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README.TYL
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1989-09-16
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TAYLOR SERIES
This slide show consists of graphs of various functions together with some of
their Taylor polynomials about the origin.
When viewing the slides, the following keys are operational:
HOME takes you to the first slide in the sequence you selected
END takes you to the last slide in the sequence you selected
UP ARROW takes you to the previous slide in the sequence you selected
F9 immediately quit the program
These keys do NOT operate like that while you are reading this document.
A. exp(x)
This graphs exp(x) in the interval -2 < x < 2, and then overlays it with
the polynomials
1
1 + x
1 + x + x^2/2!
1 + x + x^2/2! + x^3/3!
1 + x + x^2/2! + x^3/3! + x^4/4!
1 + x + x^2/2! + x^3/3! + x^4/4! + x^5/5!
The radius of convergence of the Taylor series is infinity.
B. sin(x)
This graphs sine(x) in the interval 0 < x < 2π, and then overlays it with
the polynomials
x
x - x^3/3!
x - x^3/3! + x^5/5!
x - x^3/3! + x^5/5! - x^7/7!
x - x^3/3! + x^5/5! - x^7/7! + x^9/9!
x - x^3/3! + x^5/5! - x^7/7! + x^9/9! - x^11/11!
The radius of convergence of the Taylor series is infinity.
C. cos(x)
This graphs cosine(x) in the interval 0 < x < 2π, and then overlays it with
the polynomials
1
1 - x^2/2!
1 - x^2/2! + x^4/4!
1 - x^2/2! + x^4/4! - x^6/6!
1 - x^2/2! + x^4/4! - x^6/6! + x^8/8!
1 - x^2/2! + x^4/4! - x^6/6! + x^8/8! - x^10/10!
The radius of convergence of the Taylor series is infinity.
D. 1/(1 - x), -1 < x < 1
This graphs 1/(1 - x) in the interval -1 < x < 1, and then overlays it with
the polynomials
1
1 + x
1 + x + x^2
1 + x + x^2 + x^3
1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^4
1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^4 + x^5
The radius of convergence of the Taylor series is 1. Notice what is happening
near -1. The larger the polynomial, the better it is at approximating the
function.
E. 1/(1 - x), -2 < x < 2
This graphs 1/(1 - x) in the interval -2 < x < 2, and then overlays it with
the polynomials
1
1 + x
1 + x + x^2
1 + x + x^2 + x^3
1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^4
1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^4 + x^5
The radius of convergence of the Taylor series is 1, but the function 1/(1-x) is
defined for all x except 1. This is a good way of graphically demonstrating
that a function may a have a Taylor expansion valid in a smaller domain than the
function is defined. The interval of convergence is shown on the screen and it
is easy to see that for x < -1 and x > 1, the approximation becomes worse as the
number of terms increases, as distinct from what happens for -1 < x < 1.
F. arc tan(x), -1 < x < 1
This graphs arc tan(x) in the interval -1 < x < 1, and then overlays it
with the polynomials
x
x - x^3/3
x - x^3/3 + x^5/5
x - x^3/3 + x^5/5 - x^7/7
x - x^3/3 + x^5/5 - x^7/7 + x^9/9
x - x^3/3 + x^5/5 - x^7/7 + x^9/9 - x^11/11
The radius of convergence of the Taylor series is 1.
G. arc tan(x), -2 < x < 2
This graphs arc tan(x) in the interval -2 < x < 2, and then overlays it
with the polynomials
x
x - x^3/3
x - x^3/3 + x^5/5
x - x^3/3 + x^5/5 - x^7/7
x - x^3/3 + x^5/5 - x^7/7 + x^9/9
x - x^3/3 + x^5/5 - x^7/7 + x^9/9 - x^11/11
The radius of convergence of the Taylor series is 1, but the function arc tan(x)
is defined for all x. This is a good way of graphically demonstrating that a
function may a have a Taylor expansion valid in a smaller domain than the
function is defined. The interval of convergence is shown on the screen and it
is easy to see that for x outside this interval the approximation becomes worse
as the number of terms increases.
H. sqrt(1 + x), -1 < x < 1
This graphs sqrt(1 + x) in the interval -1 < x < 1, and then overlays it
with the polynomials
1
1 + x/2
1 + x/2 - x^2/8
1 + x/2 - x^2/8 + x^3/16
1 + x/2 - x^2/8 + x^3/16 - 5x^4/125
1 + x/2 - x^2/8 + x^3/16 - 5x^4/125 + 7x^5/256
The radius of convergence of the Taylor series is 1.
I. sqrt(1 + x), -1 < x < 3
This graphs sqrt(1 + x) in the interval -1 < x < 3, and then overlays it
with the polynomials
1
1 + x/2
1 + x/2 - x^2/8
1 + x/2 - x^2/8 + x^3/16
1 + x/2 - x^2/8 + x^3/16 - 5x^4/125
1 + x/2 - x^2/8 + x^3/16 - 5x^4/125 + 7x^5/256
The radius of convergence of the Taylor series is 1, but the function sqrt(1+x)
is defined for all x > -1. This is a good way of graphically demonstrating that
a function may a have a Taylor expansion valid in a smaller domain than the
function is defined. The interval of convergence is shown on the screen and it
is easy to see that for x outside this interval the approximation becomes worse
as the number of terms increases.
J. log(1 + x), -2 < x < 2
This graphs log(1 + x) in the interval -2 < x < 2, and then overlays it
with the polynomials
x
x - x^2/2
x - x^2/2 + x^3/3
x - x^2/2 + x^3/3 - x^4/4
x - x^2/2 + x^3/3 - x^4/4 + x^5/5
x - x^2/2 + x^3/3 - x^4/4 + x^5/5 - x^6/6
The radius of convergence of the Taylor series is 1, but the function log(1+x)
is defined for all x > -1. This is a good way of graphically demonstrating that
a function may a have a Taylor expansion valid in a smaller domain than the
function is defined. The interval of convergence is shown on the screen and it
is easy to see that for x > 1, the approximation becomes worse as the number of
terms increases, as distinct from what happens for -1 < x < 1.
When you have finished reading this document, press Q to quit.