operating~
C.They perform very well only at HF~
Technician, CSCE, "AG", new frequency privileges~
When will a power source deliver `maximum output` to the load?~
D.Phone emissions are not permitted in this band~
B.12.95 feet~
C.1500 watts PEP output~
How can the `SWR bandwidth` of a `parasitic beam` antenna be `increased`?~
C.Ripples in the ionosphere~
B.40 meters~
C.A property of ideal resistors in AC circuits~
C.Whenever you operate using Technician frequency privileges~
C.The `direction` of `maximum` radiated `field strength` from the antenna~
When may an amateur station in `two-way communication` transmit a message in
a `secret code` in order to obscure the meaning of the communication?~
D.It eliminates ground-loop current~
The `F2 region` is the highest layer of the ionosphere above the earth.  It
is so high that the signals it bends back to earth cover very long distances
between the sending and receiving location.  The `maximum distance` is around
`2500 miles` for `one hop`.~
matching network, unbalanced, transmitter, balanced, feed line~
General class, 30-meter band, 10100 - 10150 kHz~
D.Elements 1A, 2 and 3A~
D.When normal communication systems are working but are not convenient~
C.Be sure the weather is dry and sunny~
minimize, audio rectification, equipment is properly grounded~
influence, propagation, electromagnetic, particle emissions~
B.`VOX`~
C.`More power` can be put `into the sidebands`~
solar-flux index, solar activity, specific frequency~
Any RF signal which is sent through a feed line loses some of its power as
it travels down the feed line (this is called attenuation).  For convenience
in comparing different feed lines, `RF feed line losses` are given as the
amount of lost power (in dB) per 100 feet of feed line, or `dB/100 ft`.~
C.270 degrees~
A.They `compare favorably` with a `three-element Yagi`~
A.28 MHz~
antenna noise bridge, measure, impedance~
B.The electrical load is shorted~
D.`20 amperes`~
single-sideband, balanced modulator, to the mixer, filter~
B.`Harmful interference`~
What is the characteristic `impedance` of `flat-ribbon TV-type twinlead`?~
If you want to hear the kind of `on-and-off humming or clicking` you'd hear
if `audio rectification` of a `CW` transmission occurred in an audio system,
just tune in a `CW` conversation on the ham bands, then switch the receiver
from "`CW`" to "AM" mode.~
D.Close to the ground so simple adjustments can be easily made without
climbing a ladder~
A.A `random-wire antenna`~
interference, telephone, RFI filters~
B.`Lower`~
The best type of map to use when orienting a directional HF antenna toward
some location is an `azimuthal map`.  It is drawn `centered on a particular
location`, say the middle of the United States.  The map shows compass
directions from its center to other countries and states, exactly the way an
antenna would be aimed if it was at the center location.~
A `ground-plane` antenna is basically a quarter-wave vertical antenna mounted
just above a set of grounded radial wires which branch out on several sides
away from the vertical element.  If the `radials` are horizontal, the
antenna's `feed-point impedance` is around 30 ohms.  If the `radials` are made
more `downward-sloping`, its impedance `increases` to around 50 ohms.~
unfiltered full-wave rectifier, pulses, twice the frequency, AC input~
A.No more than 20 dB~
How many watts of electrical `power` are used by a `12-VDC` light bulb that
draws `0.2 amperes`?~
B.3525 - 3775 kHz and 3875 - 4000 kHz~
C.Metal-oxide varistors~
D.A plan devised by a club to best use a frequency band during a contest~
A.`10100 - 10150 kHz`~
precautions, repairs, antenna, turn off, transmitter, disconnect, feed line~
A.Resistance~
D.175 feet~
A `General class` operator may use `21025 - 21200 kHz and 21300 - 21450 kHz` in
the `15-meter band`.  Tune in to the `15-meter band`, especially when sunspots
are high, and you'll hear CW, RTTY, packet, phone and image communications
from all around the world, day or night.~
RTTY, Morse code, AMTOR, packet, digital communications~
When radio waves are bent by the ionosphere and return to earth, the waves
don't all return to the same spot.  Some of the `signal energy is scattered`
over a large area via several radio-wave paths.  `HF scatter signals` from a
distant station are `usually weak` and sound distorted instead of remaining
steady.~
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) publishes the ANSI RF
protection guide which says 30 MHz to 300 MHz causes the greatest risk from
`RF energy` exposure.  `RF energy` in this frequency range `heats the tissue` of
a human body and can cause severe burns.~
dipole antenna, cubical-quad, more directivity, horizontal, vertical planes~
C.`17.5 feet`~
D.`Amplitude modulation`~
B.To reduce grid-to-cathode leakage~
B.So the load will draw minimum power from the source~
A.`Never`~
C.Drive the ground rod at least 14 feet into the ground~
B.At the top of the SSB phone segment, near 14.325 MHz~
D.3890 - 4000 kHz~
A.It would not normally be used with parallel-conductor feed lines~
B.The transmitter's automatic level control is properly adjusted~
B.The amplifier must not be capable of reaching its designed output power
when `driven with less than 50 watts`~
D.`Double` the normal `peak output voltage` of the power supply~
B.Temporarily seize your equipment for use in disaster communications~
C.Multiply the original power by 3~
B.`A wavering sound`~
B.Amateur volunteers who conduct amateur licensing examinations~
A.Only the "hot" (`black and red`) wires~
Sending a message using `codes or ciphers` is `never` allowed on the amateur
bands, except that an amateur space telecommand station may use codes when
sending commands to an amateur space station.  However, this would not be a
`two-way domestic` communication, so the correct answer is `never`.~
B.To reduce the possibility that animals will damage the antenna~
B.The distance between the centers of the conductors and the length of the
line~
Resistance is the opposition to any current flow in an electric circuit,
and `reactance` is the opposition to AC caused by inductors and capacitors.
The `unit` measure of both resistance and `reactance` is the `ohm`.~
A.`Never`~
communications, sudden ionospheric disturbance, higher frequency~
Why is `neutralization` necessary for some vacuum-tube `amplifiers`?~
D.An audio-frequency square wave~
How is an `antenna noise bridge` normally used?~
maximum symbol rate, below 28 MHz, 300 bauds~
B.Reluctance~
What should you do to keep your station from retransmitting music or signals
from a `non-amateur station`?~
How would a `signal tracer` normally be used?~
C.Muffled, severely distorted speech~
Which of the following is `NOT covered` in the `National Electrical Code`?~
A.High gain, lower loss and a low SWR~
Although the FCC rules allow `RTTY` transmissions to be used in the `20-meter
band` from 14.000 - 14.150 MHz, you'll find most `RTTY` stations on the upper
end, from `14.075 - 14.100 MHz`.~
An ALC (automatic level control) meter reads the amount of negative control
needed to keep a `single-sideband phone` transmitter's output close to a
constant level when high voice peaks occur.  It's best to keep the
`microphone gain` down enough so that only a `slight movement` of the `ALC meter`
is seen with normal speech.~
low solar activity, frequencies, least reliable, above 20 MHz~
There are four major daytime layers of the ionosphere, called the D, E, F1
and F2 regions.  The `average height` of the D region is 50 miles above the
earth, the `E region` is `70 miles`, the F1 region is 100 miles, and the F2
region is 200 miles.  The D region absorbs lower-frequency HF signals, while
the E, F1 and F2 regions bend higher-frequency HF signals.~
B.An audio-frequency sine wave~
B.It will be less at 2 meters~
C.`Any frequency`~
C.Antenna height has no effect on the pattern~
What is one effect of `increasing` the `boom length` and `adding directors` to a
`Yagi` antenna?~
D.The maximum voltage standing wave point on a radiating element~
power output, increased by four times, S-meter, increase, one S unit~
HF scatter signals, sound distorted, several radio-wave paths~
B.Only if the station on 10 meters is operating under a Special Temporary
Authorization allowing such retransmission~
C.The power density~
B.`Degraded high-latitude HF propagation`~
What `standing-wave-ratio` will result from the connection of a `50-ohm feed
line` to a resonant `antenna` having a `200-ohm` feed-point impedance?~
Approximately how long is each side of a `cubical-quad` antenna `driven element`
for `14.3 MHz`?~
If you are a` Technician` licensee with a Certificate of Successful Completion
of Examination (`CSCE`) for `General privileges`, how do you `identify` your
station when transmitting on 14.035 MHz?~
C.425 Hz~
A.Ground wave~
The RF energy transmitted by a `parabolic dish` is similar to microwave oven
radiation.  If you were working on one of these antennas and the transmitter
was switched on, it could give you very bad RF burns.  A good `precaution` to
take is to make sure `no one can activate the transmitter` when you're working
on any type of antenna.~
C.Transmit as long as possible on the frequency so that no other stations
may use it~
D.Admittance~
A.PEP = [(Vp)(Vp)] / (RL)~
D.14.2 MHz~
RF safety, dipole antenna, as high as possible, prevent, contact~
Be careful on some of these `maximum transmitting power` questions!  The
frequency of `21.150 MHz` falls within the Novice section of the 15-meter
band, so the `maximum transmitting power` here would be `200 watts PEP output`.~
D.Avoid using towers higher than 30 feet above the ground~
ASCII, 7-bit code, start, stop and parity bits~
What is one characteristic of `gray-line propagation`?~
`AMTOR` is just RTTY sent in a special way to reduce receiving errors.  There
are two different `operating modes`:  A station in `Mode A (ARQ)` sends 3
characters and then listens for 1 acknowledgement character to make sure the
3 characters were received, while in `Mode B (FEC)` each character is sent
twice and no acknowledgement is expected.~
The formula for `FM-phone bandwidth` is 2 times the modulating frequency plus
2 times the deviation frequency.  In this case we have a `3-kHz modulating
frequency` and a `5-kHz deviation`, so 2 x 3,000 + 2 x 5,000 equals 16,000, or
`16 kHz`.~
D.To the plates~
What is one good way to `avoid stray RF energy` in your amateur station?~
In a `single-sideband` phone transmitter, signals from a speech amplifier and
a carrier oscillator are combined in a `balanced modulator` circuit.  The
result is sent into a `filter`, then this is sent `to the mixer` circuit where
it is combined with a heterodyne oscillator's signal to produce an RF signal
which is then amplified and transmitted.~
Rectifiers conduct in one direction but not the other.  Two ratings are
important with silicon diode rectifiers:  One is the average forward current
(how much current can be carried in the conducting direction), and the `peak-
inverse-voltage` (the `maximum voltage` that may be applied in the `non-
conducting direction` without destroying the `rectifier`).~
D.`Suppressor`~
B.If the chassis of all station equipment is connected with a good
conductor, there is no need to tie them to an earth ground~
B.`416.7 Hz`~
flattopping, single-sideband phone, signal distortion, excessive drive~
A.They are `bent back to the earth`~
A.Bels/1000 ft~
A.In accordance with general licensee operator principles~
The requirements for a `Technician` license are very simple.  Two `examination
elements` must be passed, `elements 2 and 3A`.  Both elements 2 and 3A are
written exams; no telegraphy element is needed for a `Technician` license.~
A.It disrupts higher-latitude paths more than lower-latitude paths~
C.To the core~
D.Elements 1A, 2 and 3A~
All US hams must stick to the `frequency limits` of `7150 - 7300 kHz` in the
`40-meter band` when using phone or `image emissions`.  The `image emissions`
questions in this section are tricky!  No mention of General class is made,
so all classes of license are meant, not just General class.  Don't get
mixed up and choose the General class `frequency limits`.~
The ONLY time `music` may be `transmitted` on the amateur airwaves is if it
occurs as `part of a space shuttle retransmission`.  An `amateur station` may
retransmit shuttle communications with prior approval by NASA, and sometimes
NASA transmits `music` to the shuttle crew, which the `amateur station` would
end up retransmitting.~
What item of test equipment contains `horizontal- and vertical-channel
amplifiers`?~
The line between day and night on the earth may be called the `gray-line`,
the twilight zone, or the terminator.  The D-layer of the ionosphere (which
absorbs signals) is thin along the `gray-line`, so `propagation` there `is very
efficient`, but because the earth turns so quickly, the effect does not last
very long at any one place on the earth.~
A `power-supply` circuit must produce smooth DC from rectified AC.  Two types
of capacitors are used to do the job:  An electrolytic capacitor is used to
filter out the large changes in voltage from the rectifier, while a
`suppressor capacitor` is used to `filter` out higher-frequency `transient
voltage spikes`.~
C.Between the transformer primary and secondary windings~
D.RF amplifier~
D.It is two smaller lobes on one side of the antenna, and one larger lobe
on the other side~
Why should directional `high-gain antennas` be mounted `higher than nearby
structures`?~
D.Pulse modulation~
D.`2.4 watts`~
D.It brings the `feed-point impedance` closer to `50 ohms`~
If a `Technician` passes the General exams, the exam team VEs will give that
person a certificate called a `CSCE`.  It shows that the person qualifies for
`General privileges` on the air.  When using the new frequency privileges, the
person must `identify` their station with the `Technician call sign`, a `slant
mark` and the letters `"AG"` until the new General license is received.~
What should be the `peak-inverse-voltage rating` of the rectifier in a `full-
wave` power supply?~
Approximately how long is each side of a `cubical-quad` antenna `driven element`
for `21.4 MHz`?~
A `monitoring oscilloscope` may be connected to the RF output of a
`transmitter` to show you an image of the transmitter's signal on the
oscilloscope.  It's easy to check the `signal quality` of the `transmitter` by
comparing the oscilloscope's image to a picture of a good signal.~
The main idea behind using a `speech processor` with a `single-sideband phone`
transmitter is to raise the average power level of the SSB signal.  This
`improves signal intelligibility` by limiting transmitter power on stronger
audio signals and putting more power behind weaker audio signals.~
A.90 degrees~
If propagation changes during your contact and you notice increasing
`interference` from other activity `on the same frequency`, what should you do?~
front-to-back ratio, Yagi, power, major radiation lobe, opposite direction~
D.For a dip in plate current~
D.Approximately 5 times~
What is meant by `flattopping` in a `single-sideband phone` transmission?~
No frequency restrictions just for `General class` operators in the `12-meter
band`!  The entire `24890 - 24990 kHz` range may be used by General, Advanced
and Extra class hams.  When the sunspot count is high, this band is great
for contacts in other countries.~
D.`Balanced modulator`~
B.83.3 ohms~
Which type of station may transmit `one-way communications`?~
A.A `monitoring oscilloscope`~
two-way communication, secret code, never~
D.S9 plus 10 dB~
B.1.4 times the AC frequency~
B.To ensure that the current through each diode is about the same~
The FCC has a big job monitoring all the airwaves in the US.  To help them
monitor the ham frequencies for rules violations, they are aided by amateur
volunteers known as the `Amateur Auxiliary`.  These hams help other hams to
stay in `compliance` with the rules and practice `self-regulation`.~
A.A measure of solar activity that is taken annually~
C.A `5-bit code`, with additional `start and stop bits`~
D.1825 - 1900 kHz~
A.5 to 50 Hz~
If a `single-sideband phone` transmitter is `100% modulated`, what will a `speech
processor` do to the transmitter's power?~
A.A 7-bit code, with start, stop and parity bits~
NOT prohibited, retransmission of space shuttle communications~
scatter propagation, HF, frequencies above the maximum usable frequency~
Why isn't frequency modulated (`FM`) phone used `below 29.5 MHz`?~
A.80 meters~
B.The frequency shift must not exceed 15 Hz per WPM of keying speed~
C.`14.1 MHz`~
D.10~
D.S9 plus 5 dB~
General class, 160-meter band, 1800 - 2000 kHz~
B.`Increase` by approximately `one S unit`~
B.At night~
C.Change to a different frequency so the station in distress may have a
clear channel to call for assistance~
The length (in feet) of a driven element for a `Yagi` antenna is calculated
by the formula 462 / frequency (in MHz).  The `director element` nearest the
driven element is usually about 5% shorter than the driven element.  So, for
a `21.1 MHz` antenna, the driven element would be 462 / 21.1, or 21.90 feet.
A `director element` 5% shorter would be about `21 feet` long.~
D.A Novice station should not be operated on 7250 kHz, even with a General
control operator~
When radio waves are bent by the ionosphere and return to earth, the waves
don't all return to the same spot.  Especially on `HF frequencies above the
maximum usable frequency`, some of the signal energy may be scattered over a
large area via several radio-wave paths.  This effect is called `scatter
propagation`.~
The `14025 - 14150 kHz and 14225 - 14350 kHz` range of the `20-meter band` (for
`General class` hams) is good for both day and night communications.  It's the
most popular HF band around the world, and in the US only `General class`
operators and above may use it.  One of the biggest reasons Novice and
Technician operators upgrade to `General class` is so they can use this band.~
C.Polar-region and equatorial emissions~
A.Multiplex modulation~
A.Try a `higher frequency`~
B.When the load resistance is infinite~
A.The number of directors versus the number of reflectors~
A.60 watts~
C.35 feet~
D.`5:1`~
B.To make exact drawings of signal waveforms~
D.40 Meters~
A.Any additional test questions needed for the licensing of amateur
emergency communications workers~
Where is a power-supply `bleeder resistor connected`?~
160-meter signal, 2-meter signal, attenuation, greater at 2 meters~
B.At midnight during the summer~
C.They are not permitted because they obscure the meaning of a message to
FCC monitoring stations~
B.Vacuum variable~
A single-sideband phone superheterodyne `receiver` amplifies signals from an
antenna with an RF amplifier, then combines this with a local oscillator
signal in a mixer and sends it to the `IF filter`.  An `IF amplifier` sends the
output `to the detector` where it is mixed with a beat frequency oscillator
(BFO).  The detected audio is sent to the AF amplifier hooked to a speaker.~
What `unit` is used to measure `reactance`?~
precaution, parabolic dish, no one can activate the transmitter~
A.8.75 feet~
D.35 feet~
Which of the following would `NOT disqualify` an external RF power amplifier
from being granted `FCC type acceptance`?~
C.Minimum grid current~
frequency separation, 10-meter, repeater, 100 kHz~
B.It will stay the same~
frequency limits, 12-meter band, phone emissions, 24930 - 24990 kHz~
D.Improved chances of UHF ducting~
D.Messages of any type, but only if the foreign country has a third-party
communications agreement with the US~
D.2120 watts~
D.A special identifier is not required as long as your General class
license application has been filed with the FCC~
What kind of amateur station `automatically retransmits` the signals of other
stations?~
B.The opposition to the flow of AC in a circuit containing only capacitance~
In a transformer, the `impedance` of the primary windings equals the
`impedance` of the secondary windings multiplied by the square of the `turns
ratio`.  If the transformer is to match a `600-ohm impedance` to a `4-ohm
impedance`, the formula would be 600 = 4 x (turns ratio squared).  Written
another way, turns ratio = square root(600 / 4), or `12.2 to 1`.~
C.A sidetone monitor~
peak-inverse-voltage, rectifier, maximum voltage, non-conducting direction~
C.VCO~
C.Ampere~
C.8 kHz~
D.An `oscilloscope`~
C.A multimeter~
sideband, 20-meter phone, upper~
signal fading, follow different paths, multipath interference~
D.It `improves signal intelligibility` at the receiver~
B.16.6 feet~
shorter, parasitic, 0.1 wavelength, radiation pattern, toward the parasitic~
A.A `minimum change in grid current` as the output circuit is changed~
`External RF power amplifiers` designed to operate below what frequency may
require `FCC type acceptance`?~
What is the `Amateur Auxiliary` to the FCC's Field Operations Bureau?~
What measurement can be made of a `single-sideband` phone transmitter's
amplifier by performing a `two-tone test` using an oscilloscope?~
C.It removes shock hazards from the induction coils~
B.1200 Hz and 2400 Hz tones must be used~
A superheterodyne receiver amplifies an `input signal` from an antenna with
an RF amplifier, then `combines` this with a local `oscillator signal` in a
`mixer` and sends it to an intermediate frequency (`IF`) filter stage.  A
detector mixes the `IF` signal with a beat frequency oscillator (BFO) and
sends the detected audio to an AF amplifier which drives a speaker.~
B.`Elements 1A and 2`~
A.Whenever you operate using your `new frequency privileges`~
Why is `impedance matching` important?~
A.To measure the noise figure of an antenna or other electrical circuit~
D.`21025 - 21200 kHz and 21300 - 21450 kHz`~
D.The amplifier must not be able to be modified by an amateur operator~
D.A ground loop is an effective way to ground station equipment~
A.S5~
A `random-wire antenna` gets its name from the fact that it's a long wire of
any length, just so it's longer than one wavelength of its signal.   One
`disadvantage`, though, is that unless it's operated on a resonant frequency,
`RF feedback` will occur at its transmitter.~
A `transformer` has a coil called a primary winding and another coil called
a secondary winding.  A source of AC is connected to the primary winding;
this creates a changing magnetic field which causes current to flow in the
secondary winding.  If there is `no load` on the secondary winding, the
`transformer` uses little current, called a `magnetizing current`.~
B.20 amperes~
C.It doesn't need an impedance matching network~
B.Detector~
A.Two harmonically related tones are fed in, and the output is observed on
an oscilloscope~
A.If the antenna is too high, the pattern becomes unpredictable~
What is the total `bandwidth` of an `FM-phone` transmission having a `5-kHz
deviation` and a `3-kHz modulating frequency`?~
director element, Yagi, 21.1 MHz, 21 feet~
In a single-sideband phone superheterodyne `receiver`, what circuit processes
signals from the `IF amplifier` and the `BFO` and sends signals `to the AF
amplifier`?~
D.5.9 volts~
D.It is a `multiband` antenna~
geomagnetic disturbance, change, earth's magnetic field, short period~
C.A sine wave at half the frequency of the AC input~
changes, frequency, RF wave, frequency modulation~
D.`339.4 volts`~
What type of multiband transmitting antenna `does NOT require a feed line`?~
D.The power radiated in the major radiation lobe compared to the power
radiated 90 degrees away from that direction~
D.VHF station~
B.Ensure that the antenna is as `far away from people` as possible~
A.50%~
B.`150 to 500 Hz`~
B.The use of obscene or indecent words~
If you are the net control station of a daily HF net, what should you do if
the `frequency` on which you normally meet is `in use` just before the net
begins?~
B.The quad has less directivity in the horizontal plane but more
directivity in the vertical plane~
What usually happens to radio waves with `frequencies below the maximum
usable frequency` (MUF) when they are sent into the ionosphere?~
A.90 degrees~
What is the circuit called which causes a transmitter to `automatically
transmit` when an `operator speaks` into its microphone?~
At what point in the `solar cycle` does the `20-meter band` usually support
`worldwide propagation` during daylight hours?~
B.1000 watts PEP output~
D.`7150 - 7300 kHz`~
C.Order all stations across the country to stop transmitting at once~
A.10.99 feet~
C.When it is transmitted on frequencies above 1215 MHz~
C.A `difference` between `feed-line` impedance and `antenna` feed-point `impedance`~
D.14150 - 14300 kHz~
B.21.1 MHz~
A.Once you have notified the FCC that you want to give an examination~
D.10.5 feet~
Peak envelope power (`PEP`) is the highest average power a transmitter can
produce measured across a `resistive load`, i.e. its maximum average power.
Power is calculated by P=ExI and I=E/R, so P=ExE/R.  We want average voltage
for E to get average power, so we divide `peak load voltage` by the square
root of 2.  So, ExE/R is `[(0.707 PEV)(0.707 PEV)] / RL`.~
D.When communicating on `frequencies above the maximum usable frequency`
(MUF)~
C.Selective Interference~
B.Half the normal output voltage of the power supply~
What is the best instrument to use to check the `signal quality` of a CW or
single-sideband phone `transmitter`?~
A.`Declare a temporary state of communication emergency`~
D.`144 MHz`~
B.It should not be installed in a wet area~
RF energy, heats the tissue~
What is the typical cause of `power` being `reflected back` down an antenna feed
line?~
A.8.5 volts~
A.84.8 volts~
What is a good way to get `maximum performance` from a `Yagi` antenna?~
This question is simpler than it looks:  Since 28.0 - 29.5 MHz is off
limits to repeater transmitters, a `10-meter repeater` must transmit somewhere
in the 29.5 - 29.7 MHz range.  Only General, Advanced and Extra Class
operators may use this section of the band, so a `control operator` of a
`10-meter repeater` must therefore hold a `General class license` or better.~
C.An oscilloscope~
B.Reactance modulator~
C.To coordinate repeaters for efficient and orderly spectrum usage~
C.`28`~
A.To `practice` orderly and efficient `operations` for the civil defense
organization they serve~
B.`1200 miles`~
B.`Element 1A only`~
C.`10100 - 10150 kHz`~
C.Frequency modulation~
HF scatter signals, a wavering sound~
In a `parallel circuit`, the current that flows through the whole circuit
`equals` the `sum` of the current that flows through each branch.  If the
circuit is several resistors in parallel, adding the `current through each
resistor` gives the `total current` in the `parallel circuit`.~
In a `three-element Yagi` antenna, the center element is called the driven
element because it is connected to the transmitter.  On each side of the
driven element there are two parasitic (unpowered) elements:  On one side is
the reflector, which is slightly longer than the driven element, and on the
other side is the `director`, the `shortest parasitic element`.~
B.Novice only~
`RTTY` characters are sent using binary (0 and 1) codes.  `Frequency shift`
keying (FSK) is used to send the 0s and 1s.  An RF carrier is switched
between two frequencies, the lower frequency is usually the 0 and a higher
frequency is usually the 1.  The difference between the two frequencies is
called the `frequency shift` and is usually `170 Hz` on the `HF bands`.~
field-strength meter, relative RF output~
D.Intermediate interference~
Technician, CSCE, General privileges, identify, call sign, slant mark, "AG"~
What is the `peak-inverse-voltage` rating of a power-supply `rectifier`?~
What type of modulation system `changes` the `frequency` of an `RF wave` for the
purpose of conveying information?~
How many watts are being dissipated when `7.0 milliamperes` flow through `1.25
kilohms`?~
maximum usable frequency, 22 MHz, successful contact, 15 meters~
If you were making `repairs` to an `antenna` and the `transmitter` connected to
it was switched on, you could get a bad RF burn.  Two good `precautions` you
could take to prevent this from happening would be to `turn off` the
`transmitter` and `disconnect` its `feed line` to the `antenna`.~
C.According to the National Electrical Code, there should be only one
grounding system in a building~
B.A 7-bit code in which each character has four mark and three space bits~
C.To smooth the output waveform~
An `half-wave rectifier conducts` only the positive-going pulses of an AC
voltage and does not conduct the negative-going pulses.  So, for `each cycle`
of AC, the positive half of the cycle (the first `180 degrees`) is passed
through as a positive pulse, then for the negative half of the cycle (the
second 180 degrees), nothing happens.~
A.Mode AM and Mode TR~
C.An operator must activate a manual send/receive switch before and after
every transmission~
A.The polarization~
C.Elements 2 and 3A~
C.Propagation through ground waves absorbs most of the signal energy~
D.Multiplier~
D.There are `no limitations` during an emergency~
A.24890 - 24990 kHz~
D.Conduct the net on a frequency `3 to 5 kHz away` from the regular net
frequency~
D.They are effective only when constructed using insulated wire~
The frequency of `7080 kHz` is outside the Novice section of the 40-meter
band, so the `maximum transmitting power` here is the maximum allowed to
amateurs, or `1500 watts PEP output`.~
Hams have always been known for their courtesy on the air.  Whether you're
a net control station or just trying to keep a schedule with a friend, if
the `frequency` you want to use is `in use`, just move `3 to 5 kHz away`.  That
way you won't interfere, but the station(s) listening for you can find you
nearby.~
A.2:1~
What type of `capacitor` is often used in `power-supply` circuits to `filter` the
`rectified AC`?~
C.The `bandwidth` would `exceed FCC limits`~
The length (in feet) of a `reflector element` for a `symmetrical delta-loop`
antenna is calculated by the formula 1030 / frequency (in MHz).  So, for a
`14.1 MHz` antenna, this means 1030 / 14.1, or 73.05 feet.  In a symmetrical
delta-loop antenna, each leg is 1/3 the total length, so 73.05 / 3 is about
`24.35 feet`.~
Even though a `ground wire` may be well grounded at one end, it still has RF
energy traveling through it.  If it's long enough to be a `resonant length`
for the frequency you're using, it `acts more like an antenna` than a `ground
wire` and can give you an `RF burn` if you touch it or the equipment connected
to it.~
A.Element 2 only~
D.To reduce the possibility of electric shock~
A.So they will be dried by the wind after a heavy rain storm~
D.All paths are affected equally~
B.It is connected between a transmitter and an antenna and is tuned for
minimum SWR~
Mainly due to changing solar activity, the ionosphere constantly changes
the way it bends radio signals.  The highest frequency it will bend back to
earth is called the `maximum usable frequency` (MUF).  If you want to make a
`successful contact` and the MUF is `22 MHz`, then you'll have to use `15 meters`
(21 MHz) or a lower band so your signal will be bent back to earth.~
C.The feed line must be cut to an even number of physical half-wavelengths
long~
A.The direction of least radiation from an antenna~
When voltage is applied to a `capacitor`, an electrostatic field is created
within it.  At first current flow is high while the field is being built up,
but as the field reaches full buildup, it opposes any more current flow.
Since AC voltage constantly increases and decreases, a `capacitor` is
constantly in `opposition` to the `flow of AC`; this is called `reactance`.~
feed-point impedance, ground-plane, radials, downward-sloping, increases~
What is the reason for `neutralizing` the final `amplifier` stage of a
transmitter?~
A dipole's `radiation pattern` can be made more directional than its normal
figure-eight pattern by placing another `shorter` conductor (called a
`parasitic` element) just `0.1 wavelength` away from it.  This will change the
pattern so that more signal will be radiated `toward the parasitic` element
and less in the opposite direction.~
Which `sideband` is commonly used for `20-meter phone` operation?~
A.High-value~
D.2500 watts~
20-meter band, AMTOR operations, near 14.075 MHz~
changes, amplitude, RF wave, amplitude modulation~
C.Any special conditions requiring the use of non-commercial power systems~
Approximately how long is the `driven element` of a `Yagi` antenna for `14.0 MHz`?~
Unlike Mode A (ARQ) AMTOR which sends three data characters and then
listens for a response to acknowledge good reception, `Mode B (FEC) AMTOR`
just sends each data character twice, then goes on to the next character
without stopping.  This requires a `100% duty cycle` for the `transmitter`.~
D.It will become time dependent~
D.270 degrees~
C.The quad has `more directivity` in both `horizontal` and `vertical planes`~
B.`200 watts`~
C.100 ohms~
The length (in feet) of a `driven element` for a `symmetrical delta-loop`
antenna is calculated by the formula 1005 / frequency (in MHz).  So, for a
`24.9 MHz` antenna, this means 1005 / 24.9, or 40.36 feet.  In a symmetrical
delta-loop antenna, each leg is 1/3 the total length, so 40.36 / 3 is about
`13.45 feet`.~
B.Harmonics could not be attenuated to practical levels~
C.They are analog communications~
C.1500 watts PEP output~
C.Telecommand station~
decrease, power, 3 dB, divide, by 2~
C.`24930 - 24990 kHz`~
A.Because of a lack of activity~
A.None~
D.2000 watts PEP output~
indoor antenna, far away from people~
What `written examination` elements may you `prepare` if you hold a `General
class` license?~
B.A beat frequency oscillator~
If you're listening to music on a `non-amateur station` (for instance at home
or while driving in your car) and you want to make a call using your amateur
station, `turn down` the `background audio` of the music so it isn't picked up
by your microphone and retransmitted on the ham bands.~
D.Siemens~
What are the `frequency limits` within the `12-meter band` for `phone emissions`?~
C.Mica~
The formula for the `standing-wave ratio` (SWR) of a `feed line` connected to
an `antenna` is very simple:  It's the larger impedance divided by the smaller
impedance.  So, for a `200-ohm antenna` fed by a `50-ohm feed line`, the SWR
would be 200:50, or `4:1`.~
C.Approximately 6 kHz~
B.Elements 1A and 2~
D.The source delivers `maximum power` to the load~
SWR bandwidth, parasitic beam, increased, larger diameter elements~
frequency limits, 160-meter band, 1800 - 2000 kHz~
A.`12.2 to 1`~
What are the frequency limits for `General class` operators in the `10-meter
band`?~
C.Those near the equator~
C.Frequencies up to `40 MHz` or higher are normally usable for `long-distance
communication`~
D.Simpler equipment can be used to receive a double-sideband suppressed-
carrier signal~
A.`24890 - 24990 kHz`~
Once you have a `General class` license, you may `prepare` and administer exams
for both Novice and Technician class licenses.  This means element 1A only
for the telegraphy examination and `elements 2 and 3A` for the `written
examination`.~
When selecting a `single-sideband phone` transmitting frequency, what minimum
`frequency separation` from a contact in progress should you allow (between
suppressed carriers) to `minimize interference`?~
B.`Acknowledge` the station in distress and determine its `location` and what
`assistance` may be needed~
maximum usable frequency, 28-MHz propagation, 10-meter beacon~
B.1:4~
B.600 kHz~
The reason for using `high-gain antennas` is to concentrate transmitted `RF
energy` in a certain direction.  If these antennas are not placed `higher than
nearby structures`, then they might accidentally be turned toward the
structure and send concentrated `RF energy` into it and possibly harm someone.~
A.17 feet~
B.`250 to 500 Hz`~
B.IF filter~
B.As the amplitude of the applied AC increases, the reactance increases~
What is the `maximum transmitting power` an amateur station may use on `3690
kHz`?~
A.Messages for which the amateur operator is paid~
C.Divide the original power by 3~
C.False or deceptive messages or signals~
A.3500 - 3750 kHz~
`Bypass capacitors` are used in circuits where you want block high-frequency
AC but let DC or low-frequency AC pass through.  If you want to `eliminate
audio-frequency interference` in a home stereo set, try installing `bypass
capacitors` in line with the power cord.  This will let low-frequency AC
power pass through, but will block higher frequencies.~
B.Its circuitry is simpler~
B.Reluctance~
D.`Multiplier`~
A.Reduce your output power and start the net as usual~
A.Continue your communication because you were on frequency first~
A.42 feet~
C.Approximately 3 kHz~
C.Any two audio tones may be used, but they must be within the transmitter
audio passband, and must be harmonically related~
Why is the `F2 region` mainly responsible for the `longest-distance` radio-wave
`propagation`?~
A.Mixer~
It's very important for a `ground-mounted vertical` antenna to have a good
ground system.  Since the soil around such an antenna is rarely a good
conductor, `radial wires` are usually laid down on several sides branching
away from the antenna, either `on the surface` or `buried` just deep enough so
they won't be in the way.~
A.The amplifier must not be able to amplify a 28-MHz signal to more than
ten times the input power~
A.Approximately 2 times~
D.The minimum length for a good ground rod is 8 feet~
Mainly due to changing solar activity, the ionosphere constantly changes
the way it bends radio signals.  The highest frequency it will bend back to
earth is called the `maximum usable frequency` (MUF).  If you want to make a
`successful contact` and the MUF is `17 MHz`, then you'll have to use `20 meters`
(14 MHz) or a lower band so your signal will be bent back to earth.~
A.They are multipath communications~
What is an `azimuthal map`?~
When radio waves are bent by the ionosphere and return to earth, the waves
don't all return to the same spot.  Some of the signal energy is scattered
back to the earth in a range `too far for ground-wave` propagation but `too
near for normal sky-wave propagation`.  `Scatter` signals are usually weak and
sound distorted instead of remaining steady.~
Approximately how long is each leg of a `symmetrical delta-loop` antenna
`reflector element` for `14.1 MHz`?~
B.`On the surface` or `buried` a few inches below the ground~
If you measure and then plot the field strength around a `half-wavelength
dipole`, you'll see that its radiation `pattern` looks like a `figure-eight`.  A
dipole sends most of its energy out in all directions along its length, but
not at its ends, so the `pattern` isn't a circle, but resembles a `figure-eight
at right angles` to the antenna.~
A.Balanced modulator~
A.Use `larger diameter elements`~
C.`Two non-harmonically related tones` are fed in, and the output is observed
on an oscilloscope~
D.None, only areas on the night side of the earth are affected~
C.When the F1 and F2 regions are combined~
A.1.17 feet~
A transmitter which uses `amplitude modulation` outputs an RF signal centered
on one frequency (a carrier), but the signal's power is constantly changed
in step with the amplitude shape (`envelope`) of the `modulating audio`.~
A.It decreases~
A `random-wire antenna` gets its name from the fact that it's a long wire of
any length, just so it's longer than one wavelength of its signal.  It `does
NOT require a feed line` because one end of it simply connects to the
transmitter and the other end is suspended in the air.~
DC voltage, equal, sine-wave AC voltage, heat, resistive element, RMS value~
C.AWG number 14~
D.40.36 feet~
power-supply, filter network, capacitors, inductors~
When are `codes or ciphers` permitted in `two-way international` amateur
communications?~
D.The peak value~
C.A major lobe will develop in the vertical plane, away from the ground~
station grounding, RF hot spots, long ground wire~
B.To avoid changes to the antenna feed-point impedance~
D.`16 kHz`~
What can be done at an amateur station to continue `communications` during a
`sudden ionospheric disturbance`?~
A `dipole antenna` sends its energy out in all directions along its length,
both in the `horizontal` and `vertical planes`.  A `cubical quad` antenna has much
`more directivity`; it sends out most of its energy in only one direction, not
scattering it over the `horizontal` and `vertical planes`.~
D.As the amplitude of the applied AC increases, the reactance decreases~
C.Two General class or higher VEs must be present, but only one need be VEC
accredited~
symmetrical delta-loop, driven element, 28.7 MHz, 11.7 feet~
C.To ensure that RACES members are able to conduct tests and drills~
B.Auroral activity absorbs most of the signal energy~
One problem with a vacuum-tube power `amplifier` is that capacitance between
the electrodes inside a tube can result in positive `feedback`.  This causes
the `amplifier` to oscillate instead of amplify.  The `amplifier` may be
`neutralized` by using a `negative feedback` circuit to cancel oscillation.~
C.It disrupts communications via satellite more than direct communications~
What can be the effect of a major `geomagnetic storm` on radio-wave
propagation?~
An `oscilloscope` moves a spot of light on a cathode ray tube (CRT) both up
and down and right and left according to changing voltages on its vertical
and horizontal input channels.  It can show very small voltage changes using
`horizontal- and vertical-channel amplifiers` to amplify the changes enough to
be seen.~
B.Only when the local RACES net is activated~
B.It will significantly decrease the antenna feed-point impedance~
B.Be sure to `turn off` the `transmitter` and `disconnect` the `feed line`~
C.It `will change` depending on the resistor's `temperature coefficient rating`~
C.`26.7 volts`~
What is the low-angle radiation `pattern` of an ideal `half-wavelength dipole`
HF antenna installed parallel to the earth?~
A.The density of the sun's magnetic field~
A.Locate the antennas close to your operating position to minimize feed-
line length~
C.To increase the property value through increased security awareness~
B.7025 - 7175 kHz and 7225 - 7300 kHz~
C.`As high as possible` to `prevent` people from coming in `contact` with the
antenna~
A.50 ohms~
D.BFO~
D.Frequencies `above 20 MHz`~
C.It eliminates AC hum from the power supply~
B.To check the output modulation of a transmitter~
D.60 amperes~
B.dB/1000 ft~
B.24890 - 24930 kHz~
A.Braid from RG-213 coaxial cable makes a good conductor to tie station
equipment together into a station ground~
In an electric circuit, `impedance` is a measure of the `opposition to the
flow of AC` (alternating current).  It is measured in ohms and is the sum of
the circuit's resistance and reactance.  Resistance is the opposition to any
current flow and reactance is the opposition to AC caused by inductors and
capacitors.~
C.1825 - 2000 kHz~
A.The antenna feed point must be at DC ground potential~
B.`50` and `75 ohms`~
increasing, boom length, adding directors, Yagi, gain increases~
B.3700 - 3750 kHz~
The length (in feet) of a driven element for a `Yagi` antenna is calculated
by the formula 462 / frequency (in MHz).  The `reflector element` is usually
about 5% longer than the driven element.  So, for a `28.1 MHz` antenna, the
driven element would be 462 / 28.1, or 16.44 feet.  A `reflector element` 5%
longer would be about `17.5 feet`.~
microphone gain, single-sideband phone, slight movement, ALC meter~
D.2 meters~
D.Topographical~
D.300 feet~
Yagi, wide element spacing, high gain, wider bandwidth~
If a `disaster` disrupts normal communications in your area, what may the `FCC`
do?~
C.400 watts~
frequency limits, 20-meter band, image emissions, 14150 - 14350 kHz~
A.To avoid skewing the radiation pattern~
CW transceivers which can quickly switch on the receiver between
transmitted CW `key pulses` are used for `full break-in telegraphy`.  This
allows a receiving operator to break in and interrupt the sending operator
who is listening for interrupting `signals received between` each dit or dah
being sent.~
precautions, repairs, microwave, power source is disconnected~
C.47 feet~
capacitor, power-supply, filter, transient voltage spikes, suppressor~
`Power` is calculated by multiplying current times voltage, or P=IxE.  So,
with a voltage of `12-VDC` and a current of `0.2 amperes`, P=0.2 x 12, or `2.4
watts`.~
C.21025 - 21150 kHz and 21275 - 21450 kHz~
maximum performance, Yagi, optimize, lengths, spacing, elements~
A.It should not be installed higher than you can reach~
C.Amplitude compandored~
What is one way to determine if the `maximum usable frequency` (MUF) is high
enough to support `28-MHz propagation` between your station and western
Europe?~
C.Point the dish away from the sun so it doesn't concentrate solar energy
on you~
How can you `decrease` your transmitter's `power` by `3 dB`?~
A.It reduces average transmitter power requirements~
B.It occupies less bandwidth with poor high-frequency response~
D.`Frequency modulation`~
C.`S9`~
`Rectifier diodes` should each be protected by a `resistor` and a `capacitor`
wired in parallel.  Equalizing resistors on each diode protect the diode
with the most inverse voltage resistance from being destroyed by unequal
`voltage drops` across the other diodes, while capacitors protect each diode
from transient `voltage spikes` which may come from the AC line.~
A.`Single-sideband`~
D.Adjust your transceiver noise blanker~
C.It causes blood flow to stop~
disaster, FCC, declare a temporary state of communication emergency~
A.The playing of music~
D.500 and 750 ohms~
C.The `power` radiated in the `major` radiation `lobe` compared to the power
radiated in exactly the `opposite direction`~
peak-inverse-voltage rating, full-wave, double, peak output voltage~
What is a `geomagnetic disturbance`?~
B.It reduces unwanted noise pickup from the microphone~
B.`Opposition to AC` caused by `inductors and capacitors`~
As a `power amplifier` is tuned, what reading on its grid-current meter
indicates the best `neutralization`?~
A.It is connected at an antenna's feed point and reads the antenna's noise
figure~
impedance, coaxial cables, amateur, 50, 75 ohms~
maximum usable frequency, similar condition, days later, 28~
What `precaution` should you take whenever you make adjustments to the feed
system of a `parabolic dish` antenna?~
When radio waves are bent by the ionosphere and return to earth, the waves
don't all return to the same spot.  Some of the signal energy is scattered
over a large area via several radio-wave paths.  If you hear `HF scatter
signals` from a distant station, you'll hear `a wavering sound` instead of a
steady signal.~
What is the `frequency deviation` for a `12.21-MHz` reactance-modulated
oscillator in a `5-kHz deviation`, `146.52-MHz FM`-phone transmitter?~
B.As close to the transmitter as possible so RF energy will be concentrated
near the transmitter~
Hams have always been known for their `courtesy` on the air.  If you're
talking with a friend and a net control station lets you know that a `net is
about to begin` on your frequency, be courteous and `move to a different
frequency` (maybe 3 to 5 kHz away) so you don't interfere with net
operations.~
Which of the following `standards` must be met if `FCC type acceptance` of an
external RF amplifier is required?~
D.3775 - 3825 kHz~
The best type of `map` to use when `orienting a directional HF antenna` toward
some location is an `azimuthal map`.  It is drawn centered on a particular
location, say the middle of the United States.  The `map` shows compass
directions from its center to other countries and states, exactly the way an
antenna would be aimed if it was at the center location.~
D.In accordance with procedures set forth by the International Amateur
Radio Union~
combines, input signal, oscillator signal, IF, mixer~
maximum transmitting power, 7080 kHz, 1500 watts PEP output~
A.Breaking stations send the Morse code prosign BK~
When does `scatter propagation` on the `HF` bands most often occur?~
C.`13.45 feet`~
B.Because the transceiver's heat-sensing circuit is not working to start
the cooling fan~
A.To limit the modulation index~
When may you participate as an administering Volunteer Examiner (`VE`) for a
`Novice license examination`?~
`RMS` (root-mean-square) voltage may be calculated by dividing the peak
voltage of sine-wave AC by the square root of 2.  So, if a sine-wave AC
voltage of `17 volts peak` is given, the formula would be `RMS` = 17 / 1.414, or
`12 volts`.~
The FCC has a big job monitoring all the airwaves in the US.  To help them
`monitor` the ham frequencies for `rules violations`, they are aided by amateur
`volunteers` known as the `Amateur Auxiliary`.  These hams help other hams to
stay in compliance with the rules and practice self-regulation.~
D.At noon during the winter~
D.`Reactance`~
C.10125 - 10150 kHz~
C.Equal to the normal output voltage of the power supply~
In any antenna, including a `parasitic beam`, using `larger diameter elements`
for the antenna decreases the Q of the antenna.  The `SWR bandwidth` of the
antenna will then be `increased`, or in other words, the range of frequencies
where the antenna will have good SWR and good performance will be increased.~
frequency shift, RTTY, HF bands, 170 Hz~
D.The transmitter's carrier is properly suppressed~
B.The size and composition of grounding conductors~
A `single-sideband phone` transmitter uses amplitude modulation:  The power
of an RF signal is constantly changed in step with the amplitude shape
(envelope) of the modulating audio.  If the RF signal is overmodulated by an
`excessive drive` signal, it will use more bandwidth than it should and a
`signal distortion` known as `flattopping` will occur.~
C.7100 - 7150 kHz~
C.PEP = (Vp)(Vp)(RL)~
D.A map that shows the number of degrees longitude that an amateur
satellite appears to move westward at the equator with each orbit~
four-conductor line, attached to fuses, 240-VAC primary, black and red~
B.Try the other sideband~
A.To reduce the `cost` of operating a station~
C.It increases the radiation angle~
B.It would be used to increase the SWR to an acceptable level~
A.Approximately `61 milliwatts`~
A.It becomes louder with no other effects~
What `standing-wave-ratio` will result from the connection of a `50-ohm feed
line` to a resonant `antenna` having a `50-ohm` feed-point impedance?~
B.It brings the feed-point impedance closer to 300 ohms~
C.It helps `reduce interference from other stations` off to the side or
behind~
B.90 degrees~
D.A major lobe will develop in the horizontal plane, `toward the parasitic`
element~
B.It `cancels` the effects of `positive feedback`~
A `field-strength meter` is used to measure `relative RF output`, say from an
antenna.  You could find out the antenna's horizontal radiation pattern by
reading the `field-strength meter` at different places around the antenna and
plotting the results on paper.~
A.One-quarter the normal output voltage of the power supply~
A.Upper~
C.They are completely absorbed by the ionosphere~
What are the `frequency limits` within the `15-meter band` for `image emissions`?~
A.Tell the interfering stations to change frequency, since you were there
first~
capacitor, opposition, flow of AC, reactance~
B.A triband Yagi antenna~
Why is an `electronic TR switch` preferable to a mechanical one?~
Just remember that 10 MHz is the upper/lower `sideband` dividing line which
amateurs have used for years.  Below 10 MHz, use lower `sideband` and above 10
MHz, use `upper`.  Since `20-meter phone` begins above 10 MHz (at 14.150 MHz),
`upper sideband` is used.~
pattern, half-wavelength dipole, figure-eight, at right angles~
D.They are only for emergency communications~
D.Double~
A.500 watts~
B.Listen for signals on the 20-meter beacon frequency~
A.Subaudible- and audio-frequency emissions~
maximum transmitting power, 3690 kHz, 200 watts PEP output~
The `Yagi` is a directional antenna, meaning that it receives signals best
from one direction.  This helps to `reduce interference from other stations`
coming from other directions, so a `Yagi` antenna is `often used` in the crowded
`20-meter band`.~
C.Phase-rectification modulation~
B.They perform poorly above HF~
B.Half the normal output voltage of the power supply~
C.23.4 feet~
relative RF output, field-strength meter~
A.`200 watts PEP output`~
B.Speak closer to the microphone to increase your signal strength~
precaution, ground-mounted antenna, no one can come in contact~
What is the output waveform of an `unfiltered full-wave rectifier` connected
to a resistive load?~
D.To protect the antenna from lightning damage and provide a good ground
system for the installation~
B.It `increases`~
C.The compass direction opposite that of a distant station~
B.`Scatter`~
D.To acquaint members of RACES with other members they may meet in an
emergency~
D.170 Hz~
D.Ground and shield the local telephone distribution amplifier~
In the past, a mechanical TR ("Transmit and Receive") switch was used to
switch an antenna between a transmitter and a receiver.  Modern equipment
uses an `electronic TR switch` with a higher operating speed.  The switch is
connected `between the transmitter and low-pass filter` feeding the antenna on
one side, and between the receiver and the filter on the other side.~
If you operate your amateur station with `indoor antennas`, what `precautions`
should you take when you install them?~
C.Admittance~
D.The quad has less directivity in both horizontal and vertical planes~
music, transmitted, amateur station, part of a space shuttle retransmission~
electronic TR switch, between the transmitter and low-pass filter~
In a `double-sideband phone` transmitter, both sidebands of an amplitude
modulated signal are amplified.  If `carrier suppression` is used, `more power`
can go `into the sidebands` than if the carrier is transmitted instead of
being suppressed.~
All forms of `digital communications` send information bits via on/off, 1/0,
(binary) signals.  Although `RTTY`, `Morse code`, `AMTOR` and `packet` modes all use
different groupings of on and off, 1s and 0s to represent different letters,
numbers and punctuation, they all use `digital communications` to send the
data.~
A.To conduct efficient and orderly amateur licensing examinations~
Be careful on some of these `maximum transmitting power` questions!  The
frequency of `10.140 MHz` is in the 30-meter band, which has a `maximum
transmitting power` limit of `200 watts PEP output` across the whole band.~
emergency, power output, in distress, no limitations~
D.360 degrees~
A.You must give your call sign and the location of the VE examination where
you obtained the CSCE~
B.Messages that are not religious, political, or patriotic in nature~
An `S-meter` may be used to compare the relative strength of two signals, but
it isn't very accurate or very sensitive.  If an `S-meter` is showing S8 for
a transmitter's signal and `power output` is `increased` by `4 times`, the S-
meter's reading will increase by only one S unit, from `S8 to S9`.~
What kind of input signal is used to test the `amplitude linearity` of a
`single-sideband` phone transmitter while viewing the output on an
oscilloscope?~
B.`11.7 feet`~
D.`High gain`, less critical tuning and `wider bandwidth`~
A.`100 kHz`~
standing-wave-ratio, 50-ohm, feed line, antenna, 200-ohm, 4:1~
D.Position the antennas parallel to electrical power wires to take
advantage of parasitic effects~
D.At least 60 dB~
A.7225 - 7300 kHz~
`Impedance matching` means making the impedance (AC resistance) of a `load`
equal to the impedance of a power `source`.  If the impedance of a power
`source` does not match the impedance of its `load`, some amount power will be
wasted as heat instead of being delivered to the `load`.  So, if the `source`
and `load` impedances are equal, `maximum power` will be sent to the `load`.~
C.Approximately 11 milliwatts~
What is the most common` frequency shift` for `RTTY` emissions in the amateur `HF
bands`?~
One problem with vacuum-tube power `amplifiers` is that capacitance between
the electrodes inside a tube can result in positive feedback.  This causes
the amplifier to oscillate instead of amplify.  Proper `neutralization` using
a negative feedback circuit will `cancel oscillation`.  Good adjustment is
shown by a minimum change in grid current while the output circuit changes.~
C.During internationally declared emergencies~
C.`21200 - 21450 kHz`~
frequency deviation, 12.21-MHz, 5-kHz deviation, 146.52-MHz, FM, 416.7 Hz~
General class operators can't use all of the `14150 - 14350 kHz` allowed for
`image emissions` in the `20-meter band`, so watch out.  The `image emissions`
questions in this section are tricky!  No mention of General class is made,
so all classes of license are meant, not just General class.  Don't get
mixed up and choose the General class `frequency limits`.~
Even though a `long ground wire` may be well grounded at one end, it still
has RF energy traveling through it.  If it's long enough to be a resonant
length for the frequency you're using, it acts more like an antenna than a
ground wire and can develop `RF hot spots` which may give you an RF burn.
`Station grounding` should be done with the shortest ground wire possible.~
B.Ask the telephone company to install `RFI filters`~
A.Mixer~
A.Only Morse code signals sent on internationally recognized emergency
channels~
D.`One to two times` the normal `peak` output `voltage` of the power supply~
In a `parallel` circuit made up of `two resistors` with the same resistance,
the same amount of current will flow through `each resistor`.  So, if the
current is `1.0-ampere` for the whole circuit, there must be a current of `0.5
ampere` flowing in `each resistor`.~
A `signal tracer` is a small RF amplifier and detector connected to an audio
amplifier and speaker.  RF signals from a circuit under test are sent to the
`signal tracer` and are converted to audio signals.  The operator listens for
signals in each receiver stage and can `identify an inoperative stage` when
the signals are no longer heard.~
Both `inductors and capacitors` have an `opposition to AC` called `reactance`. An
inductor's magnetic field and a capacitor's electrostatic field both oppose
a change in voltage.  `Inductors and capacitors` both oppose AC since AC
voltage constantly changes.~
A decibel (0.1 bels, or 1 dB) is a logarithmic measure of `power` level.  Its
formula is:  1 dB = 10 x log(power level change).  A 1000-times increase in
`power` level would be 10 x log(1000) or 30 dB higher; a 4-times `increase`
(`multiply power by 4`) would be 10 x log(4) or about `6 dB` higher; a two-times
increase would be 10 x log(2) or about 3 dB higher.~
`ASCII` encoding is a modern method for sending teleprinted characters.  Each
letter, number or punctuation mark has a `7-bit code` assigned to it, and
these codes are sent sandwiched between `start, stop and parity bits` marking
the beginning, ending and correct reception of each character.  There is no
shift code needed and both upper and lower case letters may be sent.~
Almost any amateur `transmitter` you can buy commercially is designed to work
with coaxial cables which are `unbalanced` feed lines (this means one side is
connected to ground).  If you use a `balanced` antenna fed with a `balanced
feed line` (sometimes called ladder line), you'll need a `matching network` to
couple the `unbalanced transmitter` output to the `balanced feed line`.~
B.Elements 1A and 2~
A.Operating an antenna at its resonant frequency~
A.The capability of being modified by the operator for use outside the
amateur bands~
7.0 milliamperes, 1.25 kilohms, 61 milliwatts~
maximum output, impedance, load, equal, source~
D.Elements 2, 3A and 3B~
D.469 feet~
When working with `240-VAC primary` (single phase) wiring, the two "hot"
wires of a `four-conductor line` are colored `black and red`.  These two wires
are the only ones that should be `attached to fuses`.  Don't fuse the neutral
(white) wire or the ground (bare) wire!~
C.To reduce interference~
A.Its percent of frequency modulation~
What is the usual input/output `frequency separation` for a `10-meter` station
in `repeater` operation?~
B.It will keep RF energy out of your station~
D.A 5-bit code in which each character has three mark and two space bits~
The `DC voltage` needed to `heat` a `resistive element` is less than the `sine-
wave AC voltage` (measured at its peak) needed to produce the same `heat`.  The
amount of `DC voltage` that produces `heat equal` to the `sine-wave AC voltage` is
called the `RMS value`, or root-mean-square.  It is calculated by dividing the
peak AC voltage by the square root of 2.~
D.2000 watts PEP output~
C.The F1 region of the ionosphere~
A.A `7-bit code`, with additional `start, stop and parity bits`~
D.The `antenna` feed-point `impedance` must be `matched` to the characteristic
impedance of the feed line~
What minimum `examination elements` must an applicant pass for a `Technician`
license?~
What are the `frequency limits` within the `80-meter band` in ITU Region 2 for
`CW emissions`?~
D.`AWG number 12`~
D.A major lobe will develop in the horizontal plane, parallel to the two
elements~
D.`1:1`~
PEP, peak load voltage, resistive load, [(0.707 PEV)(0.707 PEV)] / RL~
How is a `field-strength meter` normally used?~
What is the output `PEP` of an unmodulated carrier transmitter if an `average-
reading wattmeter` connected to the transmitter output indicates `1060 watts`?~
examination elements, Novice, elements 1A and 2~
A transmitter's job is to change (modulate) an `RF wave` so that it can send
information from the transmitter to a receiver at the speed of light.  If
the `RF wave`'s `amplitude changes`, it's called `amplitude modulation`.  If its
phase changes, it's called phase modulation.  If its frequency changes, it's
called frequency modulation.~
capacitor, AC, frequency, increases, reactance decreases~
D.To `identify an inoperative stage` in a receiver~
A.7~
unit, impedance, ohm~
D.It increases D-region absorption~
The FCC has placed a limit of 1 on the number of `external RF power
amplifiers` designed to operate below `144 MHz` which you may build or modify
in one calendar year.  You must apply for a grant of `FCC type acceptance` if
you build or modify more than 1 per year.~
D.Only those means of radiocommunication for which the station is licensed~
C.To monitor `relative RF output`~
B.21150 - 21450 kHz~
D.So they will not direct `RF energy` toward people in nearby structures~
B.Across the power-supply input~
In an electric circuit, `impedance` is a measure of the opposition to the
flow of AC (alternating current).  It's `unit` measure is an `ohm` and is the
sum of the circuit's resistance and reactance.  Resistance is the opposition
to any current flow and reactance is the opposition to AC caused by
inductors and capacitors.~
A.None~
D.90~
B.It `equals` the `sum` of the branch `current through each resistor`~
Why is a `Yagi` antenna `often used` for radio communications on the `20-meter
band`?~
When voltage is applied to a `capacitor`, an electrostatic field is created
within it.  Current flow is high while the field is being built up, but as
the field reaches full buildup, it opposes any more current flow.  This
opposition is called reactance.  If the `AC frequency increases`, the current
changes more often, so the capacitor's `reactance decreases`.~
A.`17.6 feet`~
A.As the `frequency` of the applied AC `increases`, the `reactance decreases`~
B.The `RMS value`~
B.`Region 2`~
Approximately how long is the `director element` of a `Yagi` antenna for `21.1
MHz`?~
frequency limits, 80-meter band, CW emissions, 3500 - 4000 kHz~
Moving the `feed point` of a multielement `quad` antenna from a side parallel to
the ground to a side `perpendicular` to the ground will have what effect?~
A.8.23 feet~
B.The capability of achieving full output power when driven with less than
50 watts~
C.14.150 - 14.225 MHz~
Why should a `resistor` and `capacitor` be wired in parallel with power-supply
`rectifier diodes`?~
influences, communication, beyond ground-wave, solar activity~
B.A grid-dip meter~
A.5%~
indoor antennas, precautions, far away, living spaces~
A.`Three VEC-accredited General class` or higher VEs must be present~
D.Decrease by approximately four S units~
D.No special form of identification is needed~
B.`180 degrees`~
D.Detector~
How does antenna height affect the horizontal (azimuthal) `radiation pattern`
of a horizontal `dipole` HF antenna?~
In what segment of the `20-meter band` do most `RTTY` transmissions take place?~
A.As high as possible above the ground~
longer, parasitic, 0.1 wavelength, radiation pattern, toward the dipole~
D.No messages may be transmitted to foreign countries for third parties~
C.Messages of a `technical` nature or `personal remarks` of relative
unimportance~
C.Never; only official emergency stations may transmit in a disaster~
D.A measure of the tilt of the earth's ionosphere on the side toward the
sun~
B.60 amperes~
C.`24.35 feet`~
D.A large spark produced at switch contacts when an inductor is de-
energized~
D.It allows cleaner output signals~
C.`200 feet`~
C.`Distorted speech` from the transmitter's signals~
B.Approximately `3 kHz`~
D.A signal tracer and an audio amplifier~
B.35 MHz~
C.`100%`~
What is the `maximum transmitting power` an amateur station may use on `21.150
MHz`?~
C.Only at the minimum point of the solar cycle~
A.Mho~
D.56 kilobauds~
D.You must give your call sign and the location of the VE examination where
you obtained the CSCE~
What factors determine the characteristic `impedance` of a `parallel-conductor`
antenna `feed line`?~
If the `power output` of a transmitter is `increased by four times`, how might
a nearby receiver's `S-meter` reading change?~
B.28025 - 29700 kHz~
What is one advantage of `carrier suppression` in a `double-sideband phone`
transmission?~
disaster, FCC, temporary state of communication emergency, special rules~
In a `capacitor`, what causes `opposition` to the `flow of AC`?~
C.3700 - 3750 kHz~
A `field-strength meter` is used to measure relative RF output, say from an
antenna.  You could find out the antenna's `horizontal radiation pattern` by
reading the `field-strength meter` at different places around the antenna and
plotting the results on paper.~
What are the frequency limits for `General class` operators in the `75/80-meter
band` (ITU Region 2)?~
What type of modulation system `changes` the `amplitude` of an `RF wave` for the
purpose of conveying information?~
B.The point of maximum current in a radiating antenna element~
B.They may be used if they `do not obscure the meaning` of a message~
A.`100 watts`~
impedance, flat-ribbon TV-type twinlead, 300 ohms~
If you are a `Technician` licensee with a Certificate of Successful Completion
of Examination (`CSCE`) for `General privileges`, how do you `identify` your
station when transmitting phone emissions on 14.325 MHz?~
D.When it is an incidental `part of a space shuttle retransmission`~
Without a grant of FCC type acceptance, how many `external RF amplifiers` of
a given design capable of operation below 144 MHz may you `build or modify` in
`one calendar year`?~
D.During a declared communications emergency~
A.Resistance~
A.25 and 30 ohms~
B.To encourage amateur `self-regulation` and `compliance` with the rules~
B.3500 - 3525 kHz~
B.100 feet~
power, 12-VDC, 0.2 amperes, 2.4 watts~
C.70.3 feet~
Be courteous to other hams who may already be on the band and transmit your
signal far enough away from theirs so that you `minimize interference` to each
other.  When using `single-sideband phone` on a crowded band, a `frequency
separation` of `3 kHz` between your signal and another is the minimum.  Use a
greater `frequency separation` if band conditions allow.~
1.0-ampere, two, parallel, resistors, each resistor, 0.5 ampere~
D.Low feed-point impedance increases bandwidth~
C.The average value~
B.The relative position of the driven element with respect to the
reflectors and directors~
The `National Electrical Code` contains safety rules for installing all kinds
of electrical wiring, including power wiring and antennas.  `RF exposure
limits` are contained in the ANSI RF protection guide and are `NOT covered` in
the Code.~
B.The feed line must be cut to an odd number of electrical quarter-
wavelengths long~
C.It has a `higher operating speed`~
500-turn secondary, 2250-turn primary, 120 VAC, 26.7 volts~
standards, FCC type acceptance, driven with less than 50 watts~
A.A `guideline` for using different `operating modes` within an amateur band~
A.Opposition to DC caused by resistors~
Approximately how long is each leg of a `symmetrical delta-loop` antenna
`driven element` for `28.7 MHz`?~
D.73.05 feet~
The frequency of `24.950 MHz` is in the 12-meter band which has no special
license class power limits.  The `maximum transmitting power` is therefore the
maximum allowed to amateurs, or `1500 watts PEP output`.~
C.Try a different antenna polarization~
C.No current can flow through the circuit~
In what segment of the `80-meter band` do most `RTTY` transmissions take place?~
A.0.5 watts~
C.Excitation current~
If a `net is about to begin` on a frequency which you and another station are
using, what should you do?~
D.28000 - 29000 kHz~
A.`Upper`~
B.To `eliminate self oscillations`~
D.125%~
C.HF station~
B.24 watts~
The `160-meter band` (sometimes called the "top band") is the lowest-
frequency band that US amateurs, including `General class`, may use.  It
ranges from `1800 - 2000 kHz` and is used mainly at night for around-the-world
communications.  Sometimes nearby electrical storms and man-made noise make
communications on this band difficult.~
When the earth's magnetic field is disturbed by solar particles, `high-
latitude HF propagation` is `degraded`, usually at latitudes greater than 45
degrees.  A `geomagnetic storm` occurs when the amount of solar particles
increases quickly over a short period of time.~
B.In accordance with `good engineering` and `good amateur practice`~
C.It should be painted so people or animals do not accidentally run into it~
D.Mode SELCAL and Mode LISTEN~
A.Only frequencies in the 80-meter band~
B.75 ohms~
B.Any means of radiocommunication, but only on internationally recognized
emergency channels~
AMTOR, operating modes, Mode A (ARQ), Mode B (FEC)~
What happens to the signal of an `overmodulated single-sideband` or `double-
sideband` phone transmitter?~
D.A Beverage antenna~
map, orienting a directional HF antenna, azimuthal~
What type of `messages` may be transmitted to an amateur station in a `foreign
country`?~
There is no "phone section" in the `160-meter band`.  CW, RTTY, data, phone
and image communications are allowed anywhere in the band as long as you
observe the `frequency limits` of `1800 - 2000 kHz`.~
A.50 feet~
During the day the `40-meter band` may be used for chatting with hams a few
hundred miles away, but at night the band reaches all around the world.  US
`General class` operators may use `7025 - 7150 kHz and 7225 - 7300 kHz`.~
A.The maximum transient voltage the rectifier will handle in the conducting
direction~
What RF-safety `precautions` should you take before beginning `repairs` on an
`antenna`?~
D.34.8 feet~
D.It is the sum of each resistor's voltage drop multiplied by the total
number of resistors~
D.It will decrease the average power output~
What are the `frequency limits` within the `160-meter band` for phone emissions?~
`Indoor antennas` can be a source of RF energy exposure.  One of the best
`precautions` you can take is to make sure that no one can come near an indoor
antenna when you're on the air.  This means mounting it `far away` from `living
spaces`.~
D.Incoming `signals` are `received between` transmitted `key pulses`~
What is the main reason the 160-, 80- and 40-meter amateur bands tend to be
useful only for `short-distance` communications during `daylight hours`?~
A.It must be longer than 1 wavelength~
C.`28300 - 29700 kHz`~
PEP, 200 volts peak-to-peak, 50-ohm resistor, 100 watts~
C.It would be used to match the `unbalanced transmitter` output to the
`balanced` parallel-conductor `feed line`~
D.Twice the transmission line impedance~
B.10100 - 10175 kHz~
C.1500 watts~
C.The `direction` of `maximum` radiated `field strength` from the antenna~
A.The quad has more directivity in the horizontal plane but less
directivity in the vertical plane~
B.`Electromagnetic` and `particle emissions`~
A.`28000 - 29700 kHz`~
codes or ciphers, two-way international, never~
two-element delta loops, quad, compare favorably, three-element Yagi~
non-amateur station, turn down, background audio~
The formula for the `standing-wave ratio` (SWR) of a `feed line` connected to
an `antenna` is very simple:  It's the larger impedance divided by the smaller
impedance.  So, for a `50-ohm antenna` fed by a `50-ohm feed line`, the SWR
would be 50:50, or `1:1`.~
impedance, parallel-conductor, feed line, distance, radius, conductors~
What is one `disadvantage` of a `random-wire antenna`?~
What means may an amateur station `in distress` use to attract attention, make
known its condition and location, and `obtain assistance`?~
sunspot numbers, high, 40 MHz, long-distance communication~
C.It is connected between a `receiver` and an `unknown impedance` and is tuned
for `minimum noise`~
C.It stays the same~
A.2:1~
eliminate audio-frequency interference, bypass capacitors~
C.To show standing wave patterns on open-wire feed lines~
D.34 volts~
C.The `maximum voltage` the rectifier will handle in the `non-conducting
direction`~
reactance modulator, RF power amplifier, phase modulation~
C.Substantially lower~
B.S7~
C.Turn on your amplifier to overcome the interference~
A dipole's `radiation pattern` can be made more directional than its normal
figure-eight pattern by placing another `longer` conductor (called a `parasitic`
element) just `0.1 wavelength` away from it.  This will change the pattern so
that more signal will be radiated `toward the dipole` element and less in the
opposite direction.~
B.A guideline for deviating from FCC amateur frequency band allocations~
standing-wave-ratio, 50-ohm, feed line, antenna, 10-ohm, 5:1~
Approximately how long is each leg of a `symmetrical delta-loop` antenna
`driven element` for `24.9 MHz`?~
D.Frequency-modulated~
B.`About the same`~
B.50:1~
A.To reduce the limits of loaded Q~
A.1800 - 1900 kHz~
A.It controls differential gain~
What happens to the `feed-point impedance` of a `ground-plane` antenna when its
`radials` are changed from horizontal to `downward-sloping`?~
D.Any special conditions and `special rules` to be observed by stations
during the emergency~
Only certain groups of letters and numbers which `do not obscure the meaning`
of messages are allowed to be used as `abbreviations or procedural signals` in
the ham bands.  These are published in many places and are known around the
world.  For instance:  "ES" for "and", "CUL" for "see you later", "QRP" for
"decrease power", "73" for "best regards", etc.~
What type of modulation system `changes` the `phase` of an `RF wave` for the
purpose of conveying information?~
D.When air wound transformers are used instead of iron-core transformers~
D.1000 watts~
If a `160-meter signal` and a `2-meter signal` pass through the same coaxial
cable, how will the `attenuation` of the two signals compare?~
What maximum size fuse or circuit breaker should be used in a household
appliance circuit using `AWG number 14` wiring?~
In a `single-sideband` phone transmitter, what circuit processes signals from
the `carrier oscillator` and the `speech amplifier` and sends signals to the
filter?~
C.7.0 ohms~
B.`14025 - 14150 kHz and 14225 - 14350 kHz`~
Where should the `radial wires` of a `ground-mounted vertical` antenna system be
placed?~
What is `NOT an important reason` to have a good `station ground`?~
A.Listen for signals on the `10-meter beacon` frequency~
A.The number of directors versus the number of reflectors~
When `sunspot numbers` are `high`, how is the ionosphere affected?~
A.The `distance` between the centers of the conductors and the `radius` of the
`conductors`~
D.2000 watts PEP output~
A.It equals the average of the branch current through each resistor~
D.It will change the antenna `polarization` from horizontal to `vertical`~
How can you `increase` your transmitter's `power` by `6 dB`?~
What `precautions` should you take before beginning `repairs` on a `microwave`
feed horn or waveguide?~
Almost all `amateur` transmitting and receiving equipment you can buy
commercially is designed to work with `coaxial cables` having an `impedance` of
`50` to `75 ohms`.  RG-8 and RG-58 coax has a characteristic impedance of `50`
ohms and both types are widely used for `amateur` HF stations.~
A.60 Hz~
C.`Signal distortion` caused by `excessive drive`~
D.Amateur volunteers who use their station equipment to help civil defense
organizations in times of emergency~
B.A measure of solar activity that compares daily readings with results
from the last six months~
full break-in telegraphy, signals, received between, key pulses~
B.Because it is the lowest ionospheric region~
B.The information must involve the immediate safety of life of individuals
or the immediate protection of property~
C.Parallel to the antenna element~
D.The frequency of the signal and the length of the line~
maximum transmitting power, 10.140 MHz, 200 watts PEP output~
one-way communications, beacon station~
D.12 kHz~
A.Only half the bandwidth is required for the same information content~
VE, Novice license examination, General class or higher, VEC accreditation~
A.The transmitter efficiency for this mode is low~
impedance, turns ratio, 24 to 1, 2000 ohms, 3.5 ohms~
What simple instrument may be used to monitor `relative RF output` during
antenna and transmitter adjustments?~
B.A list of organizations authorized to temporarily seize your equipment
for disaster communications~
D.All wires~
C.Listen for signals on the 39-meter broadcast frequency~
Which of the following describes `full break-in telegraphy`?~
If you have a `General class` license and you transmit `at a Novice station` on
a `General class` frequency, (like 7250 kHz), you must `identify` the station
with both call signs so the FCC won't think the Novice station is being
operated in the wrong band.  You would first give Novice call sign, followed
by the `slant bar`, then `your own call sign`.~
receiver, RF amplifier, local oscillator, to the IF filter, mixer~
administering Novice examinations, three VEC-accredited, General class~
What type of `capacitor` is used in `power-supply` circuits to `filter transient
voltage spikes` across the transformer's secondary winding?~
B.AWG number 16~
D.By installing bypass capacitors on all power supply rectifiers~
source of energy, transformer, primary winding~
capacitor, power-supply, filter, rectified AC, electrolytic~
Which popular `phone` emission uses the `narrowest frequency bandwidth`?~
receiver, IF amplifier, BFO, to the AF amplifier, detector~
D.To `cancel oscillation` caused by the effects of interelectrode capacitance~
inductor, opposition, flow of AC, reactance~
B.Only frequencies in the 40-meter band~
C.Mode C (CRQ) and Mode D (DEC)~
Once you have a `General class` license, you may `prepare` and administer exams
for both Novice and Technician class licenses.  This means `element 1A only`
for the `telegraphy examination` and elements 2 and 3A for the written
examination.~
What are the restrictions on the use of `abbreviations or procedural signals`
in the amateur service?~
C.`180 degrees`~
D.Because the ground wire is a `resonant length` on several HF bands and `acts
more like an antenna` than an RF ground connection~
In what segment of the `20-meter band` are most `AMTOR operations` found?~
B.You may not operate on 14.325 MHz until your new license arrives~
B.23.76 feet~
B.No more than 30 dB~
B.50:50~
D.Any two audio tones may be used, but they must be within the transmitter
audio passband, and should `not be harmonically related`~
C.As the amplitude of the applied AC increases, the reactance increases~
C.`Novice and Technician`~
A.When transmitting above 450 MHz~
A.10125 - 10150 kHz~
two-times increase, power, 3 dB higher~
What is `reactance`?~
In what emission type does the instantaneous amplitude (`envelope`) of the RF
signal vary in accordance with the `modulating audio`?~
What is the `maximum distance` along the earth's surface that is normally
covered in `one hop` using the `F2 region`?~
maximum transmitting power, 24.950 MHz, 1500 watts PEP output~
What are the frequency limits for `General class` operators in the `15-meter
band`?~
There are four major daytime layers of the ionosphere, called the D, E, F1
and F2 regions.  The D region is 50 miles above the earth, the E region is
70 miles, the F1 region is 100 miles, and the `F2 region` is 200 miles.  Since
the `F2 region` is the `highest ionospheric region` above the earth, it can bend
signals the farthest and is best for `longest-distance propagation`.~
B.They are `digital communications`~
A `low-pass filter` may be connected between a transceiver and a `transmission
line` to an antenna to filter out higher-frequency harmonics but allow the
desired lower-frequency signals to pass through.  The filter's `impedance`
should be `about the same` as the transmission line's `impedance` for best power
transfer.~
D.`Elements 1A, 2 and 3A`~
What should be the `peak-inverse-voltage rating` of the rectifier in a `half-
wave` power supply?~
FSK, greater keying speeds, greater frequency shifts~
C.7025 - 7150 kHz and 7200 - 7300 kHz~
A.Be sure you and the antenna structure are grounded~
D.28125 - 29600 kHz~
C.24 volts~
If a slightly `shorter parasitic` element is placed `0.1 wavelength` away from
an HF dipole antenna, what effect will this have on the antenna's `radiation
pattern`?~
One common type of feed line which doesn't work very well with amateur
equipment is `flat-ribbon TV-type twinlead` used for TV antenna hookup.  Not
only does it have a characteristic `impedance` of `300 ohms` which doesn't match
50-ohm amateur equipment, but it also can't handle the power produced by a
typical amateur transmitter.~
D.`dB/100 ft`~
B.A field-strength meter~
A `half-wave rectifier conducts` during how many degrees of `each cycle`?~
increase, power, 6 dB, multiply, by 4~
A.200 watts PEP output~
B.`Divide` the original power `by 2`~
B.1000 watts PEP output~
AWG number 12, 20 amperes~
The length (in feet) of one side of a `driven element` for a `cubical-quad`
antenna is calculated by the formula 251 / frequency (in MHz).  So, for a
`14.3 MHz` antenna, this means 251 / 14.3, or about `17.6 feet`.~
stage, transmitter, change, 5.3-MHz input signal, 14.3 MHz, mixer~
C.It usually produces vertically polarized radiation~
D.10100 - 10140 kHz~
A.When the `impedance` of the `load` is `equal` to the impedance of the `source`~
Long-distance radio-wave `propagation` (beyond ground-wave range) depends on
the ionosphere.  Solar activity sends out `electromagnetic` and `particle
emissions` which affect the ionosphere, which will `influence` long-distance
`propagation`.~
How does a `coil` react to `AC`?~
neutralized, amplifier, feedback, negative~
Peak envelope power (`PEP`) is the highest average power a transmitter can
produce measured across a resistive load, i.e. its maximum average power.
Since this question says that an `average-reading wattmeter` was used to
measure `1060 watts` of power, then no calculations are needed!  The answer is
simply `1060 watts PEP`.~
"G1A01       ","C",0,83411,183860,72061,68083,75527,124852,178739
"G1A02       ","A",0,175635,60372,111471,66855,36117,89131,98498
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"G1A04       ","A",0,14814,111626,181744,157961,36987,109028,72716
"G1A05       ","B",0,102281,64979,185314,7015,54904,56180,125883
"G1A06       ","D",0,190231,12451,47393,153501,130166,67480,111730
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"G1A10       ","C",0,170283,144942,152204,29674,113185,172968,65723
"G1A11       ","D",0,59021,164728,49307,159221,132994,36451,120001
"G1A12       ","C",0,8872,189956,78415,135320,192707,38321,106822
"G1A13       ","B",0,26043,39578,64536,38765,133291,152653,165686
"G1A14       ","C",0,160194,78381,172116,166189,67916,83207,10040
"G1A15       ","C",0,142734,137794,151762,142728,108397,127847,100770
"G1A16       ","C",0,54104,14163,55658,182158,178976,65135,20714
"G1A17       ","B",0,32264,107609,72541,97541,125815,94326,187702
"G1A18       ","D",0,7259,7479,116861,14051,96960,83765,134208
"G1A19       ","A",0,128232,32541,69856,142870,102868,35701,17436
"G1A20       ","B",0,76967,32097,110667,16885,91403,32135,21887
"G1A21       ","C",0,33083,144999,91246,59000,174426,77441,14573
"G1B01       ","C",0,7127,180580,177471,175497,152821,42778,106382
"G1B02       ","B",0,38109,119921,180171,32797,157145,56700,91446
"G1B03       ","B",0,123893,85802,26846,179884,132436,187235,31412
"G1B04       ","A",0,16794,37259,187571,20189,58475,90389,28308
"G1B05       ","D",0,56621,72316,52417,134147,176842,162864,120443
"G1B06       ","C",0,108761,190175,76573,12102,177116,124047,7430
"G1B07       ","B",0,189344,65924,176910,128184,28767,59336,184289
"G1B08       ","A",0,93101,114704,65195,84757,37913,32594,113696
"G1B09       ","A",0,148768,113344,43517,166957,67438,182267,35668
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"G1B11       ","C",0,114866,46656,162533,34637,155009,182411,142429
"G1C01       ","A",0,144925,161903,133922,77133,186391,161247,43464
"G1C02       ","C",0,58036,59639,106745,76150,31571,157176,137894
"G1C03       ","A",0,37902,16807,193316,109875,170639,187304,163524
"G1C04       ","A",0,174971,32905,50616,143711,57305,37410,117624
"G1C05       ","C",0,74456,192606,60878,46682,142909,190544,178284
"G1C06       ","D",0,129463,110427,175933,66677,134693,51595,171436
"G1C07       ","B",0,176755,103234,10291,12661,125702,32793,74830
"G1C08       ","B",0,156566,146621,114577,77620,130994,178263,23017
"G1C09       ","D",0,127894,169373,174577,21773,12136,76027,11698
"G1C10       ","A",0,7668,101381,24635,103480,175674,52035,106049
"G1C11       ","D",0,102572,50401,56410,88000,22555,114967,46570
"G1D01       ","B",0,37862,82439,136328,70226,11637,66011,189016
"G1D02       ","C",0,142630,142820,86922,48283,169890,81648,143719
"G1D03       ","C",0,21026,172860,137174,192000,37990,81468,21447
"G1D04       ","B",0,13432,139821,131551,19336,110100,171231,44485
"G1D05       ","C",0,170611,104783,144702,18695,121006,86368,119842
"G1D06       ","D",0,40847,26313,170396,139845,192116,95869,94845
"G1D07       ","A",0,38200,174291,9794,151745,27544,188638,99628
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"G1D09       ","B",0,117230,164516,34535,13127,174745,70090,63005
"G1D10       ","C",0,176622,88199,191303,29926,175944,136597,122038
"G1D11       ","A",0,80563,130774,18165,111039,129133,108595,35212
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"G2A02       ","B",0,88023,160925,112521,42002,162001,62744,19004
"G2A03       ","A",0,179020,71618,178746,178193,157541,8720,16602
"G2A04       ","B",0,174396,101868,22229,176091,81940,89874,115124
"G2A05       ","C",0,86968,125457,138948,127209,87811,64875,29950
"G2A06       ","A",0,56304,170922,40217,84308,170770,118448,168145
"G2A07       ","B",0,165659,14950,42526,119930,12867,158924,135825
"G2A08       ","B",0,79783,138293,67576,191878,180908,180419,118151
"G2A09       ","A",0,169941,165414,146426,84163,163327,128345,21184
"G2A10       ","B",0,133173,105003,111639,131882,10326,87161,101238
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"G2B01       ","D",0,132776,146336,57058,96661,139073,27913,138243
"G2B02       ","A",0,179249,15062,50322,120604,50896,11132,156160
"G2B03       ","D",0,123708,161274,60631,186545,99933,36136,30498
"G2B04       ","B",0,33192,125485,134516,40408,67227,68784,88252
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"G2B06       ","B",0,69269,187483,147055,148937,75548,81634,63491
"G2B07       ","B",0,147342,103238,52095,97326,160387,82100,110853
"G2B08       ","A",0,71877,97933,46442,93398,153976,180736,156633
"G2B09       ","C",0,37202,69934,162208,192875,143066,93976,79527
"G2B10       ","A",0,65579,179118,186261,86623,113202,38376,92680
"G2B11       ","B",0,58653,63838,175532,31086,58277,68392,78793
"G2C01       ","C",0,183320,167730,182403,98735,173270,24852,25896
"G2C02       ","A",0,26863,53600,153163,178052,110839,31014,8760
"G2C03       ","A",0,153266,135109,116201,136764,29874,155307,34937
"G2C04       ","D",0,100898,127887,190305,144922,185875,176144,66434
"G2C05       ","D",0,30437,28440,17901,26245,139345,164538,56074
"G2C06       ","C",0,38193,180914,191722,119993,100746,40124,16347
"G2C07       ","B",0,107525,146681,146986,129141,54068,78857,20644
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"G2C09       ","C",0,180849,77263,166858,178324,129717,90630,47351
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"G2C11       ","B",0,51323,164748,179781,138928,17836,31073,124326
"G3A01       ","A",0,149713,127797,162182,182756,62615,115284,41978
"G3A02       ","B",0,86841,121336,23402,154319,149654,70125,12324
"G3A03       ","C",0,24712,34871,53147,18431,51349,27628,103042
"G3A04       ","B",0,101175,152261,109896,11595,176266,27470,58947
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"G3A06       ","D",0,155694,49878,78539,112935,28589,132618,47095
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"G3A09       ","A",0,14409,30093,14707,174728,58430,174450,57746
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"G3B05       ","A",0,133448,121226,48250,165202,83208,67922,105619
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"G3B09       ","A",0,118955,73883,50223,62924,173652,108695,121273
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"G3C01       ","B",0,105398,96065,72711,18817,76025,48560,115973
"G3C02       ","A",0,67666,60747,130843,32708,160292,70629,79324
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"G3C08       ","A",0,90853,26443,153760,143335,42486,95463,112623
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"G3C11       ","A",0,89117,22045,65168,139654,84416,130199,86587
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"G4A07       ","A",0,156224,131126,44152,134002,25148,105515,76925
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"G4B05       ","A",0,135152,125998,196846,135454,177626,27413,123045
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"G4B07       ","A",0,49863,92597,178443,141485,85957,45755,176042
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"G4B09       ","A",0,188797,23556,97027,135809,84109,162984,84429
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"G4C04       ","A",0,78997,53579,22316,122078,66857,24800,110792
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"G4C07       ","A",0,186932,161506,54382,176740,142462,92876,100363
"G4C08       ","A",0,120102,69893,96559,120462,61843,42364,40305
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"G4D01       ","D",0,62333,156348,160382,65033,132354,48008,123422
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"G4D04       ","A",0,100700,178634,107963,67528,188294,183289,18823
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"G4D07       ","A",0,95683,116216,19155,54206,191143,160798,169712
"G4D08       ","A",0,23461,40567,17695,73053,57826,77657,42899
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"G4D11       ","A",0,186656,17147,136922,76427,154963,42782,92374
"G4E01       ","A",0,44800,14233,52131,162702,75961,135869,113182
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"G4E03       ","A",0,156973,76355,57894,162066,99410,129354,117727
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"G4E05       ","A",0,99031,61130,120073,159431,165484,88375,70656
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"G4E11       ","B",0,36757,140334,47956,125226,80230,14948,68999
"G5A01       ","C",0,57957,94180,134600,72503,77796,105595,152257
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"G5A06       ","A",0,104304,175717,59861,198811,153312,173233,173172
"G5A07       ","A",0,110001,195553,133044,24099,188794,171001,50986
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"G5A09       ","A",0,131949,86610,119566,59203,44712,29966,165493
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"G5B02       ","B",0,155741,80442,198938,154248,55954,144220,19958
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"G5B05       ","C",0,66311,133466,70601,163583,128149,77680,83149
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"G5B08       ","B",0,75721,181767,148623,162338,60973,74424,19362
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"G5B10       ","A",0,138389,162454,45871,174912,53832,171121,85884
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"G5B12       ","A",0,11970,146507,109512,78100,64000,51970,129188
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"G5B14       ","B",0,55878,14079,180100,187396,153118,150672,170483
"G5B15       ","D",0,59738,137435,102782,57547,136292,87749,15004
"G5B16       ","B",0,43585,137438,114045,201564,187560,104491,158223
"G6A01       ","C",0,92398,101608,135127,160808,145999,26082,23285
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"G6A03       ","D",0,190367,144228,110859,103986,123950,155456,122118
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"G6A05       ","A",0,95207,53330,71125,189006,43370,86512,131551
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"G6A08       ","A",0,175507,77247,131561,147537,75367,65168,154947
"G6A09       ","A",0,163829,75805,62755,142296,80290,113759,64753
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"G7A02       ","A",0,129002,79830,179650,132332,16040,80598,96761
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"G7A07       ","B",0,47040,63630,100315,35456,126514,112532,119633
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"G8A08       ","A",0,191004,158201,114286,81177,189082,16080,10048
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"G8B01       ","A",0,100819,97329,102758,101096,142895,159545,130650
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"G8B03       ","A",0,57159,42204,151011,24866,96763,195175,60288
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"G9A01       ","A",0,110873,151677,111525,78107,85546,145989,159119
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"G9A03       ","B",0,175500,149571,104754,77362,138826,134231,126311
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"G9A06       ","A",0,118691,28571,74526,60646,92513,154817,50212
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"G9A11       ","A",0,136866,33471,88974,90356,123568,156362,74331
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"G9B02       ","A",0,119407,177027,54378,189905,117626,109254,193402
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"G9B04       ","B",0,180840,15732,103407,174562,133422,152456,88789
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"G9B07       ","A",0,33382,114212,170945,121334,143712,185124,108782
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"G9B11       ","C",0,17330,144295,39277,195287,67980,74612,37164
"G9C01       ","A",0,134658,114975,170181,86229,186013,110501,149340
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"G9C03       ","B",0,185397,185943,64865,206169,47656,98769,131593
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"G9C06       ","A",0,153608,31328,106756,119392,127773,163900,148487
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"G9C10       ","B",0,188259,178560,157308,200928,101200,34935,147011
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"G9D01       ","A",0,177918,190303,124247,110317,193254,185702,83202
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"G9D04       ","C",0,137033,173436,103314,147311,61248,32874,62700
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"G9D07       ","A",0,187856,103994,126375,86680,96234,130124,53240
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"G9D09       ","A",0,119575,86676,154743,116502,53743,167818,144108
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