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T E L I X ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── SALT Programming Manual Copyright (C) 1986-1996 by deltaComm Development, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. deltacomm Development, Inc. P.O. Box 1185, Cary, NC 27512 USA (919)-460-4556 / (919)-460-4531 fax (919)-481-9399 BBS Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming COPYRIGHT ii COPYRIGHT NOTICE Telix is Copyright (c) 1986-1996 by deltaComm Development, Inc. This document is Copyright (c) 1988-1996 by deltaComm Development, Inc. No parts of Telix or this document may be copied in part or in whole, except as provided in the License included with Telix. DISCLAIMER deltaComm Development, Inc., makes no warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to this software and accompanying documentation. IN NO EVENT SHALL DELTACOMM DEVELOPMENT, INC., BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES (INCLUDING DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS PROFITS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, LOSS OF BUSINESS INFORMATION, OR OTHER PECUNIARY LOSS) ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THIS PROGRAM, EVEN IF DELTACOMM DEVELOPMENT, INC., HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. TRADEMARKS Telix and SALT are trademarks of deltaComm Development, Inc. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Contents iii C O N T E N T S 1. The Telix SALT Language.....................................1 1.1 What Can be Accomplished With SALT?........................1 1.2 About This Manual..........................................1 1.3 Notation...................................................1 1.4 Creating SALT Programs.....................................1 2. Syntax......................................................3 2.1 Comments...................................................4 3. Program Structure...........................................5 3.1 Variables..................................................5 3.2 Expressions and Operators..................................7 3.3 Functions..................................................9 3.4 Statements................................................10 3.4.1 The Expression statement..............................11 3.4.2 The If statement......................................11 3.4.3 The While statement...................................13 3.4.4 The Do...While statement..............................13 3.4.5 The For statement.....................................14 3.4.6 The Return statement..................................15 3.4.7 The Break statement...................................15 3.4.8 The Continue statement................................16 3.4.9 The Goto statement....................................17 4. Built-in Functions.........................................19 4.1 Quick Listing of Functions by Type........................20 4.2 Complete Function Reference...............................22 5. System Variables...........................................97 6. Appendix A - ASCII Character Set..........................114 7. Appendix B - Extended Key Scan Codes......................115 8. Appendix C - Color Values.................................116 9. Index.....................................................117 Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Introduction 1 1. THE TELIX SALT LANGUAGE Telix has a built-in programming language called SALT (Script Applica- tion Language for Telix). SALT will allow you to perform almost any communications related applications with Telix. SALT looks similar to the C language, however if you have used almost any programming lan- guage (such as Pascal, BASIC, etc.), you should feel quite at home with SALT. While SALT was designed to be easy to learn, it is like most programming languages quite complete, so it is recommended that you read this chapter thoroughly and study the examples provided, as well as the sample SALT scripts included with Telix. 1.1 What Can be Accomplished With SALT? ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Like a program in any programming language, a SALT program (also called a 'script') is typically used to perform a needed task or func- tion. The task can range from the very simple to the very complicated. For example, a SALT script can be linked to a dialing directory entry, so that when you have established a connection to that service, it au- tomatically sends your i.d. and password to the remote service. A much more complicated SALT script is used as the basis for the Host Mode included with Telix. 1.2 About This Manual ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── This manual is basically a reference to the SALT programming language. It is by no means a tutorial on programming in general. It is assumed that the reader of this manual is at least familiar with general pro- gramming concepts. 1.3 Notation ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Throughout this manual, certain words in examples and in the text will be surrounded by angle brackets and italicized, for example, <expression>. These words are not to be taken as literal text. they stand for something else, such as a word, a group of words, or even several lines of text. What these italicized words stand for will be explained as they come up. 1.4 Creating SALT Programs ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── A SALT script is basically a sequence of instructions for Telix to follow, using a specific syntax. You may use any text editor to pro- duce this script file, as long as its output is normal ASCII text (this means that if you use your word processor, you must usually ex- plicitly tell it to write out the file using ASCII format and to not embed any special codes in the file). You may give any name you wish Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Introduction 2 to a SALT source file, although we recommend that you always use the extension .SLT for clarity. Once you have written your script file and saved it to disk, it must be compiled. The program CS.EXE included with Telix reads your 'source' script file, and compiles it to a form which Telix can under- stand. The compiled script can then be loaded more quickly by Telix, and is also usually smaller. To compile a script source file, type cs <pathname> while at the DOS prompt and then press Enter (or Carriage Return). The CS.EXE program must be in the current directory or on the DOS PATH. <pathname> is the name of the file to compile, and may include the drive and directory as well as the filename. The output file is writ- ten to the same name except that the extension .SLC is used. When the script compiler finds an error in your source file, it will abort the compile process and give you the line number on which the error occurred, as well as the type of error. The error should then be fixed and the source re-compiled. This is repeated until the compiler detects no more errors in your source file. The compiled script can then be run in Telix using several methods. It may be run using the 'Run script' command, as a command-line option when running Telix from DOS, as a linked script to a dialing directory entry, or from another script. The first three methods are described in the Telix manual, while the last is described later in this manual. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Syntax 3 2. SYNTAX Case is not important in command, function, and variable names. The only time case matters is inside a string constant (e.g., "Hello" is not the same string as "hello"). Whitespace (such as the space, the tab, the Carriage Return, or the Line Feed character) is not impor- tant. The script compiler does not care where you place items, so that you may arrange the program as you see fit. For example, if (value == 1) prints("value is equal to 1!"); else prints("values is not equal to 1."); is equivalent to if (value == 1) prints("value is equal to 1!"); else prints("value is not equal to 1"); or even to if(value==1)prints("value is equal to 1!");else prints("value is not equal to 1."); The only time whitespace matters is when it would split up key-words or function name, or in a string. For example, the key-word 'while' must not be split up if it is to be recognized. The same applies to other key-words or function names. As well, there must be space be- tween the letters of a command and other letters. For example, 'while' is not the same as 'whileabc'. In the interest of clarity, it is rec- ommended that you try to make your code easy to understand, by indent- ing where appropriate, and by using space effectively. There is no reason, for example, to put more than one statement on a line, even if it is perfectly legal. A good example of program style can be found by looking at the sample scripts included with Telix. A string constant is a sequence of ASCII characters enclosed in quotes, for example, "Hello", "Good-bye", or "Telix". It is often nec- essary for a string constant to include special characters that can not easily be typed from the keyboard, or can not be easily displayed. This is done with something called the escape character, which is the caret ('^') symbol. When the SALT compiler is reading a string con- stant and comes to the '^' symbol, it replaces it with a certain ASCII code based on the character following the ^. Translations are as fol- lows: ^c 'c' is a letter. The Control representation of whatever letter 'c' is, is inserted into the text. Therefore ^M represents Ctrl-M, ^j represents Ctrl-J, etc. Whether the letter 'c' is upper or lower case is not signifi- cant. Note that what is really happening here is that 64 is being subtracted from the value of 'c', so for example, the Escape character can be represented as ^[. ^^ An actual caret ('^') symbol is placed into the text. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Syntax 4 ^" An actual double quote symbol ('"') is placed into the text. If a string must contain a double quote symbol, this is how it has to be done. If the plain '"' symbol were to be used, the compiler would think that the string was terminated at that point. For example, the string "He said, ^"Hello^"." is translated to 'He said, "Hello".'. ^' An actual single quote symbol (''') is placed into the text. ^nnn 'nnn' is up to 3 digits representing the ASCII value of the character which should be placed into the text. A maximum of three digits is read, or up to the first non-digit character. For example, the compiler would read in the string "S^65LT" and output the string "SALT", since 65 is the ASCII value of 'A'. Note that if nnn is less than 3 digits you may have to pad it with one or two leading zeros if there are digits imme- diately following it in the string, so that the wrong value is not read in. For example the string "^79 Park Avenue" would translate to "O Park Avenue" since 79 is the ASCII value of 'O'. If you actually wanted Ctrl-G (ASCII code 7) followed by "9 Park Avenue", you would use the string "^0079 Park Avenue". An integer constant is a sequence of digits representing an integer value in the range -2147483648 to 2147483647. An integer constant must start with a digit from 0 to 9 or the negative sign (-) followed by a digit. The following are all valid integer constants: 10 -400067 999 An integer constant may also be entered in hexadecimal form (base 16, where each digit may be from '0' to '9' or 'a' to 'f', to represent 16 values). Hex values must be preceded by '0x' for the compiler to in- terpret them as such, and case is not important. The following are all valid integer constants enter in hexadecimal form: 0xff00 0Xa2 0x7D 0x1AbCdEf 2.1 Comments ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── A comment in a source file is text that does not affect what the pro- gram does, and is meant purely for explaining or describing something. In a SALT source file, whenever the symbol // is encountered on a line, all the characters from that point on until the end of the line are considered to be a comment and are ignored. For example: prints("Hello"); // This line will print "Hello" Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Program Structure 5 3. PROGRAM STRUCTURE A SALT script has the following format: <global_variable_definition> ... <global_variable_definition> <function_definition> <global_variable_definition> ... <global_variable_definition> <Function_definitions> ... and so on. Basically a script file consists of definition of global variables (variables which are available to any part of the script file after which they are defined, and function definitions (functions are lines of code clustered together in a group, so that they can be called by a name). A script file does not have to have any global variables or functions, but to run it must at least have one function called 'main'. The following, for example, is a complete script file: main() { prints ("hello"); } When compiled and run, this script would print the string "hello" to the screen. 3.1 Variables ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── A variable is a location in memory where something is stored. The con- tents of a variable can be changed by program code (hence the name). In SALT, there are two types of variables, integer variables, and string variables. The former holds an integer value (e.g., 485624, or -627), while the latter holds a text string (e.g. "Telix", or "SCRIPT"). Depending on where it is defined, a variable is either global or local. If a variable is global, it means that it can be used by any part of the script after the point where it is defined. If a variable is local, it means that it can only be used by the part of the script to which it is 'local', for example, the function inside which it is defined. A variable name can be up to 31 digits long, and may include the letters 'A' to 'Z' or 'a' to 'z', the digits '0' to '9', or the underscore character (_). The name may not start with a Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Program Structure 6 digit. For example, 'his_name2' and '_his_name2' are legal as variable names, while '2his_name' is not. An integer variable is defined in the form int <varname>; where <varname> is the name to be given to the variable. An alternate definition is int <varname1>, <varname2>, ..., <varnameN>; which allows you to define more than one integer variable in one statement. An original value can be assigned to the integer variable by using the form int <varname> = <int_const>; where <int_const> is an integer constant. Similarly, an original value can be assigned in the multiple definition above by placing the as- signment before the comma. Some examples are: int maximum; int start = 0; int level, i, count = 20, loop; A string variable is defined in the form str <varname>[<max>]; where <varname> is the name to be given to the variable. <max> is the maximum number of characters that the string can hold, and must be in the range of 0 to 32767. An alternate definition is str <varname>[<max>], <varname2>[<max>], ..., <varnameN>[<max>]; which allows you to define more than one string variable in a state- ment. An original value can be assigned to the string variable by us- ing the form str <varname>[<max>] = <str_const>; where <str_const> is a string constant. Similarly, an original value can be assigned in the multiple definition above by placing the as- signment before the comma. Some examples are: str password[80]; str password[40] = "mypass", name[30]; The string length field may be left empty if an original value is specified, in which case the length of the string variable is assumed to be that of the assigned text, e.g. str name[] = "John"; If a variable is outside of a function, it is global. If it is defined inside a function, it is local to that function and will only be rec- Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Program Structure 7 ognized there. If a variable defined inside a function uses the same name as a global variable, any reference to that name while in the function will access the local variable. After the function has com- pleted, the local variable is removed and a reference to that name will access the global variable. 3.2 Expressions and Operators ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── An expression is a mixture of symbols which resolves to a value when evaluated. In other words, an expression is basically a formula. An expression can consist of constants, variables, function calls, and operators. An expression can be very simple, or very complicated. For example, some expressions are: 10 + 3 - 5 9 * 7 / 63 - 30 result = 10 * max(a, b) month >= 10 200 command == "bye" prints("Hello") In an expression, the data being acted upon are constants, variables, and functions calls, while the operators (+, *, etc.) are the symbols that do things with the data. There are many different operators, of which there are two basic types. Binary operators (such as +, *, /) perform a calculation on the expression on either side of them. Unary operators appear before a single expression and work on that. The fol- lowing table lists the operators available in SALT: Symbol (Un/Bin)ary What it is/does - unary Arithmetic negation ! unary Logical NOT not unary Logical NOT (alternate) ++ unary Increment -- unary Decrement * binary Multiplication / binary Division % binary Remainder (Mod) + binary Addition - binary Subtraction < binary Less than > binary Grater than <= binary Less than or equal to >= binary Greater than or equal to == binary Equality != binary Inequality & binary Bitwise AND | binary Bitwise OR ^ binary Bitwise Exclusive OR && binary Logical AND and binary Logical AND (alternate) || binary Logical OR or binary Logical OR (alternate) = binary Assignment Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Program Structure 8 Note that the hyphen symbol can be either an arithmetic negation or a subtraction depending on its use. Note that '!' is equivalent to 'not', '&&' is equivalent to 'and', and '||' is equivalent to 'or'. The first form is preferred as you do not have to leave whitespace around it for the compiler to recognize it, but beginners may have an easier time remembering the second form. Also, do not confuse the '=' (assignment operator) with the '==' (equality operator). The former is used to assign a value to a variable, while the latter is used to com- pare two values. Assuming you have the two expressions, <expr1> and <expr2>, <expr1> = <expr2> would assign one to the other, while <expr1> == <expr2> would test the two to see if they are equal. For example num = 10 would assign the value 10 to the variable called 'num', while num == 10 would resolve to a value of non-zero (TRUE) if num was equal to 10, and 0 (FALSE) if num was not equal to 10. There is also a difference between the Logical operators and the Bitwise operators. The Logical operators (such as and, &&, or, ||, etc), work with TRUE or FALSE val- ues and result in a TRUE or FALSE value, while the Bitwise operators (&, |, ^) work with the actual bits of the data they are handling. The Bitwise operators almost never have to be used in a Telix script, un- less it is needed to get at the actual bits in a data byte. Every operator resolves to a value, which is the result of the opera- tion performed (e.g, 10 * 7 would resolve to 70). The conditional or equality operators such as ==, >, <=, etc., resolve to a 0 (FALSE)) or non-zero (TRUE) value based on the results of the expression. Even the assignment operator = resolves to a value. The result of the ex- pression num = 10 would be 10. All the operators have something called precedence, which is their im- portance, and determines the order in which they are evaluated. For example, 7 + 3 * 9 is equal to 34, because 3 * 9 is evaluated first, and then added to 7 (* has a higher precedence than +). All the opera- tors are listed below in order of decreasing precedence. All the oper- ators on the same line have the same precedence, and are resolved in the order that they are encountered. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Program Structure 9 - ! ++ -- * / % + - < > <= >= == != & | and && or || = If a certain evaluation order is required that does not follow these rules of precedence, parentheses may be used. Thus, 99 + 1 * 10 equals 109, while (99 + 1) * 10 equals 1000. If you are writing an expression of any sort, and are not sure of the exact precedence of the operators you are using, use parentheses! 3.3 Functions ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── A function is a way of grouping together some lines of code. A Telix script consists of one or more functions. There are quite a few advan- tages to having functions: One function can be called from another, to do a certain task. The calling function does not have to know anything about the called function other than what it does. This allows a script to be split up into modular units, and makes code writing and debug- ging easier. As mentioned above, what a function does it private. This means that data variables defined in a function are local to that func- tion, and therefore you do not have to worry about another part of the script unintentionally modifying them. A library of functions can thus be built. Later, you do not have to re-write old code. Functions are defined in the following format: <funcname>(<arg1>, <arg2>, ..., <argN>) { <variable_def> ... <variable_def> <statement> ... <statement> } Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Program Structure 10 <funcname> is the name of the function. It follows the same rules of other identifiers in SALT. There can only be one function that uses a given name, however. <arg1> through <argN> are the declarations of the arguments (parameters) that have been passed to the function by its caller (sometimes, to accomplish its task, a function needs to have some val- ues passed to it). Each argument is defined in the form <type> <name> where <type> is 'int' or 'str', and <name> is the name it should be called by. At present, a function is not allowed to have more than 12 values passed to it. <variable_def> is a variable definition, as described in the above section on that topic. Any number of variables may be declared at this part of the function. All such variables will be local variables and available only to this function. <statement> is an actual line of code. There may be as many lines of statements in the function as needed. The format of a statement is de- scribed below. First though, here is an example of a complete func- tion: max ( int a, int b ) { int result; if (a > b) result = a; else result = b; return result; } This function returns the larger (maximum) of the two values passed to it. It could have been written much more simply (without the use of the variable), but was written this way so that all the function ele- ments would be there. 3.4 Statements ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── A statement is the basic element of code. A statement ALWAYS ends with a semicolon character (;). In any location where a statement is ac- ceptable, you may use a group of statements, by enclosing them all in curly braces (more on this below). There are many types of statements, including: expression, if, while, do...while, for, return, break, con- tinue, and goto statements. Each type has several different parts. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Program Structure 11 3.4.1 The Expression statement The 'expression' statement is the simplest and most common type of statement. Its format is <expression>; where <expression> is any expression. Example are: result = 20; password = "Beef"; pause(20); num = 20 * max(a, b); Do not forget the semicolon character at the end of the statement. If you do, the compiler will think that the next statement is part of the current one, and will report some unexpected error. 3.4.2 The If statement An 'if' statement is used when a statement or group of statements should be evaluated only if a condition is true. The format for an 'if' statement is as follows: if (<expression>) <statement> <statement> is any statement as described above and below (that is, an expression, if, while, do...while, for, return, break, or continue statement), and will only be executed if <expression> evaluates to non-zero. By using curly braces around them, a whole group of state- ments may be conditionally evaluated. Some examples are: if (result == -1) prints("ERROR!"); if (num_tries > maximum) return 0; if (month > 10 && day < 20) { clear(); prints("In range."); return 1; } An alternate form of the if statement is: if (<expression>) <statement1> else <statement2> In this case, if <expression> evaluates to non-zero (TRUE), <statement1> is executed, otherwise <statement2> is executed. Again, Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Program Structure 12 multiple statements may be used instead by grouping them in curly braces. Some examples are: if (stat == -1) prints("Error status returned."); else prints("Function finished without problems."); if (level < 10) { alarm(1); prints("Warning!"); } else prints("Everything's ok."); Since the statement to be executed conditionally can be of any type, that means that any number of if statement can be nested if needed. For example: if (num < 10) if (!error) if (read != 0) return 1; This also means that something like the following is legal: if (value == 10) do_this(); else if (value == 100) do_that(); else if (value == 1000) do_something_else(); else do_whatever(); What is really happening here is that each if statement is being nested after the else portion of the previous one. The above example could also be written as: if (value == 10) do_this(); else if (value == 100) do_that(); else if (value == 1000) do_something_else(); else do_whatever(); Any amount of nesting is theoretically legal, but the compiler does have a limit due to memory constraints. While you may write the code in any way which suits you, it is recom- mended that you use indenting, for clarity. Indenting your code at the proper places makes it a lot easier to read. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Program Structure 13 A very common error to watch out for is accidentally placing a semi- colon after the parenthesis ending the expression. For example, if the following is run: if (num == 10); prints("Num is equal to 10); the string would always be printed, no matter what num was equal to. This is because the semicolon after the parenthesis ending the expres- sion signifies the end of the statement. In the above case, it would just be a null (empty) statement. 3.4.3 The While statement The while statement is used to loop continuously while a certain con- dition is true. It has the form while (<expression>) <statement> <statement> would continue to be repeated over and over while <expression> evaluated to non-zero (TRUE). Note that if the expression evaluates to 0 (FALSE) from the beginning, the statement will never be executed. Again, multiple statements may be used by surrounding them in curly braces. A few examples are: while (stat != -1) stat = myfunc(); while (num < 100) { printn(num); prints(""); num = num + 1; } while (1) { if (func1()) return 0; func2(); } Again, be careful to not place a semicolon after the parenthesis end- ing the expression. 3.4.4 The Do...While statement The do...while statement is similar to the while statement and has the form: do <statement> while (<expression>); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Program Structure 14 <statement> will be executed at least once and will continue to be ex- ecuted repeatedly until the expression becomes 0 (FALSE). A few exam- ples are: do stat = func1(); while (stat != -1); do { prints("hello"); num = num + 1; } while (num < 100); 3.4.5 The For statement The for statement is used to loop continuously while a certain condi- tion is true. The advantages over the while statement is that a count variable can be initialized and incremented quite easily. The for statement has the form: for (<expression1>; <expression2>; <expression3>) <statement> The first expression is the one that should initialize the count vari- able. For example, if you wanted to count from 1 to 100, and were keeping the count in a variable called 'num', the first expression would be 'num = 1'. The second expression is the conditional test. As long as it evaluates to non-zero (TRUE), the statement will be exe- cuted. Following the above example, this expression would be 'num < 100'. The third expression is the one that is used to increment the count variable. For the above example, it would therefore be 'num = num + 1'. This for statement differs in format from that in most other languages, but doing it this way is actually gives the pro- grammer a lot of power and flexibility. Note that any of the expres- sions can be left empty, in which case they evaluate to non-zero (TRUE). Some examples are: for (count = 0; count < 100; count = count + 1) { printn(count); prints(""); } for (c = 1000; c > 0; c = c - 1) do_this(c); The following would execute an infinite loop: for (;;) prints("Hello!"); Note that there is really no restriction on what the expressions are. For example, the following is quite legal: Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Program Structure 15 for (c = num = 0; c < 100 && stat != -1; c = c + 1) { stat = func(num); num = func2(); } The statements would only be executed if c was smaller than 100 and stat didn't equal -1. 3.4.6 The Return statement At some time, every function must be exited. If the end of the func- tion is reached, control will automatically return to the calling function. Very often however, it is necessary to leave a function somewhere while only halfway through it, perhaps based on a condi- tional test. As well, it is often necessary that a function returns a value to the caller. The format of the return statement is: return <expression>; If the return statement is encountered anywhere in the function, con- trol immediately returns to the function that called this function. The expression is the value that should be returned. If no expression is supplied, a dummy value is returned. The expression should match they type of value that the caller of this function is expecting. That is, if an 'int' type is expected, the expression should resolve to an integer value. If a 'str' type is expected, the expression should re- solve to a string value. Due to memory constraints, a local string variable may NOT be returned from a function. Some examples are: return; return 1; return level; return (sum + 25); return "hello"; return (func() + 20); Notice that when a complex expression is returned it is usually sur- rounded by parentheses. This is done only for clarity and is not nec- essary. Also, it should be clear that what is returned is not the ex- pression but what it evaluates to. 3.4.7 The Break statement Often while using a looping statement (while, do...while, for), it is necessary to break out of (exit) the loop. The break statement serves this purpose. When the break statement is encountered, execution of the smallest while, do...while, or for loop is terminated, and execu- tion continues immediately after the terminated loop statement. It is an error for a break statement to appear outside of a loop. The format of the break statement is: break; For example, assuming you had the following code: Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Program Structure 16 int num = 0; while (1) { num = num + 1; if (num > 100) break; } prints("Done"); Ordinarily, since there will always be a non-zero (TRUE) value in the conditional part of this while statement, it would execute forever. However, when the 'num' variable is > 100, the break statement is exe- cuted to exit from the loop, at which point the next statement would be executed (the function call to prints). 3.4.8 The Continue statement The continue statement is used within a loop (while, do...while, or for statement). The continue statement has the form: continue; It is illegal for a continue statement to appear outside of a loop body. When a continue statement is encountered, program control is im- mediately transferred to the end of the body of the innermost en- closing while, do...while, or for statement. The effect in a while or do...while statement is that the condition part of the while or do...while statement is evaluated, and the next iteration of the loop occurs. For example: num = 0; while (num < 100000) { num = num + 1; if (num > 100) continue; prints("Hello"); } The effect of the continue statement in the above loop would be that 'Hello' would only be printed while 'num' was smaller or equal to 100, as the continue statement is executed when num is bigger than 100, which causes the rest of the loop body to be skipped. An example for statement would be: for (num = 0; num < 100000; num = num + 1) { if (num > 100) continue; prints("Hello"); } The effect in this case would be the same. While 'num' is smaller or equal to 100, the entire loop body executes. If 'num' is greater than 100 however, the continue statement is executed. This causes the rest of the loop body to be skipped, so the 'Hello' is then not printed. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Program Structure 17 3.4.9 The Goto statement The goto statement is used to branch (jump) from one place to another, within a function. The use of goto statements is considered bad style. They can make code very hard to understand, and are in fact almost never necessary. For example, Telix is written mainly in the C lan- guage, which has a goto statement, yet except for a few pieces of pre- written code, the goto statement was never used nor needed. On the other hand, used very sparingly and properly, it can sometimes make some code clearer and perhaps faster. The goto statement consists of two parts, the 'label' or marker, which is where execution will jump to, and the actual goto itself. A label is defined in the form <identifier>: where <identifier> follows the same rules as for variable names. Note that a colon follows the name, not a semicolon. The colon character must immediately follow the label name, with no intervening spaces. A label does not have to be on a line by itself, and is not considered a statement by itself. The goto takes the form goto <label>; where <label> is a label elsewhere in the function defined as de- scribed above. Execution of the script will immediately continue fol- lowing the label. An example is: start: prints("Hello"); goto start; This would print the word "hello" over and over, forever. There is no restriction on the placement of a label, so the above can be written as: start: prints("Hello"); goto start; As mentioned above, there are usually better ways than using a goto statement. For example: int i = 0; do i = i + 1; while (i < 100); is clearer than the equivalent: int i = 0; loop: i = i + 1; if (i < 100) goto loop; Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Program Structure 18 One good use of a goto statement is to get out of a deeply nested while statements, without having to do a lot of extra checking. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 19 4. BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS Telix's SALT has quite a large number of built-in functions. These functions are called just as you would call your own SALT functions. Each function does a certain task (print something to the screen, ma- nipulate strings, access disk files, etc.). Each function is called with parameters in a certain format and returns an integer or string value (the return value does not have to be used and is often a dummy variable). The following pages contain a quick listing of the functions by type followed by a complete description of each function, in alphabetical order. The complete reference contains for each function, a summary of the calling format, a description of what it does, and the return value of the function are all given. An example of actual usage of the function is often given. Note that the examples are fragments of pro- gram code for the most part, and may not explicitly declare all needed variables. So that you may find related functions, each function de- scription has a 'See Also' section, which lists related functions. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 20 4.1 Quick Listing of Functions by Type ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Video Operations box, cursor_onoff, clear_scr, getx, gety, gotoxy, printc, printn, prints, printsc, pstra, pstraxy, scroll, status_wind, update_term String Handling copychrs, copystr, delchrs, gets, getsxy, inschrs, itos, setchr, setchrs, stoi, strcat, strchr, strcmpi, strlen, strlower, strmaxlen, strpos, strposi, strupper, subchr, subchrs, substr Character Handling isascii, isalnum, isalpha, iscntrl, isdigit, islower, isupper, tolower, toupper Comm Port Operations carrier, cinp_cnt, cgetc, cgetct, cputc, cputs, cputs_tr, flushbuf, get_baud, get_datab, get_parity, get_port, get_stopb, hangup, set_cparams, set_port File and File I/O Operations fclearerr, fclose, fdelete, ferror, feof, fflush, fgetc, fgets, fileattr, filefind, filesize, filetime, fnstrip, fopen, fputc, fputs, fread, frename, fseek, ftell, fwrite Keyboard Operations inkey, inkeyw, keyget, keyload, keysave, keyset Date/Time and Timer Operations curtime, date, tsec, tday, thour, time, time_up, timer_free, timer_restart, timer_start, timer_total, tmin, tmonth, tyear File Transfers, Capture, Printer, and Usage Log capture, printer, receive, send, transtab, usagelog, ustamp Script Management call, calld, delay_scr, is_loaded, load_scr, unload_scr Input String Matching track, track_addchr, track_free, track_hit, waitfor Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 21 Other Functions alarm, chatmode, delay, dial, dos, dosfunction, exittelix, helpscreen, loadfon, newdir, redial, redirect_dos, run, send_brk, set_defprot, set_terminal, show_directory, terminal, tone Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 22 4.2 Complete Function Reference ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ALARM ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary alarm(int <seconds>); ■ Description The alarm functions sounds an alarm for a a duration in seconds given by <seconds>. ■ Return Value The <seconds> argument is returned. ■ See Also tone, _alarm_on, _sound_on ■ Example while (!inkey()) alarm(1); BOX ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary box(int <x>, int <y>, int <x2>, int <y2>, int <style>, int <hollow>, int <color>); ■ Description The box function is used to create a box on the screen. The box will have an upper left hand corner of <x>,<y> and a lower right hand cor- ner of <x2>,<y2>. The box must fit within the confines of the screen. <color> is the color to use in drawing the box. If <hollow> is a non- zero (TRUE) value, the inside of the box is not cleared. <style> se- lects what kind of box to draw, as follows: Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 23 0 Spaces 1 Single lines 2 Double lines 3 Single vertical lines, double horizontal lines 4 Double vertical lines, single horizontal lines If <style> is any other value, that character is used to construct the sides of the box. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also scroll ■ Example box(10, 10, 70, 20, 1, 0, 112); // draw box in inverse color CALL, CALLD ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary call(str <scriptname>, <arg1>, <arg2>, <arg3>, ...); calld(str <scriptname>, <arg1>, <arg2>, <arg3>, ...); ■ Description The call function is used when one script file must call (jump into and then return from) another. <scriptname> is the name of the script file to call. If no extension is given, .SLC is assumed. <arg1> through <argn> are the arguments or parameters to be passed to the 'main' function of the called script. The value returned is the value returned by the 'main' function of the called script, and can be an integer or a string value, although the called script can not return string variables local to itself. If the script file to be called is already in memory because it was previously loaded and made resident, or it is still executing from a previous call, it is not released but instead the memory image is used. This means that global variables will have whatever values a previous run through left in them. The calld function is exactly the same as the call function, except that even if an image of the indicated script file is already in mem- ory, a new copy is still loaded from disk. This ensures that global variables within the script will be set as defined in the source file, and that there will be enough stack space, but requires more memory and is slower. ■ Return Value An integer or string value representing the value returned by the main function of the called script file. This value must not be a string Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 24 variable defined within the called script, for memory reasons. if the indicated script can not be found or loaded, a value of -1 is re- turned. If the called script is aborted by the user, a value of -1 is returned. ■ See Also load_scr, unload_scr, is_loaded ■ Example stat = call("TEST"); if (stat == -1) prints("Called script could not be loaded or was aborted!"); CAPTURE ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary capture(str <filename>); ■ Description The capture function is used to open, close, pause, and unpause the Telix capture file. Depending on what the string variable <filename> contains, different actions will take place. If <filename> contains a valid filename (which can include a path), Telix opens and starts capturing data to that file. If <filename> is "*CLOSE*", and the capture file is currently open, it is closed. If <filename> is "*PAUSE*", and the capture file is currently open, it is paused. if <filename> is "*UNPAUSE*", and the capture file is currently open and paused, it is unpaused. If <filename> is an empty string (""), Telix takes the same action as if the user had pressed Alt-L while in terminal mode (which will de- pend on whether the capture file is currently open or closed). ■ Return Value A value of -1 is returned if there is a problem performing the indi- cated function, otherwise a non-zero (TRUE) value is returned. ■ See Also printer, capture_stat, _capture_fname Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 25 ■ Example if (capture("TELIX.CAP") == -1) prints("Error opening capture file!"); ... capture("*PAUSE*"); capture("*UNPAUSE*"); capture("*CLOSE*"); CAPTURE_STAT ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary capture_stat(); ■ Description The capture_stat function returns an integer value representing the current status of the capture file, as follows: 0 Capture File is closed 1 Capture File is open 2 Capture File is open and paused ■ Return Value An integer values as described above. ■ See Also capture, usage_stat CARRIER ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary carrier(); ■ Description The carrier functions returns a non-zero (TRUE) value if the Carrier Detect signal coming from the modem is on (high), otherwise it returns a zero (FALSE) value. Note that some modems by default override the real state of the signal and always send a high. For this function to work, the modem must be told to supply the real signal. This function may be used to check if Telix is connected to a remote service over the modem, as the Carrier Detect signal should be on if there is a connection. Note that if you are connecting two computers via a null- Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 26 modem cable, the value returned will depend on the wiring of the cable being used. ■ Return Value non-zero (TRUE) or zero (FALSE) based on the state of the Carrier De- tect signal. ■ Example if (carrier()) prints("We are online."); CGETC, CGETCT ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary cgetc(); cgetct(int <timeout>); ■ Description The cgetc function returns the first character waiting in the received data communications buffer. If there are no characters in the buffer, a value of -1 is returned. The cinp_cnt function may be used to see if there are any chars waiting in the buffer. The cgetct functions returns a character from the communications port, waiting up to <timeout> tenths of a second for it to arrive. If a character is already waiting in the communications buffer, it is imme- diately returned. If no character is received within the timeout pe- riod, a value of -1 is returned. ■ Return Value An integer value as described above. ■ See Also cinp_cnt ■ Example if (cinp_cnt()) chr = cgetc(); if ((chr = cgetct(100)) == -1) prints("Timeout!"); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 27 CHATMODE ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary chatmode(int <echo_remote>); ■ Description The chatmode function enters the chat mode as if the user had pressed Alt-Y while in terminal mode, If <echo_remote> is non-zero (TRUE), characters typed by the remote user are echoed back to him/her, other- wise they are not. The echo feature is for use in Host Mode implementations. ■ Return Value None. CINP_CNT ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary cinp_cnt(); ■ Description The cinp_cnt function returns the number of characters waiting in the received data communications buffer. ■ Return Value An integer value as described above. ■ See Also cgetc ■ Examples if (cinp_cnt() > 10) // if more than 10 chars waiting handle_stuff(); // do action while (!cinp_cnt()) // loop until no chars available ; if (cinp_cnt()) // if something available, get it c = cgetc(); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 28 CLEAR_SCR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary clear_scr(); ■ Description The clear_scr function clears the screen and places the cursor in the upper left corner at position 0,0. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also scroll COPYCHRS ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary copychrs(str <source>, str <target>, int <pos>, int <count>); ■ Description The copychrs function copies a number of characters from one string into another, Characters from the string <source> are copied into the string <target> at the position <pos> (note that SALT string offsets start at 0, not 1 as in some languages). until <count> characters are copied. Only as many characters as will fit in <target> are copied. This function is very similar to substr, except that it is not string oriented, and does not stop copying characters when a 0 value is en- countered. The substr function copies a portion of one string to another. Char- acters from position <pos> in string <source> are copied until into string <target> (note that SALT string offsets start at 0, not 1 as in some languages). Characters are copied until a 0 (NULL) value is en- countered (normally at the end of every string), or <max> characters are copied. A 0 (NULL) is always copied at the end of the target string. The 0 does not count as part of the <max>. Only as many char- acters as will fit in <target> are copied. ■ Return Value None. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 29 ■ See Also copystr, subchrs, substr COPYSTR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary copystr(str <source>, str <target>, int <pos>, int <count>); ■ Description The copystr function copies one string into another at a certain po- sition. Characters in string <source> are copied into string <target> at position <pos> (note that SALT string offsets start at 0, not 1 as in some languages). Characters are copied until a 0 (NULL) value is encountered (normally at the end of every string), or <max> characters are copied. A 0 (NULL) is always copied at the end of the target string. The 0 does not count as part of the <max>. Only as many char- acters as will fit in <target> are copied. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also copychrs, substr, subchrs CPUTC ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary cputc(int <character>); ■ Description The cputc function sends <character> to the communications port. This is the ASCII value of the character to be sent. ■ Return Value A non-zero (TRUE) value is returned unless the character can not be sent for some reason, in which case a value of -1 is returned. ■ See Also cputs Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 30 ■ Example cputc('A'); cputc(27); // send Escape to the comm port cputc('^M'); // send Ctrl-M (Carriage Return) cputc(inkeyw()); CPUTS ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary cputs(str <outstr>); ■ Description The cputs function sends the passed string out over the modem port. A Carriage Return and Line Feed are NOT added after the string. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also cputs_tr ■ Example cputs("Good-bye"); str password[] = "mypass"; cputs(password); CPUTS_TR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary cputs_tr(str <outstr>); ■ Description The cputs_tr function sends the passed string out over the modem port, but pays attention to two output string translation characters, ^ and ~, described in the Telix manual. This function is really only useful for sending the modem control strings that the user has defined in the Configuration Menu. ■ Return Value None. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 31 ■ See Also cputs ■ Example cputs_tr(_modem_init); cputs_tr("good-bye~yes^M"); CURSOR_ONOFF ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary cursor_onoff(int <state>); ■ Description The cursor_onoff functions turn the blinking cursor on or off (makes it disappear or reappear), depending on whether state is non-zero (TRUE) or zero (FALSE). ■ Return Value None. CURTIME ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary curtime(); ■ Description The curtime function returns the current date/time as the number of seconds since Jan 1, 1970. A date/time value in this format is used by many SALT functions. ■ Return Value An integer value as described above. ■ See Also date, time, tyear, tmonth, tday, thour, tmin, tsec ■ Example // Print the current date Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 32 int t; str s[64]; t = curtime(); date(t, s); prints(s); DATE ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary date(int <timeval>, str <buffer>); ■ Description The date function writes out a date in <buffer> in the form mm/dd/yy, dd/mm/yy, or yy/mm/dd (which is based on the system variable _date_format). <timeval> is the date, represented as the number of seconds since Jan 1, 1970. Time values in this form are returned by the curtime and filetime functions, among others. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also time, curtime, filetime ■ Example str s[16]; printsc("The current date is "); date(curtime(), s); prints(s); DELAY, DELAY_SCR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary delay(int <duration>); delay_scr(int <duration>); ■ Description The delay function pauses Telix for a length of time specified in tenths of a second by <duration>. During this pause, everything is shut off except the asynchronous reception of characters from the comm port. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 33 The delay_scr function pauses only the execution of the current script file for the indicated duration. During that time, characters coming in from the serial port are printed on the terminal screen, while user keystrokes are also processed. ■ Return Value The <duration> argument is returned. DELCHRS ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary delchrs(str <s>, int <pos>, int <num>); ■ Description The delchrs function is used to remove or delete a number of charac- ters in a string at a certain position. <s> is the string to handle. <pos> is the position at which <num> characters will be deleted (note that the first characters in a SALT string has the position 0). Re- maining characters in the string are be shifted left. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also inschrs ■ Example // remove all but the first and last characters in a string str s[] = "0123456789"; delchrs(s, 1, strlen(s) - 2); DIAL ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary dial(str <dialstr>, int <maxtries>, int <no_link>); ■ Description The dial function dials the entries specified in <dialstr>. The en- tries should be entered in the same format as used when typing entries in the dialing directory. If <dialstr> is empty (""), the dialing di- Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 34 rectory is displayed. <maxtries> is the maximum number of dialing at- tempts. For example, if the string contains one entry, and <maxtries> is equal to 5, Telix will attempt to dial the number 5 times. If five entries are indicated, and <maxtries> is equal to 5, each number will only be attempted once. If <maxtries> is 0, dialing will continue un- til a connection is established. If an entry is connected to, and has a linked script file attached, that script will be run, unless <no_link> is non-zero (TRUE). ■ Return Value If there was a connection, the dial function returns the entry number of the entry which was connected to (or 1 if a manual number was di- aled). If there was no connection established, 0 is returned. If the <dialstr> has a bad format, -1 is returned. Also, when a connection is successfully established, the entry number of the entry connected to is placed in the system variable _entry_enum, while the name of the entry connected to is placed in the system variable _entry_name. ■ See Also redial _entry_enum, _entry_name ■ Example int stat; dial("10 15", 0); dial("m967-1111", 5); stat = dial(number_list, 0); DOS ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary dos(str <command>, int <mode>); ■ Description The dos function calls the DOS command interpreter (usually COM- MAND.COM, and gives it the passed command string. If the <command> string is empty (""), Telix will drop into a DOS shell, as if the Alt- J command had been executed. Make sure that if you specify a command or program that expects user input you are on hand to give it. The <mode> argument specifies several options, as follows: 0 Original screen is restored when command is completed. 1 When command is completed, the user is prompted to press a key and screen is restored as soon as it is pressed. 2 Original screen is not restored when command is completed Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 35 This function is very similar to the run function. It should be used when an internal DOS command is needed or a DOS shell is needed, oth- erwise run is preferable as it uses less memory and executes faster. ■ Return Value The dos function returns a -1 if the command processor can not be found or there is not enough memory to load it, otherwise a 0 is re- turned. ■ See Also run, dosfunction ■ Example dos("copy a:*.* c:", 1); DOSFUNCTION ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary dosfunction(); ■ Description The dosfunction function calls up the 'DOS Functions' menu, as if the user had pressed Alt-F while in terminal mode. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also dos, run EXITTELIX ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary exittelix(int <returncode>, int <hangup>); ■ Description The exittelix function closes any currently open log file, and exits Telix to DOS, as if the user had pressed Alt-X while in terminal mode. The <returncode> argument is the value that should be returned to DOS. This value can be read by whatever called Telix (e.g., a batch file Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 36 using the errorlevel command). The <hangup> option affects what hap- pens if Telix is online. If it is set to non-zero (TRUE), Telix will hang-up before returning to DOS, otherwise the connection will not be disturbed. ■ Return Value Since this functions causes Telix to terminate, there is never any re- turn from it. ■ Example exittelix(0, 1); exittelix(100, 0); FCLEARERR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary fclearerr(int <fh>); ■ Description The fclearerr function clears the error flag assigned to the open file represented by file handle <fh>. It also clears the End Of File flag for that file as well. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also ferror, feof ■ Example int f; f = fopen("test.dat", "r"); ... if (ferror(f)) fclearerr(f); FCLOSE ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary fclose(int <fh>); ■ Description The fclose functions closes the file represented by the file handle <fh>, which must previously been opened for reading or writing with Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 37 the fopen function. If the file was opened for writing, any data which is still buffered and waiting to be written out to disk is written be- fore the file is closed. ■ Return Value A return value of -1 indicates a problem closing the file. ■ See Also fopen ■ Example int f; f = fopen("test.dat", "w"); ... fclose(f); FDELETE ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary fdelete(str <filename>); ■ Description The fdelete function is used to delete a disk file from within a script. <filename> is the name of the file to delete. A full drive and path may be specified as part of the filename, and case is not signif- icant, but wildcard characters (* or ?) may NOT be part of the file- name. ■ Return Value A value of -1 is returned if there is a problem deleting the file, 0 otherwise. ■ See Also frename ■ Example fdelete("C:\UTIL\TLX\TELIX.CAP"); // delete an old capture file FEOF ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary feof(int <fh>); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 38 ■ Description The feof function determines if the file position for the open file represented by the file handle <fh> is at the end-of-file position. ■ Return Value A non-zero (TRUE) value is returned if the file position is at the end of the file. ■ See Also ferror ■ Example int f, chr; f = fopen("test.dat", "r"); while ((chr = fgetc(f)) != -1) // print contents of file printc(chr); if (feof(f)) prints("Reached end of file."); else prints("Error reading file"); FERROR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary ferror(int <fh>); ■ Description The ferror function checks the error flag for a file represented by the file handle <fh>. The error flag stays set until it is cleared with fclearerr or the file is closed. ■ Return Value A non-zero (TRUE) value is returned if the file's error flag is set. ■ See Also fclearerr, feof ■ Example int f; f = fopen("test.dat", "r"); // open file only for reading fputs("This should set the error flag!", f); if (ferror(f)) prints("Error writing to file!"); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 39 FFLUSH ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary fflush(int <fh>); ■ Description The fflush function flushes the buffer associated with the file rep- resented by file handle <fh>. If the file is opened for writing, any characters in the buffer are written. If the file is opened for read- ing, the buffer is cleared. ■ Return Value A value of -1 is returned if there is a problem flushing the buffer. ■ See Also fopen, fclose FGETC ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary fgetc(int <fh>); ■ Description The fgetc function returns the next character from the file rep- resented by the file handle <fh>. The file must have been opened for reading or from reading and writing, using the fopen function. ■ Return Value Returns the character read if successful, or -1 if the end of the file has been reached or an error is encountered. ■ See Also fopen, fputc ■ Example int f; f = fopen("test.dat", "r"); while (!feof(f)) // print all the characters in the file printc(fgetc(f)); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 40 FGETS ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary fgets(str <buffer>, int <n>, int <fh>); ■ Description The fgets function reads characters from the open file indicated by the file handle <fh> into the string variable <buffer>. Reading stops when a newline (Line Feed) character is read, and end-of-file is en- countered, a read error occurs, or <n> characters have been read. The Line Feed character (and the Carriage Return that usually precedes it on MS-DOS systems) is not kept as part of the string. Important: The SALT implementation of the fgets() function differs from the C language function of the same name. While both implemen- tations read until the Line Feed character, C keeps that character as part of the input string, while SALT doesn't. This change was made be- cause in almost every case, the Line Feed is not needed, and would otherwise have to be manually stripped by the script after every read. ■ Return Value A value of -1 is returned if there is a read error, or if there is an end-of-file before any characters can be read. ■ See Also fopen, fputs ■ Example int f; str s[100]; f = fopen("test.dat", "r"); while (!feof(f)) // print out contents of text file { fgets(s, 100, f); printsc(s); } FILEATTR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary fileattr(str <filespec>); ■ Description Under the MS-DOS file system, files have a certain attributes which can determine their functions or the way certain things behave. For example if a file has the 'hidden' bit set as part of its attribute Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 41 byte, when you do a DOS dir command, the file is not shown. Similarly, if a file has the read only bit set, you may not overwrite it. The fileattr function returns an integer value representing the at- tributes of a specified file. <filespec> is the name of the file and may include a drive and directory portion, as well as the DOS wildcard characters * and ?. The value returned is a total of the following attributes. 1 Read only file. 2 Hidden file. The file is not listed when the DOS dir command is executed. 4 System file. The file is not listed when the DOS dir command is executed. 8 Volume label. This is the volume name of the disk. 16 Subdirectory. This is a subdirectory name. 32 Archive bit. This is set by DOS whenever a file has been written to and is then used by some backup software to check if a file has been modified since last backed-up. Each of these values is a certain bit in a byte. To test for the ex- istence of an attribute, the bitwise AND operator should be used. For example, the following fragment would check if the read only bit in an attribute is set: if (attrib & 1) ... If <filespec> is blank (""), then the attributes of the last file found with the filefind function is returned. Note that calling file- size or filetime in the meantime with a non-blank filename would in- stead make this call return the attributes of files found with those functions, as they use the same buffer. ■ Return Value An integer value representing the combined attributes of the indicated file is returned, or a value of -1 is returned if the indicated file could not be found. ■ See Also filefind, filesize, filetime ■ Example int attr; str filename[64]; gets(filename, 64); attr = fileattr(filename); if (attr & 6) // system _and_ hidden added together Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 42 prints("This file is marked as hidden and system"); FILEFIND ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary filefind(str <filespec>, int <attrib>, str <buffer>); ■ Description The filefind function is used to search for the existence of one or more files or disk directories. Filefind puts in <buffer> the name of the first file matching <filespec>, which may include a drive and path as well as a filename, and may use the DOS wildcard characters * and ? (e.g., "*.*", "C:\TELIX\TELIX.EXE", "SCRIPTS\TEST??.*"). <attrib> is the attribute (also see fileattr) which files must match. The at- tribute is obtained by adding certain values as follows: 0 Normal files and read only files 2 Hidden files 4 System files 8 Disk volume label 16 Subdirectory If the attribute is 0, only normal (and read-only) files are found. If the volume label is selected, only volume labels will be returned. Any other selected attribute or combination (addition) of attributes re- sults in those files and all normal files being matched. When a matching file, directory, or volume name is found, it is put in <buffer> (note that the drive and path portion of filespec are not copied), and a non-zero (TRUE) value is returned. The size, date/time, and attributes of the matched file can be seen with the filesize, filetime, and fileattr functions, respectively. If no files matching the file specification are found, a zero (FALSE) value is returned. If <filespec> is blank (""), then filefind searches for the next matching file. Note that this will not work after an intervening call to filesize, filetime, or fileattr with a non-blank filename, as the same buffer is used for searches and to keep data. ■ Return Value A non-zero (TRUE) value is returned if a file matching the speci- fication was found, otherwise a value of zero (FALSE) is returned. ■ See Also filesize, filetime, fileattr ■ Example // show all normal files in the current directory str buf[16], fspec[16] = "*.*"; while (filefind(fspec, 0, buf) != 0) Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 43 { prints(buf); // show file found fspec = ""; // so we can continue searching for files } FILESIZE ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary filesize(str <filespec>); ■ Description The filesize function returns the size in bytes of the specified file. <filespec> is the name of the file and may include a drive and direc- tory portion, as well as the DOS wildcard characters * and ?. If <filespec> is blank (""), then the size of the last file found with the filefind function is returned. Note that calling filetime or fileattr in the meantime with a non-blank filename would instead make this call return the size of files found with those functions, as they use the same buffer. ■ Return Value An integer value representing the size of the indicated file is re- turned, or a value of -1 is returned if the indicated file could not be found. ■ See Also filefind, filetime, fileattr ■ Example str filespec[24] = "*.*", buf[12]; int size; siz = filesize("TELIX.EXE"); // get size of file TELIX.EXE // Add up size of all files int he current directory siz = 0; while (filefind(filespec, 0, buf) != 0) // until no more files { siz = siz + filesize(""); // get size of last filefound file filespec = ""; // make sure filespec is "" on sub- // sequent calls to filefind to // continue searching for files } FILETIME ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary filetime(str <filespec>); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 44 ■ Description The filetime function returns the date/time of the specified file. <filespec> is the name of the file and may include a drive and di- rectory portion, as well as the DOS wildcard characters * and ?. The values returned represents the file's modification date as the number of seconds since Jan 1, 1970. A date/time in this form can be used by the date, time, tyear, tmonth, tday, thour, tmin, tsec, and other functions. If <filespec> is blank (""), then the date/time of the last file found with the filefind function is returned. Note that calling filesize or fileattr in the meantime with a non-blank filename would instead make this call return the time/date of files found with those functions, as they use the same buffer. ■ Return Value An integer value representing the date/time of the indicated file is returned, or a value of -1 is returned if the indicated file could not be found. ■ See Also filefind, filesize, fileattr ■ Example int time; str s[16]; time = filetime("TELIX.EXE"); if (time == -1) prints("'TELIX.EXE" could not be found!"); else { printsc("TELIX.EXE was created at "); time(time, s); printsc(s); printsc(" on "); date(time, s); printsc(s); } // this example assumes both files exist if (filetime("FILE1") < filetime("FILE2")) prints("FILE1 is older than FILE2"); else prints("FILE1 is newer than FILE2"); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 45 FLUSHBUF ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary flushbuf(); ■ Description The flushbuf function flushes (throws away) any characters that may be waiting in Telix's remote input buffer. One use for this command is to get rid of unwanted line noise. ■ Return Value None. FNSTRIP ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary fnstrip(str <filename>, int <specifier>, str <target>); ■ Description The fnstrip function allows specific parts of a filename to be ex- tracted. In the MS-DOS operating system, a filename can consist of up to four parts, the drive, the path, the name, and the extension (e.g., C:\TELIX\TELIX.FON). fnstrip processes the filename specified in <filename>, and depending on the value of <specifier>, places any com- bination of these four parts in the <target> string. Legal values for <specifier> and their results are as follows: <specifier> Filename portion copied 0 Full file name 1 All except the drive 2 Drive, name, and extension 3 Name and extension 4 Drive, path, and name (no extension) 5 Path and name (no extension) 6 Drive and name (no extension) 7 Name only (no extension) 12 Drive and path only 13 Path only 14 Drive only ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also filefind Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 46 ■ Example str filename[64], shortname[16]; gets(filename, 64); // ask for a filename fnstrip(filename, 3, shortname); // keep only name & extension FOPEN ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary fopen(str <name>, str <mode>); ■ Description The fopen function is used to open a disk file for reading and/or writing. The file to be opened is given by <name>. <mode> is a string indicating for what use the file should be opened. Legal values for mode are: "r" Opens for reading "w" Opens for writing (truncates any existing file with the same name) "a" Opens for appending (writing at the end of the file). Creates the file if it doesn't exist. "r+" Opens for reading and writing. Initial position at the beginning of the file (the file must already exist). "w+" Opens for reading and writing. If the file exists its contents are destroyed. "a+" Opens for reading and appending. Creates the file if it doesn't exist. If a file is opened for both reading and writing (when "r+", "w+", or "a+" are used as the mode), an fseek operation is necessary before switching from one to the other. ■ Return Value The fopen function returns a 'handle' which is an integer number by which this file is to be referred to until it is finally closed. A value of 0 is returned if the file can not be opened (because it doesn't exist, because a disk error occurred, or because there are no more file handles available). Only up to 8 files may be opened at a time. It is therefore very important to close open files if they are no longer needed and when a script is done, or else all available file handles will become used up. ■ See Also fclose ■ Example int f; f = fopen("data.txt", "r"); // open the file for reading if (f == 0) Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 47 prints("Error opening file!"); FPUTC ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary fputc(int <c>, int <fh>); ■ Description The fputc function writes a character to the file indicated by the file handle <fh>. <c> is the character to write. ■ Return Value The character written is returned, unless there is an error, in which case a value of -1 is returned. ■ See Also fputs, fgetc ■ Example int f, i; str teststr[] = "This is a test string"; f = fopen("test.dat", "w"); for (i = 0; i < 21; ++i) // write out string to file fputc(subchr(teststr, i), f); // character by character FPUTS ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary fputs(str <s>, int <fh>); ■ Description The fputs function writes a string to the file represented by file handle <fh>. The string must be 512 bytes in length or less (all strings end in a zero (0) value, the use of which is usually trans- parent; characters are written until this 0 is encountered. The 0 is not written). ■ Return Value A 0 value is returned if the write is successful, a non-zero value if it is not. ■ See Also fputc, fgets Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 48 ■ Example int f, i; f = fopen("test.dat", "w"); for (i = 0; i < 100; ++i) // write out "Hello" and a new- fputs("Hello^M^J", f); // line one hundred times FREAD ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary fread(str <buf>, int <count>, int <fh>); ■ Description The fread function reads up to <count> bytes from the file represented by file handle <fh>. Characters are written to the <buf> variable, which must be large enough. ■ Return Value The number of bytes actually read is returned, which may be less than <count> if an error occurs or and end-of-file is encountered. The ferror and feof functions should be used to distinguish an error from an end-of-file condition. ■ See Also fwrite ■ Example int f; str buffer[40]; f = fopen("test.dat", "r"); fseek(f, 1000, 0); // goto offset 1000 in file fread(buffer, 40, f); // and read 40 bytes of data FRENAME ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary frename(str <oldname>, str <newname>); ■ Description The frename function is used to rename a disk file. <oldname> is the original name of the file, while <newname> is what it should be re- named to. A full drive and path may be included in the original name, but should not be placed before the new name. The renamed file will stay in the original drive and directory. Case is not significant. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 49 ■ Return Value If successful, frename returns a 0 value, otherwise a non-zero value is returned. ■ See Also fdelete ■ Example frename("\TELIX\TELIX.CAP", "OLDTLX.CAP"); FSEEK ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary fseek(int <fh>, int <offset>, int <origin>); ■ Description The fseek function sets the position of the file pointer in the file represented by the file handle <fh>. The file position is where the next read or write will take place. <offset> is the signed offset from the location specified by <origin>. Legal values for <origin> are: 0: Beginning of file. 1: Current position. 2: End of file. The pointer can be positioned anywhere in the file, and even past the end of the file (which will extend it). It is illegal to try to posi- tion the pointer before the beginning of the file however. ■ Return Value If successful, fseek returns a 0 value, otherwise a non-zero value is returned. ■ See Also ftell ■ Example int f; f = fopen("test.dat", "r"); fseek(f, 0, 0); // go to offset 0 in file fseek(f, 1000, 0); // go to offset 1000 in file fseek(f, -5, 1); // go back 5 places in file fseek(f, 0, 2); // go to the end of the file Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 50 FTELL ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary ftell(int <fh>); ■ Description The ftell function returns the current file position in the file rep- resented by file handle <fh>. This is generally the position where the next read or write operation will take place. Note however that for a file opened in Append mode, the value returned will not necessarily return the position of the next write, since Append mode will force writes to the end of file regardless of the current file position. ■ Return Value An integer value as described above. A -1 value is returned if an er- ror occurs. ■ See Also fseek FWRITE ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary fwrite(str <buf>, int <count>, int <fh>); ■ Description The fwrite function writes bytes to the file represented by the file handle <fh>. <count> number of bytes are written from <buf>. ■ Return Value The number of bytes actually written are returned, which may be less than <count> if an error occurred. ■ See Also fread ■ Example int f; str buffer[] = "1234567890123456789012345"; f = fopen("test.dat", "w"); fwrite(buffer, 25, f); // write test pattern to file Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 51 GET_BAUD ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary get_baud(); ■ Description The get_baud function returns an integer value which is the current baud rate in use on the current communications port (300 through 115200). ■ Return Value As described above. ■ See Also get_parity, get_datab, get_stopb, get_port ■ Example prints("The current baud rate is "); printn(get_baud()); prints(""); GET_DATAB ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary get_datab(); ■ Description The get_datab function returns the data bits setting in use on the current communications port (7 or 8). ■ Return Value As described above. ■ See Also get_baud, get_parity, get_stopb, get_port GETENV ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary getenv(str <varname>, str <target>); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 52 ■ Description The getenv function may be used to access the DOS Environment and get the value assigned to an Environment Variable. <varname> is the name of the environment variable to be searched for, and <target> is the string variable where whatever is assigned to the environment variable should be placed. ■ Return Value A non-zero (TRUE) value is returned if the function is successful, otherwise a zero (FALSE) values is returned (if the environment vari- able didn't exist); ■ Example // Get and print whatever is assigned to the TELIX env. variable str value[64]; if (getenv("TELIX", value)) // if env. variable exists prints(value); // print value GET_PARITY ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary get_parity(); ■ Description The get_parity function returns an integer value which represents the current parity setting in use on the current comm port. ■ Return Value Returned values are as follows: 0 No parity 1 Even parity 2 Odd parity ■ See Also get_baud, get_datab, get_stopb, get_port GET_PORT ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary get_port(); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 53 ■ Description The get_port function returns the number (1 through 8) of the current communications port being used. ■ Return Value As described above. ■ See Also get_baud, get_datab, get_parity, get_stopb ■ Example prints("Currently using COM"); printn(get_port()); prints(""); GET_STOPB ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary get_stopb(); ■ Description The get_stopb function returns the stop bits setting in use on the current com port (1 or 2). ■ Return Value As described above. ■ See Also get_baud, get_datab, get_parity, get_port GETS ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary gets(str <buffer>, int <max>); ■ Description The gets function allows the user to enter a complete string, and use the arrow keys to edit it while it is being entered. <buffer> is the string variable where the string should be put, while <max> is the maximum number of characters the user may enter (from 0 to 80). The user may edit the string as it is being entered, with the Left-Arrow, Right-Arrow, Ctrl-Left-Arrow, and Ctrl-Right-Arrow keys as it is being entered, and insert mode may be toggled on/off with the INS key. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 54 String entry is over when the user presses Enter (Carriage Return on some computers). The user may press Esc to abort string entry, in which case the resulting string will have a length of 0. ■ Return Value The number of characters entered by the user are returned. If the user pressed Esc to abort string entry, a value of -1 is returned. ■ See Also getsxy ■ Example int n; str password[8]; printsc("Enter a password? "); n = gets(password, 8); GETSXY ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary getsxy(str <targets>, int <max>, int <x>, int <y>, int <color>); ■ Description The getsxy function is similar to the gets function, but the x,y lo- cation of string entry may be specified, as well as a color attribute. <buffer> is the string variable where the string should be put, while <max> is the maximum number of characters the user may enter (from 0 to 80). The cursor will be moved to <x>,<y>, and text entered will use a color as described by <color>. The user may edit the string as it is being entered, with the Left-Ar- row, Right-Arrow, Ctrl-Left-Arrow, and Ctrl-Right-Arrow keys as it is being entered, and insert mode may be toggled on/off with the INS key. String entry is over when the user presses Enter (Carriage Return on some computers). The user may press Esc to abort string entry, in which case the resulting string will have a length of 0. ■ Return Value The number of characters entered by the user are returned. If the user pressed Esc to abort string entry, a value of -1 is returned. ■ See Also gets ■ Example int n; str filename[64] = "C:\TELIX\TELIX.EXE"; // allow use to enter filename in black on white Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 55 // at current cursor position n = getsxy(filename, 64, getx(), gety(), 112); GETX, GETY ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary getx(); gety(); ■ Description The getx function returns the current column (horizontal x axis) po- sition of the cursor on the screen. The gety function returns the current row (vertical y axis) position of the cursor on the screen. ■ Return Value Returned values will range from 0 for the leftmost column to 79 for the rightmost column, for the getx function. Returned values range from 0 for the upper edge of the screen to 24 for the lower edge, for the gety functions.. ■ See Also gotoxy GOTOXY ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary gotoxy(int <xpos>, int <ypos>); ■ Description The gotoxy function positions the cursor at the screen coordinates given by <xpos> and <ypos>. Note that 0,0 is the upper left corner. On a 80x25 text screen, the lower right corner would be 79,24. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also getx, gety Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 56 ■ Example gotoxy(0, 0); // go to the top left corner gotoxy(79, 24); // go to the bottom right corner HANGUP ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary hangup(); ■ Description The hangup function tries to hang-up the modem, exactly as if the user had pressed Alt-H while in terminal mode. This is accomplished by first dropping (turning off) a signal called the DTR line, and if that is unsuccessful, sending the hang-up string defined in the configu- ration menu. ■ Return Value A non-zero (TRUE) value is returned if the hang-up is successful, otherwise a zero (FALSE) value is returned. HELPSCREEN ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary helpscreen(); ■ Description The helpscreen function displays the help/status screen, as if the user had pressed the appropriate key while in terminal mode. ■ Return Value None. INKEY, INKEYW ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary inkey(); inkeyw(); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 57 ■ Description The inkey function returns a character from the keyboard, but does not wait for a key to be pressed. The inkeyw function returns a character from the keyboard, and waits for a key to be pressed if the keyboard buffer is empty. Note that Telix while executing a script file checks the keyboard be- tween every command to see if the user wants to abort the script. For these commands to work, this keyboard checking must be disabled. This is done by setting the _scr_chk_key system variable to a non-zero (FALSE) value (that variable is further described in the section on system variables). ■ Return Value inkey returns the first character in the keyboard buffer, or a value of 0 if the keyboard buffer is empty. inkeyw waits until a key has been pressed if none is available in the keyboard buffer, and returns that value. Both of these functions also return extended key code values which are not part of the ASCII character set (for example, the code for Alt-D). These values are described in the Appendix. ■ Example chr = inkey(); INSCHRS ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary inschrs(str <source>, str <target>, int <pos>, int <num>); ■ Description The inschrs function is used to insert characters from one string into another at a specific position, shifting existing characters to the right. Characters are taken from <source> and placed in <target>, at an offset indicated by <pos>. Note that string offsets are numbered starting at 0, so the first character would have an offset of 0, the second 1, etc. Only <num> characters are inserted, and existing char- acters are shifted to the right (and are lost if they shift past the space allocated for the string). ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also copystr, copychrs Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 58 ■ Example str test[24] = "Good-bye"; // add "Hello" to the front of the existing string inschrs("Hello ", test, 0, 6); ISALNUM - ISUPPER ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary isalnum(int <c>); Test for alphanumeric ('A'-'Z', 'a'-'z', or '0'- '9' isalpha(int <c>); Test for letter ('A'-'Z' or 'a'-'z') isascii(int <c>); Test for ASCII value (0-255) iscntrl(int <c>); Test for Control character (0-31 or 127) isdigit(int <c>); Test for digit ('0'-'9') islower(int <c>); Test for lower case ('a'-'z') isupper(int <c>); Test for upper case ('A'-'Z') ■ Description The functions listed above test an integer value and return a non-zero (TRUE) value if the test condition is satisfied, or a zero (FALSE) if it is not. Except for isascii, these functions give valid results only for in- teger values in the ASCII character set, that is, values for which isascii is true. ■ Return Value A non-zero (TRUE) value is returned if the test condition is sat- isfied, a 0 (FALSE) value otherwise. IS_LOADED ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary is_loaded(str <filename>); ■ Description The is_loaded function is used to determine if a SALT script, in- dicated by <filename> is currently loaded into memory. The script can be in memory if it was explicitly loaded with the load_script func- tion, or is still in memory because it previously was run and did not Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 59 finish executing. If filename does not include an extension, ".SLC" is automatically added. ■ Return Value A non-zero (TRUE) values is returned if the indicated script file is in memory, otherwise a zero (FALSE) value is returned. ■ See Also load_scr, unload_scr ■ Example if (!is_loaded("TESTSCR")) // make sure script is in memory load_scr("TESTSCR"); ITOS ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary itos(int <value>, str <s>); ■ Description The itos function writes out the digits of the supplied integer value to <s>. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also stoi ■ Example int chr; str s[16]; chr = inkeyw(); // get a user keystroke itos(chr, s); // and print out ASCII value of character prints(s); KEYGET ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary keyget(int <key>, int <table>, str <buffer>); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 60 ■ Description The keyget function is used to look at what text is assigned to a key. <key> is an integer value representing the key (as described in the appendix). Any macro text assigned to this key will be placed in <buffer>. Telix keeps two key macro definition tables in memory at all times, a user key table, and a terminal key table, loaded in whenever the current terminal is changed. If <table> is 0, the key is assumed to be in the user table. If <table> is 1, the key is assumed to be in the terminal table. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also keyset, keyload, keysave ■ Example str s[100]; prints("Text currently assigned to the F1 key in user table is:"); keyget(0x3b00, 0, s); prints(s); KEYLOAD ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary keyload(str <fname>, int <table>); ■ Description The keyload function is used to load a keyboard macro definition file into Telix. <fname> is the name of the definition file (if no exten- sion is given, .KEY is assumed). Telix always keeps two definition ta- bles in memory, a relatively constant user table, and a terminal table which changes with each different terminal and holds the proper key assignments for that terminal. If <table> is 0, then the definitions are loaded into the user table. If <table> is 1, the definitions are loaded into the terminal table. ■ Return Value A value of -1 is returned if there are problems loading the key file, otherwise a non-zero (TRUE) value is returned. ■ See Also keysave, keyget, keyset ■ Example keyload("SPECIAL", 0); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 61 KEYSAVE ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary keysave(str <fname>, int <table>); ■ Description The keysave function is used to save the current macro key text def- initions to a disk file. <fname> is the file to save the definitions to, and if no extension is given, ".KEY" is added. Telix always keeps two key definition tables in memory, a relatively constant user table, and a terminal table which changes with each different terminal and holds the proper key assignments for that terminal. If <table> is 0, then the definitions from the user table are saved. If <table> is 1, the definitions from the terminal table are saved. ■ Return Value A value of -1 is returned if there is a problem writing to the file, otherwise a non-zero (TRUE) value is returned. ■ See Also keyload, keyget, keyset KEYSET ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary keyset(int <key>, int <table>, str <text>); ■ Description The keyset function is used to assign text to a key. <key> is an in- teger value representing the key (as described in the appendix). <text> is what to assign to this key. Telix always keeps two key defi- nition tables in memory, a relatively constant user table, and a ter- minal table which changes with each different terminal and holds the proper key assignments for that terminal. If <table> is 0, the key definition in the user table is affected. If <table> is 1, the key definition in the terminal table is affected. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also keyget, keyload, keysave Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 62 ■ Example // Assign a name to the F1 key in the user table // Note that if the terminal table also holds a // definition for that key it will take precedence keyset((0x3b00, 0, "Joe Smith"); LOADFON ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int loadfon(str <filename>); ■ Description The loadfon function loads the given dialing directory file. The com- plete name must be given, including any extension (e.g. .FON) or the disk drive/directory if the file is not in the current directory. ■ Return Value A non-zero (TRUE) value is returned if the dialing directory file is successfully loaded. If some sort of error occurs (file does not ex- ist, file reading error, etc.) a zero (FALSE) value is returned. LOAD_SCR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary load_scr(str <filename>); ■ Description When a script is run (either by the user manually running it from ter- minal mode, or from within another script), it is usually loaded from disk. The load_scr function is used to load a script into memory ahead of time, providing a savings in time when the script must be run re- peatedly. <filename> is the name of the script file to load, and if no extension is given, ".SLC" is assumed. ■ Return Value If there is a problem loading the script file (it is not there or there is not enough memory),a value of -1 is returned. Otherwise a non-zero (TRUE) value is returned. ■ See Also unload_scr, is_loaded ■ Example int stat; Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 63 stat = load_scr("TEST"); // load TEST.SLC NEWDIR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary newdir(str <directory>); ■ Description The newdir function is used to change the current drive and/or di- rectory. The <directory> argument should be the drive and/or directory to change to. ■ Return Value A non-zero (TRUE) value is returned if the function is successful, otherwise a zero (FALSE) values is returned (if the drive or directory is illegal or doesn't exist). ■ See Also dos, run ■ Example newdir("C:\TELIX"); PRINTC ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary printc(int <chr>); ■ Description The printc function prints the character represented by the ASCII value <chr> to the terminal screen. ■ Return Value <chr> is returned. ■ See Also prints, printsc, printn ■ Example printc('A'); printc(7); // print ASCII value 7 (BELL sound) Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 64 printc(keyinw()); // print user keypress PRINTER ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary printer(int <state>); ■ Description The printer function is used within a script file to turn the printer on or off, as if the user had pressed the appropriate key in terminal mode. If <state> is a non-zero (TRUE) value, echoing to the printer is turned on, otherwise echoing is turned off ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also capture ■ Example printer(1); // turn on printer log PRINTN ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary printn(int <num>); ■ Description The printn function prints the passed integer number to the terminal screen. The cursor is NOT advanced to the beginning of the next line. ■ Return Value The value of the passed integer is returned. ■ See Also prints, printsc, printc ■ Example printsc("Current baud rate is "); printn(get_baud); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 65 PRINTS, PRINTSC, PRINTSC_TRM ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary prints(str <outstr>); printsc(str <outstr>); printsc_trm(str <outstr>); ■ Description The prints function prints the passed string at the current cursor po- sition on the screen, followed by a Carriage Return and Line Feed (which places the cursor at the beginning of the next line). The printsc function prints the passed string at the current cursor position on the screen. The cursor is not advanced to the next line, hence the 'c', which stands for continuous. The printsc_trm function is similar to the above, except that out- putted characters pass through the current terminal emulator, so ter- minal escape sequences may be included in output strings. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also printn, printc ■ Example prints("Hello"); printsc("Hello^M^J"); // same effect as above printsc_trm("^[[H"); // go to top left corner in VT102 emulation PSTRA, PSTRAXY ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary pstra(str <s>, int <color>); pstraxy(str <s>, int <x>, int <y>, int <color>); ■ Description The pstra (Print STRing with color Attribute) function is used to print a string to the screen, similar to the prints/printsc functions. This function is much faster however, and should be used when speed is important. As well, it allows a color to be specified for the text. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 66 <s> will be printed to the screen at the current cursor position using a color as specified by <color>. The pstraxy function is similar to the above, but allows you to spec- ify where to print the string. The string is printed at <x>,<y>, with 0,0 being the upper left corner of the screen. Note that prints goes through a basic TTY type terminal emulator, so strings printed using it may contain the basic cursor control code, while pstra writes directly to the screen, ignoring these sequences. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also prints, printsc ■ Example pstraxy("Enter name:", 10, 10, 112); // print in inverse text RECEIVE ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary receive(int <protocol>, str <name>); ■ Description The receive function is used to receive (download) one or more files from another system. <protocol> is the letter used to select the ap- propriate protocol from the actual download menu in Telix (e.g., 'X' for Xmodem), as follows: 'A' ASCII 'K' Kermit 'M' Modem7 'S' SEAlink 'T' Telink 'X' Xmodem '1' Xmodem-1k 'G' Xmodem-1k-g 'Y' Ymodem 'E' YmodEm-g 'Z' Zmodem If an external protocol is defined, <protocol> may also be the key used to select it. <name> is the name the file should take. For pro- tocols which pass the name, such as SEAlink, Zmodem, Ymodem (batch), and others, the name field should be an empty string, "". If a down- load directory has been defined in the Configuration Menu, received files will go there, unless the <name> string explicitly includes a path to another drive/directory. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 67 ■ Return Value A value of -1 is returned if the transfer was aborted, except if the Carrier (connection) was lost, in which case a value of -2 is re- turned. ■ See Also send, _down_dir ■ Example int result; result = receive('X', "TEST.EXE"); if (result < 0) prints("File transfer failed!"); REDIAL ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary redial(str <dialstr>, int <maxtries>, int <no_link>); ■ Description The redial function dials the entries specified in <dialstr>. The en- tries should be entered in the same format as used when typing entries in the dialing directory. If <dialstr> is empty (""), the redial queue is presented to the user, as if Alt-Q was pressed while in terminal mode. <maxtries> is the maximum number of dialing attempts. For exam- ple, if the string contains one entry, and <maxtries> is equal to 5, Telix will attempt to dial the number 5 times. If five entries are in- dicated, and <maxtries> is equal to 5, each number will only be at- tempted once. If <maxtries> is 0, dialing will continue until a con- nection is established. If an entry is connected to, and has a linked script file attached, that script will be run, unless <no_link> is non-zero (TRUE). ■ Return Value If there was a connection, the redial function returns the entry num- ber of the of the entry which was connected to (or 1 if a manual num- ber was dialed). If there was no connection established, 0 is re- turned. If the <dialstr> has a bad format, -1 is returned. Also, when a connection is successfully established, the entry number of the entry connected to is placed in the system variable _entry_enum, while the name of the entry connected to is placed in the system variable _entry_name. ■ See Also dial _entry_enum, _entry_name Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 68 ■ Example int stat; str number_list[] = "1 4 27"; redial("10 15", 0); redial("m967-1111", 5); stat = redial(number_list, 0); RUN ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary run(str <filename>, str <comline>, int <mode>); ■ Description The run function executes the indicated file. The indicated file must either be in the current directory, be on the DOS PATH, or must in- clude the full path to the file (i.e., specify the drive and/or direc- tory). Make sure that if you run a program that expects user input you are on hand to give it. The <comline> parameter is the command line which should be passed to the called program. The <mode> argument specifies several options, as follows: 0 Original screen is restored when program is completed. 1 When program is completed, the user is prompted to press a key and screen is restored as soon as it is pressed. 2 Original screen is not restored when program is completed This function is similar to the dos function. Because it uses less memory and loads faster, it is preferable to that function unless a DOS Batch file has to be run, or an internal DOS command must be spec- ified, in which case the dos function has to be used. ■ Return Value The run function returns a -1 if the file can not be run (because it can not be found or there is not enough memory). Any other value is the value returned by the called program (usually 0), but a positive value may also result when the called program is aborted. ■ See Also dos, dosfunction ■ Example run("CS", "test", 1); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 69 SCROLL ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary scroll(int <x>, int <y>, int <x2>, int <y2>, int <lines>, int <color>); ■ Description The scroll function is used to scroll or clear a region of the screen. The area to handle is defined by <x>,<y> as the upper left corner, and <x2>,<y2> as the lower right corner (the upper left corner of the screen is 0,0). If the <lines> parameter is a positive value, text within the region is scrolled up that many lines. If <lines> is a neg- ative value, text within the region is scrolled down that many lines. If <lines> is equal to 0, the entire region is cleared. Empty lines scrolled into the region will have a color of <color>. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also box ■ Example scroll(0, 0, 79, 24, 10, 7); // scroll screen up 10 lines SEND ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary send(int <protocol>, str <name>); ■ Description The send function is used to send (upload) one or more files to an- other system over the comm port. <protocol> is the letter used to se- lect the appropriate protocol from the actual download menu in Telix (e.g., 'X' for Xmodem) as follows: Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 70 'A' ASCII 'K' Kermit 'M' Modem7 'S' SEAlink 'T' Telink 'X' Xmodem '1' Xmodem-1k 'G' Xmodem-1k-g 'Y' Ymodem 'E' YmodEm-g 'Z' Zmodem If an external protocol is defined, <protocol> may also be the key used to select. <name> is the file(s) to send. <name> may include the DOS wildcard characters * and ?, in which case all matching files will be sent (however the protocol used must be capable of sending more than one file at a time, e.g., SEAlink, Zmodem, Ymodem (batch), etc.). If an upload directory has been defined in the Configuration Menu, Telix will look there for files specified to be sent, unless the <name> string explicitly includes a path to another drive/directory. ■ Return Value A value of -1 is returned if the transfer was aborted, except if the carrier (connection) was lost, in which case a value of -2 is re- turned. ■ See Also receive, _up_dir SEND_BRK ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary send_brk(int <duration>); ■ Description The send_brk function sends a sustained break signal over the modem port, for a period of time, specified in tenths of a second, by <duration>. ■ Return Value None. SET_CPARAMS ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary set_cparams(int <baud>, int <parity>, int <data>, int <stop>); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 71 ■ Description The set_cparams function is used to set the communications parameters in use on the current communications port. Allowable <baud> values are 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, 38400, 57600, and 115200. <parity> is an integer number which stands for the parity to use. Allowable values are 0, 1, and 2, which stand for None, Even, and Odd parity, respectively. <data> is the data bits setting to use; allowable values are 7 or 8. <stop> is the stop bits setting to use; allowable values are 1 or 2. Note that some combinations of settings are illegal. ■ Return Value If all the settings are legal values, a non-zero (TRUE) value is re- turned, otherwise a value of -1 is returned. ■ See Also set_port ■ Example set_cparams(2400, 0, 8, 1); set_cparams(9600, get_parity(), get_datab(), get_stopb()); SET_DEFPROT ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary set_defprot(int <protocol>); ■ Description The set_defprot function is used to set the default file transfer pro- tocol presented to the user when a file transfer is requested. <protocol> is the letter used to select the appropriate protocol at the file transfer menu (see the description of the receive function for possible options). ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also receive, send ■ Example set_defprot('Z'); // Select Zmodem as default protocol Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 72 SETCHR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary setchr(str <buf>, int <pos>, int <c>); ■ Description The setchr function puts the character <c> at position <pos> in the string indicated by <buf>. ■ Return Value The character <c> is returned. ■ See Also setchrs, subchr ■ Example int i; str s[100]; for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) // set first 10 characters to 'A' setchr(s, i, 'A'); SETCHRS ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary setchrs(str <buf>, int <pos>, int <c>, int <count>); ■ Description The setchrs function is used to set a range of characters in a string to the same value. <buf> is the string in which characters will be set, starting at an offset indicated by <pos> (note that the first character in a SALT string has an offset of 0, the second, 1, and so on). <count> characters will be set to the value of <c>. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also setchr, subchrs ■ Example str s[100]; // zero out an entire string setchrs(s, 0, 0, strmaxlen(s)); // set the first ten characters to 'A' Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 73 setchrs(s, 0, 'A', 10); SET_PORT ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary set_port(int <port>); ■ Description The set_port function is used to select a communications port to use. Allowable values for <port> are 1 through 8. ■ Return Value If the new port can be successfully initialized, a non-zero (TRUE) value is returned, otherwise a value of -1 is returned. ■ See Also set_cparams SET_TERMINAL ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary set_terminal(str <terminal_name>); ■ Description The set_terminal function is used to switch the current terminal being emulated. <terminal_name> is the name of the new terminal to use, as follows: "TTY" "ANSI-BBS" "ANSI" "VT102" "VT52" "AVATAR" ■ Return Value A value of -1 is returned if there is a problem switching to the in- dicated terminal emulator, otherwise a non-zero (TRUE) value is re- turned. ■ Example set_terminal("VT102"); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 74 SHOW_DIRECTORY ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary show_directory(str <filespec>, int <cecho>, int <carrier>); ■ Description The show_directory function displays a files directory listing to the screen and optionally echoes it to the comm port. The <filespec> is the file mask to use (e.g., "*.*"), and may also include a drive and/or directory, just like the DOS 'dir' command. If the <cecho> argument is non-zero (TRUE), the listing is also be echoed to the comm port. If the <carrier> argument is non-zero (TRUE) and the listing is being echoed to the comm port, the carrier signal is monitored in case the connection is lost (which aborts the display). The user is prompted to press a key after every screen full of data. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also dos, dosfunction ■ Example show_directory("*.DOC", 0, 0); STATUS_WIND ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary status_wind(str <message>, int <duration>); ■ Description The status_wind function is used to display a status message, <message>, in a pop up window. <duration> is the time in tenths of seconds to display the window, after which it is removed, and the pre- vious contents of that screen area are restored. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also box, pstra, pstraxy ■ Example status_wind("File not found!", 10); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 75 STOI ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary stoi(str <s>); ■ Description The stoi function assumes that <s> is a string which contains an in- teger number, written out. It processes the string digit by digit and returns that value. For example, stoi("123") would return the integer value 123. Processing stops at the first non-digit character. If an empty or invalid string is parsed, a value of 0 is returned. ■ Return Value An integer value as described above. ■ See Also itos ■ Example str s[] = "123"; if (stoi(s) == 123) prints("This will always be printed!"); STRCAT ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary strcat(str <string1>, str <string2>); ■ Description The strcat function concatenates (adds or appends) one string to the other. <string2> is added to the end of <string1>. If <string1> is not large enough only as many characters as will fit are added. ■ Return Value None. ■ Example str s[80] = "hello"; strcat(s, "good-bye"); if (s == "hellogoodbye") prints("This will always be printed"); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 76 STRCHR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary strchr(str <s>, int <pos>, int <c); ■ Description The strchr function is used to search for a character within a string. <s> is the string to search, and <pos> is the starting position of the search, and <c> is the character (ASCII value) to search for. If the character, its offset is returned, otherwise a value of -1 is re- turned. Note that the first character in a string has an offset of 0, not 1 as in some languages. ■ Return Value An integer value as described above. ■ Example // Count how many times a certain char occurs in a string int i, count = 0; str s[] = "abcabcabcabcabc"; i = 0; do { i = strchr(s, i, 'a'); if (i != -1) count = count + 1; } while (i != -1); STRCMPI ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary strcmpi(str <string1>, str <string2>); ■ Description The strcmpi function is used to compare two strings (in a similar man- ner to the ==, >, and < operators, but ignoring the case of the strings). The strings are compared character by character until a dif- ference is found or the end of either string is found, and an integer value is returned as follows: Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 77 0 <string1> is equal to <string2> < 0 <string1> is less than <string2> > 0 <string1> is greater than <string2> ■ Return Value An integer value as described above. ■ Example if (strcmpi("HeLLo", "hEllO"); prints("This will always be printed"); STRLEN ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary strlen(str <s>); ■ Description The strlen function returns the number of characters in the string <s>. Since strings are terminated with a 0 (NULL) character, this function really counts the number of characters before a 0 is en- countered. ■ Return Value An integer value representing the length of a string. ■ See Also strmaxlen ■ Example str teststr[] = "This is a test string"; printsc("The length of 'teststr' is "); printn(strlen(teststr)); STRLOWER ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary strlower(str <s>); ■ Description The strlower function processes the string <s> and changes each upper case character to lower case. Other characters are left unchanged. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 78 ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also strupper STRMAXLEN ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary strmaxlen(str <s>); ■ Description The strmaxlen function returns the maximum number of characters that string <s> can hold. This is the same value as used when the string is defined elsewhere in the program (e.g. if the string was defined as 'str hello[16];', a value of 16 would be returned). All strings are really one character larger than defined, as the last character is al- ways a terminating 0 (NULL). However, since this value can not be changed, it is not counted as part of the length of a string. ■ Return Value An integer value as described above. ■ See Also strlen STRPOS, STRPOSI ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary strpos(str <string1>, str <substr>, int <start>); strposi(str <string1>, str <substr>, int <start>); ■ Description The strpos function is used to search for one string within another. <string1> is scanned for <substr>, starting at the offset (position) indicated by <start>. If the sub-string is found, its offset is re- turned, otherwise a value of -1 is returned. Note that the first char- acter has an offset of 0, not 1 as in some languages. strposi is a case insensitive version of the above. ■ Return Value An integer value as described above. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 79 ■ Example str teststr[] = "cat dog cat dog"; int i = 0, num = 0; while (1) // loop as long as needed { i = strpos(teststr, "cat", i); if (i == -1) break; i = i + 1; // make sure we don't find the same one num = num + 1; // increment count } prints("'cat' was found "); printn(num); prints(" times."); STRUPPER ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary strupper(str <s>); ■ Description The strupper function processes the string <s> and changes each lower case character to upper case. Other characters are left unchanged. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also strlower SUBCHR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary subchr(str <s>, int <pos>); ■ Description The subchr function returns the character found at position <pos> in string <s>. Note that an integer (representing the ASCII value of the character) is returned, not a string. <pos> may be anywhere within the string length as defined. Note that positions start from 0. The 1st character in a string is at position 0, the 40th at position 39, etc. A string defined with a length of 10 would have valid positions of 0 to 9, with position 10 always returning the 0 value that terminates all strings. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 80 ■ Return Value An integer value as described above. ■ See Also setchr, subchrs ■ Example // This will print out the contents of a test string, extracting // each character individually, and stopping when a 0 is reached // which marks the end of all proper strings int i; str s[] = "This is a test string"; for (i = 0; subchr(s, i) != 0; ++i) printc(subchr(s, i)); SUBCHRS ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary subchrs(str <source>, int <pos>, int <count>, str <target>); ■ Description The subchrs function copies a number of characters from one string into another, Characters from position <pos> in <source> are copied into string <target> (note that SALT string offsets start at 0, not 1 as in some languages). <count> characters are copied. Only as many characters as will fit in <target> are copied. This function is very similar to substr, except that it is not string oriented, and does not stop copying characters when a 0 value is en- countered. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also substr, subchr, copystr, copychrs SUBSTR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary substr(str <source>, int <pos>, int <max>, str <target>); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 81 ■ Description The substr function copies a portion of one string to another. Char- acters from position <pos> in string <source> are copied until into string <target> (note that SALT string offsets start at 0, not 1 as in some languages). Characters are copied until a 0 (NULL) value is en- countered (normally at the end of every string), or <max> characters are copied. A 0 (NULL) is always copied at the end of the target string. The 0 does not count as part of the <max>. Only as many char- acters as will fit in <target> are copied. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also subchrs, copystr, copychrs ■ Example str s[] = "horse cat dog", s2[16]; substr(s, 6, 3, s2); if (s2 == "cat") prints("This will always be printed"); TDAY - TYEAR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary tday(int <timeval>); thour(int <timeval>); tmin(int <timeval>); tmonth(int <timeval>); tsec(int <timeval>); tyear(int <timeval>); ■ Description These functions all extract time information from <timeval>, which is a date and/or time of day. If <timeval> represents a date, it is the number of seconds from Jan 1, 1970 to that date. If <timeval> repre- sents a time of day, it is the number of seconds from midnight to that time. If it is both, the two above values are simply added together. Among others, the curtime and filetime functions return time/date in- formation in this format. tday returns an integer value from 1 to 31 representing the day por- tion of the date stored in <timeval>. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 82 thour returns an integer value from 0 to 23 representing the hour por- tion of the time stored in <timeval>. tmin returns an integer value from 0 to 59 representing the minutes portion of the time stored in <timeval>. tmonth returns an integer value from 1 to 12 representing the month portion of the date stored in <timeval>. tsec returns an integer value from 1 to 59 representing the seconds portion of the time stored in <timeval>. tyear returns an integer value from 1970 to 2019 representing the year portion of the date stored in <timeval>. ■ Return Value An integer value as described above. ■ See Also curtime, filetime ■ Example int t; t = curtime(); printsc("This is month number "); printn(tmonth(t)); printsc(" in the year "); printn(tyear(t)); prints("."); TERMINAL ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary terminal(); ■ Description The terminal function when called allows Telix to process characters coming in from the serial port and print them on the terminal screen, and process user keystrokes. If a function has nothing to do (for ex- ample while using the track function), it can call terminal to make sure characters and user keystrokes are processed. Note that if a user script wants to process every incoming character (e.g., with the cgetc function, the terminal function should never be called). ■ Return Value None. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 83 ■ See Also track ■ Example // This will wait forever for either of two strings // to come in from the comm port, and then stop. int t1, t2, stat; t1 = track("hello", 0); t2 = track("good-bye", 0); while (1) // loop forever { terminal(); // The call to terminal() lets any characters // that come in be looked at by Telix's // internal routines for a match with. // Incoming chars are also printed on the // terminal screen and user keystrokes are // handled stat = track_hit(0); if (stat == t1 || stat == t2) // exit if one of the strings break; // came in } track_free(t1); // stop Telix for looking for more matches track_free(t2); TIME ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary time(int <timeval>, str <buffer>); ■ Description The time function writes out a time in <buffer> in the form hh:mm:ss, with hh being the hour in either 12 or 24 hour format based on the _time_format). <timeval> is the time, represented as the number of seconds since midnight. Time values in this form are returned by the curtime and filetime functions, among others. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also date, curtime, filetime ■ Example str s[16]; printsc("The current time is "); time(curtime(), s); prints(s); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 84 TIME_UP - TIMER_TOTAL ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary time_up(int <thandle>); timer_free(int <thandle>); timer_restart(int <thandle>, int <time>); timer_start(int <time>); timer_total(int <thandle>); ■ Description The timer functions are used to set and keep track of a timer vari- able. The timer_start function is used to start a timer. This timer can later be used to check if a certain period of time has elapsed from when the timer was started. This function returns an integer value called a timer handle, that is used to refer to this timer in the fu- ture. The <time> parameter is the time from the present (in tenths of a second) after which the timer should be considered elapsed (for use with the time_up function). If the time_up function will not be used, then this parameter can be anything. The time_up function returns a non-zero (TRUE) value if the timer rep- resented by timer handle <thandle> has elapsed, otherwise a 0 (FALSE) value is returned. The period of time after which a timer will elapse is specified in the timer_start function. The timer_total function returns the total time (in tenths of a sec- ond) since the timer represented by timer handle <thandle> was started or restarted. The timer_restart function performs the same things as timer_start, except that it restarts an existing timer, represented by timer handle <thandle>. The timer_free function frees a timer variable when it is no longer needed. <thandle> is the timer handle of the timer to free, and should originally have been returned by the timer_start function. After a timer has been freed it should no longer be referred to. ■ Return Value timer_start returns an integer number representing a 'handle' by which a timer will be referred to. time_up returns a non-zero (TRUE) or 0 (FALSE) value depending on whether a timer has elapsed or not. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 85 timer_total returns an integer value representing the elapsed time since a timer was started. timer_restart does not return any significant value. timer_free does not return any significant value. ■ See Also delay ■ Example int t; t = timer_start(100); // delay for 10 seconds while (!time_up(t)) ; timer_free(t); // start a timer and loop forever, printing the elapsed time // in tenths of seconds t = timer_start(0); while (1) { printn(timer_total(t)); prints(""); } TOLOWER ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary tolower(int <chr>); ■ Description If the character <chr> is an uppercase character, the tolower function returns the lowercase equivalent. Otherwise <chr> is returned un- changed. Note that <chr> is an ASCII value, not a string. ■ Return Value An integer value as described above. ■ See Also toupper TONE ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary tone(int <frequency>, int <length>); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 86 ■ Description The tone function makes Telix emit a sound of <frequency> for a period of time represented by length (in hundredths of a second). ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also alarm _sound_on ■ Example tone(659, 14); TOUPPER ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary tolower(int <chr>); ■ Description If the character <chr> is an lowercase character, the toupper function returns the uppercase equivalent. Otherwise <chr> is returned un- changed. Note that <chr> is an ASCII value, not a string. ■ Return Value An integer value as described above. ■ See Also tolower TRACK - TRACK_HIT ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary track(str <trackstr>, int <mode>); track_addchr(int <chr>); track_free(int <handle>); track_hit(int <handle>); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 87 ■ Description The track and related functions are used to keep track of and wait for certain strings to come in over the comm port, similar in nature to the waitfor function. However the latter function can only wait for one specific string, while with the track functions can handle more strings at the same time (currently up to 16), and they may arrive in any order (or not arrive at all). The track function tells Telix to keep track of (watch for) the string indicated by <trackstr> to come in over the comm port. If <mode> is 0, case is significant, if <mode> is 1, case is not significant. The for- mer is faster and should be used when the many strings are being watched for. Track returns an integer value called a 'track handle' which is later used with the track_hit function to check if this string came in. When track is called, Telix doesn't loop endlessly waiting for the string to come in, but instead returns back to the script. As char- acters come in, Telix checks to see if any of the strings to be tracked have been matched, and marks those that have. A script can at any time call the track_hit function to see if the string represented by <handle> was received. If track_hit returns a non-zero (TRUE) value, then that string was received, otherwise it wasn't. If <handle> is 0, then track_hit will return the lowest numbered handle of any strings that came in, or 0 if none did. The marker on a handle is cleared once track_hit has indicated that the appropriate string was received. While a script is executing, Telix is not in terminal mode, and there- fore does not have access to incoming characters, to scan for matching strings. Therefore, the terminal function must periodically be called to allow Telix to get a look at incoming characters. This function is described in the appropriate place in this manual. Alternately, if a script must process these characters itself (with a function like cgetc), and therefore can not call the terminal function, they must still be passed by the track routines for string matching to work. The track_addchr function is used for this. When it is called, Telix treats the character represented by <chr> as if it had been received from the terminal handler, and uses it to scan for matching strings. The track_free function is used to tell Telix to stop tracking a cer- tain string. <handle> is a track handle returned by a previous call to the track function. It is very important that when a certain string no longer needs to be tracked, track_free is called, as tracking a large number of strings can slow down Telix execution. If <handle> is 0, Telix will stop tracking all strings. ■ Return Value track_addchr and track_free do not return a value. The other functions return integer values as described above. ■ See Also waitfor Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 88 ■ Example // Log-on to a BBS, answering two prompts in any order. // This will wait forever, so for actual use would have // to be changed a bit. See sample scripts for examples. int stat, t1, t2; t1 = track("Name? ", 0); t2 = track("Password? ", 0); while (1) // loop as long as needed { terminal(); // call terminal function to allow Telix // to look at incoming characters for // matches and let Telix process user // keystrokes stat = track_hit(0); // see if any matches if (stat == t1) // name prompt cputs("Joe Smith^M"); // send name and continue looping if (stat == t2) // password prompt { cputs("mypass^M"); // send password break; // and get out of loop } } track_free(t1); // free track handles track_free(t2); TRANSTAB ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary transtab(str <filename>, int <table>); ■ Description The transtab function is used to load or clear the incoming or out- going character translation table. <table> stands for the translate table to manipulate, with 0 being the incoming, and 1 being the out- going. If <filename> is empty (""), Telix will prompt for the name of a translate table to load into memory. If <filename> is a valid name for a Telix translate table (saved from the translate table menu in Telix), it is loaded into memory. If <filename> is "*CLEAR*", the current translate table in memory is cleared, and Telix will no longer translate incoming characters. ■ Return Value A value of -1 is returned if there is a problem loading the indicated translate table, otherwise a non-zero (TRUE) value is returned. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 89 ■ Example transtab("TELIX.XLT", 0); UNLOAD_SCR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary unload_scr(str <filename>); ■ Description The load_scr function can be used by a script file to load another script into memory ahead of time (before it is run). The unload_scr function should then be used to unload or take out this script when it is no longer needed. <filename> is the name of the script file to un- load, and if no extension is given, ".SLC" is assumed. Note that a script that is currently executing or that is nested (has called the current script) must not be unloaded, since Telix is still executing it or will return to it eventually! ■ Return Value If there is a problem unloading the script file, a value of -1 is re- turned. Otherwise a non-zero (TRUE) value is returned. ■ See Also load_scr, is_loaded ■ Example int stat; stat = load_scr("TEST"); // load TEST.SLC ... // do other things unload_scr("TEST"); // take TEST.SLC out of memory UPDATE_TERM; ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary update_term(); ■ Description The update_term function is called to make sure Telix updates certain things relating to the video and terminal page. For example, changes made to the _back_color and _fore_color system variables will not take effect until this function is called. As well Telix may sometimes take up to 15 seconds to update the status bar (and in some cases while scripts are running, won't update it at all). Calling this function ensures that the status bar is updated. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 90 ■ Return Value None. ■ Example int temp; // reverse current terminal colors temp = back_color; back_color = fore_color; fore_color = temp; update_term(); USAGELOG ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary usagelog(str <filename>); ■ Description The usagelog function is used to manipulate the Telix usage log fa- cility. If <filename> is an empty string (""), Telix will ask for the filename to open the usage log to, as if the user had pressed Alt-U in terminal mode. If <filename> contains a valid filename, the usage log is opened to that file. The standard usage log is usually called "TELIX.USE". If <filename> is "*CLOSE*", and the usage log is currently open, it is closed. ■ Return Value A value of -1 is returned if there is a problem performing the indi- cated operation, otherwise a non-zero (TRUE) value is returned. ■ See Also ustamp, usage_stat _usage_fname ■ Example usagelog("TELIX.USE"); USAGE_STAT ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary usage_stat(); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 91 ■ Description The usage_stat function returns an integer value representing the cur- rent status of the Usage Log. If the Usage Log is currently open, a non-zero (TRUE) value is returned, otherwise a value of zero (FALSE) is returned. ■ Return Value An integer values as described above. ■ See Also usagelog, capture_stat USTAMP ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary ustamp(str <text>, int <new_entry>, int <add_nl>); ■ Description The ustamp function is used to place (stamp) text into the Telix usage log. If the usage log is currently not open, this function call is simply ignored. <text> is the entry that should be placed into the us- age log. If <new_entry> contains a non-zero (TRUE) value, the current date/time is placed ahead of the text, otherwise it is assumed that this is a continuation of a previous entry and no date/time is added. If <add_nl> (add new line) is a non-zero (TRUE) value, a Carriage Re- turn and Line Feed character are added after the entry. This is usu- ally the case unless something else must be added on the same line. ■ Return Value A value of -1 is returned if there is a problem writing to the usage log, otherwise a non-zero (TRUE) value is returned. ■ See Also usagelog ■ Example ustamp("Calling user subroutine... ", 1, 0); if (user_sub == -1) ustamp("Failed!, 0, 1); else ustamp("Successful", 0, 1); Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 92 VGETCHR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary vgetchr(); ■ Description The vgetchr function is used to read the character (including color information) at the current cursor position on the video screen. The return value contains the character in the first (low) byte, and the color of the character in the higher (second) byte. Each component may be extracted using the & and / operators as shown in the example be- low. Basically, if 'c' is the returned character/color value, the character alone may be obtained by using the expression (c & 255) while the color value is (c / 256) ■ Return Value An integer value as described above. ■ See Also vgetchrs, vgetchrsa, vputchr ■ Example int chr; chr = vgetchr(); // Get char/color at current cursor position printsc("The character was "); printc(chr & 255); // get character by masking out color byte printsc(" with a color value of "); printn(chr / 256); // shift color byte VGETCHRS, VGETCHRSA ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary vgetchrs(int <x>, int <y>, str <buf>, int <pos>, int <num>); vgetchrsa(int <x>, int <y>, str <buf>, int <pos>, int <num>); ■ Description The vgetchrs and vgetchrsa functions are used to read multiple char- acters starting from a spot on the screen into a specified variable. The first function saves only the characters (a sequence of bytes) while the second saves both the characters and color attributes (a se- ries of double bytes). <x>,<y> is the spot on the screen to start Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 93 reading characters. <buf> is the string variable to put characters into, starting at an offset of <pos> in the variable. Note that each character read in with vgetchrsa will take up two bytes in the string variable, since the color attribute is also saved. Note also that these functions do not put a 0 (NULL, or end of string character) at the end of the sequence of characters they grab. If the characters re- turned by vgetchrs are to be manipulated as a string a 0 must be added at the end with the setchr function. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also vgetchr, vputchrs, vputchrsa ■ Example // copy 20 characters starting from 10,10 on the screen to 20,20 // Don't keep color attributes str buffer[20]; vgetchrs(10, 10, buffer, 0, 20); vputchrs(20, 20, buffer, 0, 20); // copy a 20 by 10 grid of characters with a left hand corner of // 10,5 to 40,7, and keep color attributes str buffer[400]; // 20 wide * 10 tall * 2 bytes per character int y; for (y = 5; y < 15; y = y+1) // read chars in a loop vgetchrsa(10, y, buffer, 2 * 20 * (y - 5), 20); for (y = 7; y < 17; y = y+1) // now write them in a loop vputchrs(10, y, buffer, 2 * 20 * (y - 7), 20); VPUTCHR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary vputchr(int <chr>); ■ Description The vputchr function is used to place a character on the screen at the current cursor position, specifying color information at the same time. <chr> is the character to place on the screen. the low byte con- tains the ASCII value of the character, while the second byte contains the color value. In general, a if 'c' is the character, and 'color' is the color to use, the proper value is obtained with the expression (c + color * 256) ■ Return Value None. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 96 ■ See Also vgetchr ■ Example // Place an inverse 'X' in the left top corner of the screen gotoxy(0, 0); vputchr('X' + 112 * 256); VPUTCHRS, VPUTCHRSA ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary vputchrs(int <x>, int <y>, str <buf>, int <pos>, int <num>, int <attr>); vputchrsa(int <x>, int <y>, str <buf>, int <pos>, int <num>); ■ Description The vputchrs and vputchrsa functions are used to write multiple char- acters from a spot in a string variable onto the screen at a certain position. The first function assumes that the string contains charac- ters only, and writes them to the screen using a color attribute of <attr>, as described in Appendix C. The second function assumes that each character in the string is immediately followed by a color value (a series of double bytes). <x>,<y> is the spot on the screen to start writing characters. <buf> is the string variable to read characters from, starting at an offset of <pos> in the variable. Note that each character written with vputchrsa will take up two bytes in the string variable, since the color attribute is also there, so the offset should reflect this. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also vputchr, vgetchrs, vgetchrsa ■ Example // copy 20 characters starting from 10,10 on the screen to 20,20 // Don't keep color attributes str buffer[20]; vgetchrs(10, 10, buffer, 0, 20); vputchrs(20, 20, buffer, 0, 20); // copy a 20 by 10 grid of characters with a left hand corner of // 10,5 to 40,7, and keep color attributes str buffer[400]; // 20 wide * 10 tall * 2 bytes per character int y; for (y = 5; y < 15; y = y+1) // read chars in a loop Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 95 vgetchrsa(10, y, buffer, 2 * 20 * (y - 5), 20); for (y = 7; y < 17; y = y+1) // now write them in a loop vputchrs(10, y, buffer, 2 * 20 * (y - 7), 20); VRSTRAREA ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary vrstrarea(int <vhandle>); ■ Description The vrstrarea function is used to restore a previously saved portion of the screen. <vhandle> is the video information handle returned by a previous call to vsavearea, which saved the screen area. Note, it is very important that <vhandle> is a valid handle, returned by a previous call to vsavearea, or unpredictable results will happen. ■ Return Value None. ■ See Also vsavearea VSAVEAREA ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary vsavearea(int <x1>, int <y1>, int <x2>, int <y2>); ■ Description The vsavearea function is used to save a rectangular portion of the screen (to be later restored). <x1>,<y1> is the upper left corner of the area to save, while <x2>,<y2> is the lower right corner. Charac- ters (and their colors) currently on the screen in this rectangle are saved in a buffer, and a 'handle' is returned, which must be stored and used in the subsequent call to vrstrarea to restore the saved area. If not enough memory exists to save the video bytes, a value of -1 is returned instead. Note that Telix has only a limited amount of space for allocating to video buffers of this type. At one time, only about as much area as would amount to a full screen should be saved with calls to this func- tion. It is also very important that for every call to this function, there is a subsequent call to vrstrarea. If this is not done, memory will become used up until no more is left. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Built-in Functions 96 ■ Return Value An integer value representing a 'handle' to the saved area. ■ See Also vrstrarea ■ Example int vhandle; vhandle = vsavearea(0, 0, 79, 24); // save the current screen myfunc(); // call a function // which modifies screen vrstrarea(vhandle); // restore previous screen WAITFOR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary waitfor(str <waitstr>, int <timeout>); ■ Description The waitfor function is used to wait for the given string to come in over the serial port. Timeout is the maximum amount of time, in sec- onds, to wait for the string. Case is not significant, and the string must be no longer than 40 characters. ■ Return Value A non-zero (TRUE) value is returned if the string is received from the serial port in the given time, otherwise a zero (FALSE) value is re- turned. ■ See Also track ■ Example if (waitfor("name?", 180)) prints("The string 'name?' came in from the comm port."); else { prints("The string 'name?' did not come in from the"); prints("comm port in 3 minutes!"); } Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming System Variables 97 5. SYSTEM VARIABLES Telix has quite a large number predefined built-in variables. They are called System Variables and are used to store many preferences. There are both string and numeric system variables, and they are accessed just as you would access any other variable. To help distinguish them apart from normal variables, and to avoid confusion, they all start with an underscore (_) character. The following pages contain descriptions of all the system variables. For each variable, a summary and a description are given. An example of actual usage of the variable will often be given. The variables are listed in alphabetical order. So that you may find related variables (and built-in functions), most variable descriptions have a 'See also' section, which lists related variables and func- tions. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming System Variables 98 _ADD_LF ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _add_lf; ■ Description If the _add_lf system variable is set to non-zero (TRUE), a Line Feed character is automatically added after every Carriage Return character that comes in. _ALARM_ON ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _alarm_on; ■ Description If the _alarm_on system variable is set to non-zero (TRUE), alarms are enabled in Telix. Note that if the _sound_off system variable is set to zero (FALSE), alarms will not be heard no matter what the state of this variable. ■ See Also alarm _sound_on _ANSWERBACK_STR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary str _answerback_str[19]; ■ Description The _answerback_str system variable holds the string which Telix will send when a Ctrl-E (ENQ) character is received while in terminal mode. If this string is empty, nothing is sent. Note that if Compuserve B transfers are enabled, the answerback string will not be sent, since CIS B uses the Ctrl-E as part of the transfer process. Maximum length is 19 characters. _ASC_RCRTRANS - _ASC_STRIPH ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _asc_rcrtrans; Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming System Variables 99 int _asc_remabort; int _asc_rlftrans; int _asc_scpacing; int _asc_scrtrans; int _asc_secho; int _asc_sexpand; int _asc_slftrans; int _asc_slpacing; int _asc_spacechr; int _asc_striph; ■ Description _asc_rcrtrans determines what Telix does with Carriage Return char- acters during ASCII receives. 0 = do nothing; 1 = strip; 2 = add Line Feed afterwards. _asc_remabort is the character which when received from the remote side during an ASCII transfer is a signal to abort the transfer. _asc_rlftrans determines what Telix does with Line Feed characters during ASCII receives. 0 = do nothing; 1 = strip; 2 = add Carriage Re- turn before. _asc_scpacing is the time in milliseconds which Telix should wait be- fore transmitting each character during ASCII sends. _asc_scrtrans determines what Telix does with Carriage Return char- acters during ASCII sends. 0 = do nothing; 1 = strip; 2 = add Line Feed afterwards. If _asc_secho is set to non-zero (TRUE), Telix will echo each char- acter during ASCII sends. If _asc_sexpand is set to non-zero (TRUE), Telix will expand blank lines to a space character, during ASCII sends. _asc_slftran determines what Telix does with Line Feed characters dur- ing ASCII sends. 0 = do nothing; 1 = strip; 2 = add Carriage Return before. _asc_slpacing is the time in tenths of seconds which Telix should wait before transmitting each line during ASCII sends. _asc_spacechr is the character which Telix should wait for during ASCII sends, before transmitting each line (0 means no wait). Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming System Variables 100 If _asc_striph is set to non-zero (TRUE), Telix will strip the high (most significant) bit of each character in an ASCII transfer. _AUTO_ANS_STR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary str _auto_ans_str[48]; ■ Description The _auto_ans_str system variable holds the string that should be sent to the modem to make it automatically answer the phone when it rings. This string is used by the Host Mode script, among others. The string will possibly include translation characters as described in the Telix manual in the section by that name, and should be sent to the modem with the cputs_tr function. Maximum length is 49 characters. ■ See Also _mdm_init_str _BACK_COLOR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _back_color; ■ Description The _back_color system variable contains the background color which should be used for text in terminal mode. Allowable values are from 0 - 15. Note that changes to this variable may not be reflected until the screen is cleared. ■ See Also _fore_color _CAPTURE_FNAME ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary str _capture_fname[64]; ■ Description The _capture_fname system variable holds the default capture file filename. The maximum length is 64 characters. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming System Variables 101 ■ See Also capture _usage_fname _CISB_AUTO ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _cisb_auto; ■ Description The _cisb_auto system variable controls whether Compuserve Quick B auto file transfer are allowed. If this variable is set to a 0 (FALSE) value, requests by the remote (Compuserve) to transfer files using the Quick B protocol will be ignored. ■ See Also _zmod_auto _CONNECT_STR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary str _connect_str[19]; ■ Description The _connect_str system variable holds the string which Telix should scan for when dialing, and should take to mean that a connection has been established. For Hayes type modems it is usually set to "CONNECT". Maximum length is 19 characters. ■ See Also _no_connect1 - _no_connect4 _DATE_FORMAT ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _date_format; ■ Description The contents of the _date_format system variable determines what for- mat Telix uses for date strings it produces, as follows: Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming System Variables 102 0 mm/dd/yy 1 dd/mm/yy 2 yy/mm/dd ■ See Also _time_format date _DEST_BS ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _dest_bs; ■ Description The _dest_bs system variable controls whether a backspace character received by Telix in Terminal Mode erases the character to the left of the cursor, or just moves the cursor on top of it on top of it without erasing it. If this variable is 0 (FALSE), Telix will treat the backspace as non-destructive, and destructive otherwise. ■ See Also _swap_bs _DIAL_PAUSE ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _dial_pause; ■ Description The _dial_pause system variable holds (in seconds) the amount of time to wait between the end of one dialing attempt and the beginning of another. Most modems don't need more than a 1 second pause. _DIAL_TIME ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _dial_time; ■ Description The _dial_time system variable holds the amount of time Telix should wait for a connection when dialing, in seconds (e.g. 30). Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming System Variables 103 ■ See Also _dial_pause _DIALPOST ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary str _dialpost[19]; ■ Description The _dialpost system variable holds the string (the dialing postfix) which should be sent to the modem after the number, when dialing. For Hayes type modems, it is usually just a Carriage Return. Maximum length is 19 characters. This string will possibly include some trans- lation characters, as described in the Telix manual, and should be sent to the modem with the cputs_tr function. ■ See Also _dialpref, _dialpref2, _dialpref3, _redial_stop _DIALPREF ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary str _dialpref[19]; str _dialpref2[19]; str _dialpref3[19]; ■ Description The _dialpref system variable holds the string which should be sent to the modem before the number, when dialing. For Hayes type modems, it is usually set to "ATDT". Maximum length is 19 characters. This string will possibly include translation characters, as described in the Telix manual, and should be sent to the modem with the cputs_tr func- tion. The _dialpref2 and _dialpref3 variables are the other two dialing pre- fixes that may be defined in Telix. ■ See Also _dialpost, _redial_stop Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming System Variables 104 _DIR_PROG ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary str _dir_prog[15]; ■ Description The _dir_prog system variable holds the name of the disk directory program that should be run when the user selects the 'Files directory' option of the DOS Functions menu. If this variable is left empty (""), the DOS 'dir' command is used. Maximum length is 15 characters. _DISP_FREE ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _disp_free ■ Description If the _disp_free system variable is set to non-zero (TRUE), Telix will display the amount of free space available on the drive when the user presses Alt-R to download a file. _DOWN_DIR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary str _down_dir[64]; ■ Description The _down_dir system variable holds the default download directory name. When a file is downloaded (received), if the user specifies a drive and/or directory in the name, the file is put there. However, if only a name is specified, the file is placed in the directory in- dicated by _down_dir. The maximum length is 64 characters, and this string should end with the backslash character, '\'. ■ See Also _up_dir, receive _EDITOR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary str _editor[64]; Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming System Variables 105 ■ Description The _editor system variable holds the name of the editor that should be run when the user presses Alt-A. The editor should either be on the DOS Path, in which case only the name needs to be given, or else the entire pathname (drive, directory, name) must be given. The maximum length is 64 characters. If a batch file is to be run the .BAT exten- sion must be given. _ENTRY_ENUM ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _entry_enum; ■ Description The _entry_enum variable is set by the dialing routines. When a con- nection is established while dialing, the entry number of the dialing directory entry connected to is stored here. If a manual number is connected to, the value 0 is stored here. ■ See Also _entry_name dial, redial _ENTRY_NAME - _ENTRY_PASS ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary str _entry_name[29]; str _entry_num[17]; str _entry_pass[14]; ■ Description The _entry_name system variable is set by the dialing routines. When a connection has been established the name portion of the dialing direc- tory entry connected to is copied here, for use by script files. The maximum length is 29 characters. The _entry_num system variable is set in the same way, and holds the phone number of the entry connected to. The maximum length is 17 char- acters. The entry_pass system variable is set in the same way, and holds the password from the entry connected to. This may be used to perform lo- gons. The maximum length is 14 characters. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming System Variables 106 ■ See Also _entry_enum dial, redial _EXT_FILESPEC; ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary str _ext_filespec[64]; ■ Description This variable is for use by scripts implementing external protocols. When an external protocol has been defined as called by a script, this variable is first loaded with the filespec (file specification) typed by the user at the transfer menu. The appropriate script is then run. The script can for example pass this name to a program which imple- ments the actual protocol. Note that some file transfer protocols do not require the user to supply the name on downloads, in which case this variable is left empty. _FORE_COLOR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _fore_color; ■ Description The _fore_color system variable contains the foreground color which should be used for text in terminal mode. Allowable values are from 0 - 15. Note that changes to this variable may not be reflected until the screen is cleared. ■ See Also _back_color _IMAGE_FILE; ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary str _image_file[64]; ■ Description The _image_file system variable holds the full name of the file that screen images are saved to when the user presses Alt-I while in ter- minal mode. If this file already exists, data is appended to it. Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming System Variables 107 _LOCAL_ECHO ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _local_echo; ■ Description The _local_echo system variable controls whether or not characters typed in terminal mode are echoed on the screen. If _local_echo is set to non-zero (TRUE), characters are echoed, otherwise they are not. _MDM_HANG_STR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary str _mdm_hang_str[19]; ■ Description The _mdm_hang_str system variable holds the string that should be sent to the modem to hang it up when the user presses Alt-H. Note that this string will only be sent to the modem if Telix can't first hang-up the modem by turning off a signal on the serial port called the DTR line. This string may contain translation characters as defined in the Telix manual, and should be sent to the modem with the cputs_tr function. Maximum length is 19 characters. ■ See Also _mdm_init_str, _auto_ans_str _MDM_INIT_STR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary str _mdm_init_str[49]; ■ Description The _mdm_init system variable holds the string that should be sent to the modem when Telix starts-up. It is usually used to make sure cer- tain settings in the modem are right. This string may contain transla- tion characters as defined in the Telix manual, and should be sent to the modem with the cputs_tr function. Maximum length is 49 characters. ■ See Also _auto_ans_str, _mdm_hang_str Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming System Variables 108 _NO_CONNECT1 - _NO_CONNECT4 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary str _no_connect1[19]; str _no_connect2[19]; str _no_connect3[19]; str _no_connect4[19]; ■ Description These system variables contain the strings that Telix should scan for when dialing, and take to mean that a connection has not been estab- lished (i.e., the number was busy or there was no answer). The maximum length for each string is 19 characters. ■ See Also _connect_str _QDBAR_ON ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _qdbar_on; ■ Description If the _qdbar_on system variable is set to non-zero (TRUE), the quick dialing bar is shown first when Alt-D is pressed; otherwise the user is taken directly to the dialing directory screen. _REDIAL_STOP ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary str _redial_stop[19]; ■ Description The _redial_stop system variable holds the string that should be sent to the modem to stop a dialing attempt. It usually just holds a Car- riage Return character. This string may contain translation characters as described in the Telix manual, and should be sent to the modem with the cputs_tr function. Maximum length is 19 characters. ■ See Also _dialpref, _dialpref2, _dialpref3, _dialpost Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming System Variables 109 _SCR_CHK_KEY ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _scr_chk_key; ■ Description Between every command while executing a script file, Telix checks the keyboard buffer to see if the user has requested an abort. This how- ever gets in the way of the inkey function among others. As well, it is sometimes necessary to stop the user from being able to abort the script. If _scr_chk_key is set to zero (FALSE), Telix will no longer check for user aborts requests during script execution. Setting it back to non-zero (TRUE) will turn the checks back on. When modifying this variable in a script file, it is a good idea to save the old state in a scratch variable and restore it when done. ■ See Also inkey _SCRIPT_DIR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary str _script_dir[64]; ■ Description The _script_dir system variable holds the full path of the directory where Telix should look for compiled script files when a script is se- lected to be run. When a script is selected to be run, Telix uses this procedure: if the name includes the drive and/or directory, only that path is searched. If the name includes only the filename, the current directory is first searched for the script file, and then the direc- tory pointed to by the _script_dir variable. This string should end in the slash character, '\'. The maximum allowed length is 64 characters. ■ See Also _telix_dir, _up_dir, _down_dir _SOUND_ON ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _sound_on; Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming System Variables 110 ■ Description If the _sound_on system variable is set to non-zero (TRUE) sound is enabled in Telix, otherwise all sound is shut off. ■ See Also _alarm_on _STRIP_HIGH ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _strip_high; ■ Description The _strip_high system variable controls what Telix does with the high (most significant) bit of incoming characters while in terminal mode. If this variable is set to s non-zero (TRUE) value, Telix will strip the high bit of incoming characters. _SWAP_BS ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _swap_bs; ■ Description The _swap_bs system variable controls what Telix sends when the Backspace key is pressed. If this variable is 0, Telix will send a Backspace character when Backspace is pressed, and a DEL character when Ctrl-Backspace is pressed. If this variable is set to 1, Telix will reverse these codes. ■ See Also _dest_bs _TELIX_DIR; ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary str _telix_dir[64]; ■ Description The _telix_dir system variable holds the full path to reach the Telix program's base directory (e.g. 'C:\TELIX\'). Changing this variable is not recommended, as if a wrong value is used, Telix will probably not Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming System Variables 111 be able to find many needed files. The maximum length is 64 charac- ters. If this variable is changed, it is imperative that a backslash char- acter, '\', is found at the end. Telix builds paths to many files by appending certain names to this string. If the slash is missing, it will cause many problems. ■ See Also _script_dir, _up_dir, _down_dir _TIME_FORMAT ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _time_format; ■ Description The _time_format system variable determines what format Telix uses for time strings it produces. If _time_format is 0, Telix will use a 12 hour format, otherwise a 24 hour format will be used. ■ See Also _date_format time _UP_DIR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary str _up_dir[64]; ■ Description The _up_dir system variable holds the default upload directory name. When a file is to be ed (sent), if the user specifies a drive and/or directory in the name, the file is taken from there. However, if only a name is specified, the file is searched for in the directory in- dicated by _up_dir. This variable should end with a slash character, '\'. The maximum length is 64 characters. ■ See Also _down_dir send Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming System Variables 112 _USAGE_FNAME ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary str _usage_fname[64]; ■ Description The _usage_fname system variable holds the default Usage Log filename. The maximum length is 64 characters. ■ See Also _capture_fname usagelog _ZMOD_AUTO ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _zmod_auto; ■ Description The _zmod_auto system variable controls whether or not Zmodem auto- downloads are allowed. If Telix is in terminal mode and receives an auto download request Telix will ignore it if this variable is set to a 0 (FALSE) value (however, the user can still receive the file by manually selecting the Zmodem protocol from the Alt-R menu). ■ See Also _cisb_auto _ZMOD_RCRASH ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _zmod_rcrash; ■ Description The _zmod_rcrash system variable controls whether the Zmodem receive Crash Recovery (resume) option is on. If this variable is set to a non-zero (TRUE) value, Telix will try to resume aborted transfers dur- ing a Zmodem download. ■ See Also _zmod_scrash Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming System Variables 113 _ZMOD_SCRASH ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ■ Summary int _zmod_scrash; ■ Description The _zmod_scrash system variable controls whether the Zmodem send Crash Recovery (resume) option is on. If this variable is set to a non-zero (TRUE) value, Telix will try to tell the other side to resume aborted transfers during a Zmodem upload. ■ See Also _zmod_rcrash Telix v3.5x Appendix A 114 6. APPENDIX A - ASCII CHARACTER SET The ASCII character set consists if 128 characters, with each char- acter having an ASCII value, in the range of 0 to 127. The IBM PC uses the IBM Extended ASCII set, which adds a further 128 values, to pro- vide extra symbols. The following table lists the regular ASCII char- acter set. The first column contains the ASCII control characters, which can not normally be printed, and are given by name. Dec Hex Ctrl Name Dec Hex Chr Dec Hex Chr Dec Hex Chr 0 00 ^@ NUL 32 20 64 40 @ 96 60 ` 1 01 ^A SOH 33 21 ! 65 41 A 97 61 a 2 02 ^B STX 34 22 " 66 42 B 98 62 b 3 03 ^C ETX 35 23 # 67 43 C 99 63 c 4 04 ^D EOT 36 24 $ 68 44 D 100 64 d 5 05 ^E ENQ 37 25 % 69 45 E 101 65 e 6 06 ^F ACK 38 26 & 70 46 F 102 66 f 7 07 ^G BEL 39 27 ' 71 47 G 103 67 g 8 08 ^H BS 40 28 ( 72 48 H 104 68 h 9 09 ^I HT 41 29 ) 73 49 I 105 69 i 10 0a ^J LF 42 2a * 74 4a J 106 6a j 11 0b ^K VT 43 2b + 75 4b K 107 6b k 12 0c ^L FF 44 2c , 76 4c L 108 6c l 13 0d ^M CR 45 2d - 77 4d M 109 6d m 14 0e ^N SO 46 2e . 78 4e N 110 6e n 15 0f ^O SI 47 2f / 79 4f O 111 6f o 16 10 ^P DLE 48 30 0 80 50 P 112 70 p 17 11 ^Q DC1 49 31 1 81 51 Q 113 71 q 18 12 ^R DC2 50 32 2 82 52 R 114 72 r 19 13 ^S DC3 51 33 3 83 53 S 115 73 s 20 14 ^T DC4 52 34 4 84 54 T 116 74 t 21 15 ^U NAK 53 35 5 85 55 U 117 75 u 22 16 ^V SYN 54 36 6 86 56 V 118 76 v 23 17 ^W ETB 55 37 7 87 57 W 119 77 w 24 18 ^X CAN 56 38 8 88 58 X 120 78 x 25 19 ^Y EM 57 39 9 89 59 Y 121 79 y 26 1a ^Z SUB 58 3a : 90 5a Z 122 7a z 27 1b ^[ ESC 59 3b ; 91 5b [ 123 7b { 28 1c ^\ FS 60 3c < 92 5c \ 124 7c | 29 1d ^] GS 61 3d = 93 5d ] 125 7d } 30 1e ^^ RS 62 3e > 96 5e ^ 126 7e ~ 31 1f ^_ US 63 3f ? 95 5f _ 127 7f DEL Telix v3.5x Appendix B 115 7. APPENDIX B - EXTENDED KEY SCAN CODES The following chart lists keyboard scan codes for special non-ASCII keys, as returned by inkey and inkeyw, and used by the keyget, keyset, keyload, and keysave SALT functions. Normal keys which are within the ASCII set are listed in the preceding appendix. Key Normal w / Ctrl w / Alt w / Shift Dec Hex Dec Hex Dec Hex Dec Hex --------------------------------------------------------------- F1 15104 3b00 24064 5e00 26624 6800 21504 5400 F2 15360 3c00 24320 5f00 26880 6900 21760 5500 F3 15616 3d00 24576 6000 27136 6a00 22016 5600 F4 15872 3e00 24832 6100 27392 6b00 22272 5700 F5 16128 3f00 25088 6200 27648 6c00 22528 5800 F6 16384 4000 25344 6300 27904 6d00 22784 5900 F7 16640 4100 25600 6400 28160 6e00 23040 5a00 F8 16896 4200 25856 6500 28416 6f00 23296 5b00 F9 17152 4300 26112 6600 28672 7000 23552 5c00 F10 17408 4400 26368 6700 28928 7100 23808 5d00 --------------------------------------------------------------- 1 30720 7800 2 30976 7900 3 31232 7a00 4 31488 7b00 5 31744 7c00 6 32000 7d00 7 32256 7e00 8 32512 7f00 9 32768 8000 0 33024 8100 --------------------------------------------------------------- Up 18432 4800 Down 20480 5000 Left 19200 4b00 29640 7300 Right 19712 4d00 29696 7400 Home 18176 4700 30464 7700 End 20224 4f00 29952 7500 PgUp 18688 4900 33792 8400 PgDn 20736 5100 30208 7600 Ins 20992 5200 Del 21248 5300 --------------------------------------------------------------- Telix v3.5x Appendix C 116 8. APPENDIX C - COLOR VALUES Several SALT functions, such as pstra, use color attribute values. A character on the text screen has a foreground color, and a background color. Possible colors are numbered as follows: Black 00 Blue 01 Green 02 Cyan 03 Red 04 Magenta 05 Brown 06 Light Grey 07 Dark Grey 08 Light Blue 09 Light Green 10 Light Cyan 11 Light Red 12 Light Magenta 13 Yellow 14 White 15 To obtain a color attribute value for a color combination, the formula is color attribute value = foreground color value + (16 * background color value) Therefore, a Yellow character on a Blue background would have a color attribute value of 30 (14 + (16 * 1)). Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Index 117 _time_format.................111 _up_dir......................111 9. INDEX _usage_fname.................112 _zmod_auto...................112 _add_lf.......................98 _zmod_rcrash.................112 _alarm_on.....................98 _zmod_scrash.................113 _answerback_str...............98 Alarm.........................22 _asc_rcrtrans.................98 Box...........................22 _asc_remabort.................99 Call..........................23 _asc_rlftrans.................99 Calld.........................23 _asc_scpacing.................99 Capture.......................24 _asc_scrtrans.................99 Capture_stat..................25 _asc_secho....................99 Carrier.......................25 _asc_sexpand..................99 Cgetc.........................26 _asc_slftrans.................99 Cgetct........................26 _asc_slpacing.................99 Chatmode......................27 _asc_spacechr.................99 Cinp_cnt......................27 _asc_striph...................99 Clear_scr.....................28 _auto_ans_str................100 Copychrs......................28 _back_color..................100 Copystr.......................29 _capture_fname...............100 Cputc.........................29 _cisb_auto...................101 Cputs.........................30 _connect_str.................101 Cputs_tr......................30 _date_format.................101 Cursor_onoff..................31 _dest_bs.....................102 Curtime.......................31 _dial_pause..................102 Date..........................32 _dial_time...................102 Delay.........................32 _dialpost....................103 Delay_scr.....................32 _dialpref....................103 Delchrs.......................33 _dialpref2...................103 Dial..........................33 _dialpref3...................103 Dos...........................34 _dir_prog....................104 Dosfunction...................35 _disp_free...................104 Exittelix.....................35 _down_dir....................104 Fclearerr.....................36 _editor......................104 Fclose........................36 _entry_enum..................105 Fdelete.......................37 _entry_name..................105 Feof..........................37 _entry_num...................105 Ferror........................38 _entry_pass..................105 Fflush........................39 _ext_filespec................106 Fgetc.........................39 _fore_color..................106 Fgets.........................40 _image_file..................106 Fileattr......................40 _local_echo..................107 Filefind......................42 _mdm_hang_str................107 Filesize......................43 _mdm_init_str................107 Filetime......................43 _no_connect1.................108 Flushbuf......................45 _no_connect2.................108 Fnstrip.......................45 _no_connect3.................108 Fopen.........................46 _no_connect4.................108 Fputc.........................47 _qdbar_on....................108 Fputs.........................47 _redial_stop.................108 Fread.........................48 _scr_chk_key.................109 Frename.......................48 _script_dir..................109 Fseek.........................49 _sound_on....................109 Ftell.........................50 _strip_high..................110 Fwrite........................50 _swap_bs.....................110 Get_baud......................51 _telix_dir...................110 Get_datab.....................51 Telix v3.5x - SALT Programming Index 118 Get_parity....................52 Strmaxlen.....................78 Get_port......................52 Strpos........................78 Get_stopb.....................53 Strposi.......................78 Getenv........................51 Strupper......................79 Gets..........................53 Subchr........................79 Getsxy........................54 Subchrs.......................80 Getx, gety....................55 Substr........................80 Gotoxy........................55 Tday..........................81 Hangup........................56 Terminal......................82 Helpscreen....................56 Thour.........................81 Inkey.........................56 Time..........................83 Inkeyw........................56 Time_up.......................84 Inschrs.......................57 Timer_free....................84 Is_loaded.....................58 Timer_restart.................84 Isalnum.......................58 Timer_start...................84 Isalpha.......................58 Timer_total...................84 Isascii.......................58 Tmin..........................81 Iscntrl.......................58 Tmonth........................81 Isdigit.......................58 Tolower.......................85 Islower.......................58 Tone..........................85 Isupper.......................58 Toupper.......................86 Itos..........................59 Track.........................86 Keyget........................59 Track_addchr..................86 Keyload.......................60 Track_free....................86 Keysave.......................61 Track_hit.....................86 Keyset........................61 Transtab......................88 Load_scr......................62 Tsec..........................81 Loadfon.......................62 Tyear.........................81 Newdir........................63 Unload_scr....................89 Printc........................63 Update_term...................89 Printer.......................64 Usage_stat....................90 Printn........................64 Usagelog......................90 Prints........................65 Ustamp........................91 Printsc.......................65 Vgetchr.......................92 Printsc_trm...................65 Vgetchrs......................92 Pstra.........................65 Vgetchrsa.....................92 Pstraxy.......................65 Vputchr.......................93 Receive.......................66 Vputchrs......................96 Redial........................67 Vputchrsa.....................96 Run...........................68 Vrstrarea.....................95 Scroll........................69 Vsavearea.....................95 Send..........................69 Waitfor.......................96 Send_brk......................70 Set_cparams...................70 Set_defprot...................71 Set_port......................73 Set_terminal..................73 Setchr........................72 Setchrs.......................72 Show_directory................74 Status_wind...................74 Stoi..........................75 Strcat........................75 Strchr........................76 Strcmpi.......................76 Strlen........................77 Strlower......................77