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1994-07-09
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Why use the Turbo Pascal HLLAPI
Every multitasker that I have examined insists on managing INT
14h. The FOSSIL specification is basically an extension of the
normal BIOS INT 14h functions. However, in implementing a FOSSIL
with features that are not supported by BIOS's INT 14h, additional
registers were used to pass additional parameters. Some
multitaskers will intercept the INT 14h calls and will alter
registers that are not normally used by BIOS. Quarterdeck's tech
support confirmed to me that they may change the DS register when
DESQview intercepts an INT 14h (when released, version 2.26 of
DESQview is supposed to correct this). What this means is that
some FOSSIL functions will work correctly with a multitasker and
others will not. Additionally, it means that if one application
program uses a FOSSIL function that another application does not
use, then one of the programs may work fine with a multitasker
and the other may not.
My first task in solving problems with multitaskers was to
eliminate the need for X00 to be called using an INT 14h. Starting
with version 1.20 of X00, I have included quick and dirty HLLAPI
routines for some high level languages. More are yet to come.
Applications programmers should replace references to library
routines in their existing source with the replacement routine(s)
included in the X00 distribution file. Then include the appropriate
object module in the linking process. At this writing, HLLAPIs are
included for:
Microsoft C, all models
Borland's Turbo C
Borland's Turbo Pascal
Microsoft Quick Basic
The first time the HLLAPI is called, it will determine if X00 is
the active FOSSIL. If X00 is the active FOSSIL, then it will be
directly called instead of using INT 14h. If X00 is not the
active FOSSIL, or if there is no FOSSIL, the HLLAPI will issue an
INT 14h. After the first call to the HLLAPI, a maximum of only 4
assembly instructions are added to the execution thread no matter
what FOSSIL is installed. The addition of 4 instructions to the
execution thread should have no effect on execution speed of the
application program.
Using the HLLAPIs to access X00 with a multitasking system can
result in significantly faster execution because the multitasker's
management of INT 14h is not executed. Additionally, the
multitasker has no opportunity to change the registers and all
FOSSIL functions should work correctly.
Those using assembly language to access X00 should replace INT 14h
instructions with a CALL BYPASS and include BYPASS.OBJ in the linked
program. BYPASS should be declared as a FAR external,
i.e. EXTRN BYPASS:FAR
TPHLLAPI
I am not a Pascal programmer, so please forgive any documentation
blunders and/or syntax errors in the Pascal code fragments.
Now included in the X00 distribution is an object module that allows
access to all X00 functions from Turbo Pascal. That module is:
TPX00.OBJ
A single routine, TPX00, is defined, and is intended to be a direct
replacement for the Turbo Pascal INTR function when used with
interrupt 14h. The only difference in the calling sequence is that
the interrupt number is not passed as a parameter.
To use this interfacing routine, the programmer basically sets
variables in a structure that corresponds to the processor's
registers and passes the structure address to TPX00. When TPX00
is invoked, it copies the variables in the structure to the
processor's registers and then calls the installed FOSSIL. Upon
return from the FOSSIL, all of the processor's registers are
copied into the output structure. The input structure and output
structure are the same. That is, this structure is used as both
input and output for register values passed to and returned from
X00.
For a more complete description of the Pascal structures and their
uses, read the documentation about the function INTR in the
appropriate Turbo Pascal reference manual. TPX00 may work with
other Pascal compilers, but has only been tested with Borland's
Turbo Pascal.
The code fragments below are intended to provide examples of
replacing INTR calls with TPX00 calls.
My thanks to Bob Klahn and Chris Irwin for helping with
documentation and testing the Turbo Pascal HLLAPI.
CONST
Buffer_Size = 1024;
VAR
Regs : REGISTERS;
Input_Buffer : ARRAY [1..Buffer_Size] OF BYTE;
PROCEDURE Bypass; EXTERNAL; {for inline code, yet to be doc'd}
PROCEDURE TPX00( VAR Regs : REGISTERS ); EXTERNAL;
{$L TPX00}
PROCEDURE FOSSIL_Stuff;
BEGIN
{ Check for active FOSSIL }
Regs.AH := $04; Regs.BX := 0; Regs.DX := $00FF;
{ INTR( $14, Regs ); is replaced with }
TPX00( Regs );
FOSSIL_Active := Regs.AX = $1954;
IF FOSSIL_Active THEN
BEGIN
{ Open FOSSIL port 0, COM1 }
Regs.AH := $04; Regs.BX := 0; Regs.DX := $0000;
{ INTR( $14, Regs ); is replaced with }
TPX00( Regs );
{ Do a block read from the FOSSIL input buffer for COM1 }
Regs.AH := $18; { Block read func code }
Regs.DI := OFS( Input_Buffer ); { Input buffer offset to DI }
Regs.ES := SEG( Input_Buffer ); { Input buffer segment to ES }
Regs.CX := Buffer_Size; { Max bytes to read to CX }
Regs.DX := 0; { Data from COM1 }
{ INTR( $14, Regs ); is replaced with }
TPX00( Regs );
{ Upon return, Regs.AX will contain the number of bytes that X00 }
{ placed into Input_Buffer. }
END;