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Date sent: Wed, 10 Apr 1996 17:29:52 -0700
From: Kevin Brennan <nemesis@provider.co.uk>
To: lovkraft@hvision.nl
Copies to: nemesis@provider.co.uk
Subject: Marketing Dynamics
Quality & Marketing Dynamics for Food Manufacturing
Building in the Voice of the Customer.
(Quality Functional Deployment.)
Submitted By
Nemesis
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of :
BA(Ordinary) Food Marketing
Mark recieved 57%
Lancaster University
25-03-94
Building in the Voice of the Customer.
The first understanding of "building in the voice of the customer" for the manufacturer,
are you producing a product that the consumer feels satisfied with? Within so many
products there are sometimes so many misunderstandings because the customer and the product
development teams speak completely different languages. For example a customer may state
they would like a car that is easy to start, this interpretation to the engineers is the
production of a car that starts within 10 seconds of continuous cranking. Another example
could be the customer wants a "soap leaves the skin soft" this must be translated into pH
or hardness specifications for the bar of soap.( Evans 1993 ) By the incorrect translation
within the organisations different departments, the customers' requirements can become
irreclaimable and lost forever. The Japanese developed the concept of quality functional
deployment (QFD) to hopefully ensure that all customer requirements were discovered
throughout the stages of design process and also in the area of design of production
systems. QFD is fundamentally a philosophy and is driven by an arrangement of planning and
communication tools that is aimed totally to the customer needs and requirements, this is
done by co-ordination within the design, the manufacturing and marketing of goods. QFD
originated in 1972 at Mitsubishi's Kobe shipyard site, Toyota then took over the
development of QFD. QFD is now used successfully world-wide by manufacturers of
electronics, appliances, clothing, construction equipment and by firms such as General
Motors, Ford, Mazda, Motorola, Xerox, Kodak, IBM, Proctor & Gamble, Hewlett-Packard, and
AT&T ( Evans 1993 ) Within a critical level, QFD offers the incentive and opportunity for
senior management to release themselves from the traditional hierarchy and narrow-minded
attitude on "results" ,which are only measurable at the completion of the sale, though with
the implementation of QFD the broader-minded process is of how to focus on how the results
are obtained Before we identify the voice of the customer the organisation will move away
from the more traditional approach of it's departments such as product planning, design
teams, research and development tested, refined and marketed. If the consumers needs can
be correctly identified first time, then such wasteful re-engineering will be eliminated.
This is the initial philosophy of Quality Functional Deployment. One of the major benefits
of QFD is improved communication and teamwork between all constituencies in the production
process, such as between marketing and design, design and manufacturing, purchasing and
suppliers etc. Product objectives are not misunderstood or mis- interpatated during the
production process. QFD helps to determine the causes of customer dissatisfaction, and is a
useful tool for competitive analysis of product quality by top management. ( Evans 1993 )
This definitely allows the organisation to bring new products onto the market sooner and
will confidently help the organisation to gain the competitive edge.
The customers requirements is called simply voice of the customer, these can be catalogued
into the following areas customer needs, satisfies, exciters delighters and dissatifiers.
A set of matrixes are used to relate to the voice of the customer to counterpart
characteristic requirements when they are expressed as technical specifications and process
control requirements. There are four principle planning documents.
Customer requirements planning matrix. This translates the voice of the customer into
counterpart characteristics of the final product
Product characteristic deployment. This translates counterpart characteristic of the final
product into critical component characteristics.
Process plan and quality control charts. The document identifies critical process and
product parameters and control points of each.
Operating instructions. This identifies operations to be performed by plant personnel to
assure that important parameters are achieved.
This matrix is the fundamental contents of the QFD inspiration. Within the configuration
of the matrixes it is often defined as "the house of quality" because of its shape. The
house of quality relates customer attributes to the counterpart characteristics to ensure
that any engineering decision has a basis of meeting a customer need. (Dale & Plunckett
1990 )
To build the house of quality within the organisation, it consists of completing six steps.
(See Appendix 1)
1. Identify customer attributes.
2. Identify counterpart characteristics.
3. Relate the customer attributes to the counterpart characteristics.
4. Conduct an evaluation of competing products.
5. Evaluate counterpart characteristics and develop targets.
6. Determine which counterpart characteristics to deploy in the remainder of the production
process.
The customers attributes are the product requirements that are desired by the customer, to
obtain this information then the organisation could carry out market research or direct
surveys to buyers asking for information on their needs and satisfaction rates with the
product. Questions such as "Why does he or she buy the product ? and Does he or she buy
the product? are important means of identifying customer attributes. ( Evans 1993 )
Information about customer attributes does not come from one source, sales staff have the
direct knowledge on what the desires of the customer are. Maintenance technicians also
have valued information as the customer will enquire why the product has broken down. (See
Appendix 2) Counterpart characteristics are explained to be for the design and engineering
teams and personify the technical characteristics that must be deployed over the design and
manufacturing and service process. They need to be calculable as the expenditure will be
controlled and then compared to the desired targets.
The example that has been within this essay is for the production of textbooks. There
are many different technical characteristics the publisher has to consider, these could
include areas such as how much research literature to cite, the amount of popular
literature to reference, the number of numerical exercises, the number of open-ended
exercises, amount of figures, colour, correctness of grammar etc. ( Evans 1993) The roof
of the house of quality shows the interrelationships between any counterpart
characteristics (See Appendix 3 ). Particular symbols are used to distinguish very
strong relationships, strong relationships and weak relationships.
Customer attributes are collated down the left side of the house of quality and counter
characteristics are gathered across the top, as stated earlier we use the character symbols
to identify the relationships similar to the roof of the house of quality. The purpose of
this matrix is to examine if the final counterpart characteristics adequately covers the
customer attributes. Counterpart characteristics can effect several customer attributes.
The lack of a strong relationship between the customer attribute and any counterpart
characteristic shows that the attributes are not addressed or that the final product will
have difficulty in meeting customer needs. (Dale1992) (see Appendix 4) This part of the
house of quality focuses on the importance of identifying each customer attribute and
successfully evaluating existing products for each of the organisations attributes.
Customer importance ratings portray the areas of the greatest interest and the highest
expectations, that are expressed by the customer. Competitive evaluation helps to
highlight the critical strengths and weaknesses in competing products. This enables the
organisation to quest for opportunities to make improvements. This also links QFD to the
organisations strategic vision, which will allow priorities to be taken up within the
design process. (See Appendix 5) The evaluation of counterpart characteristics of
competitive products can usually be accomplished through internal evaluation and then
translated into more measurable terms. These evaluations can be collated with the
evaluation of the customer attributes which will determine any inconsistency between
customer evaluations and technical evaluations. For example if a competing product is
found to best satisfy a customer attribute but the evaluation of the related counterpart
characteristics indicated otherwise, then either the measures used are faulty or the
product has an image difference (either positive toward the competitor or negative toward
our product) this is affecting customer perceptions. ( Evans 1993) Within the basis of
customer importance ratings and the existing products strengths and weaknesses (See
Appendix 6) The selection of counterpart characteristics that must be deployed for the
remainder of the process, this is of vital importance as we must identify the
characteristics that have strong relationships to the customer needs, though have poor
competitive performance, or are selling strong points. These characteristics will have to
be assembled into a language of its own function within the design and production process
so that correct performance and controls can be adapted to ensure that the voice of the
customer is maintained. (See Appendix 6)
If Quality Functional Deployment (QFD) is used correctly it can ensure discipline within
the multi-skilled teams concerning structure and conformance to regulated time scales. QFD
also thrives on team attitude, and ensures organisation recognition towards customer needs
and satisfiers. As they prioritise the customer needs, the customer only gets, what the
customer pays for. With the use of QFD there will be constant communication throughout the
organisation, so all aspects of customer quality is catered for. By the use of QFD, the
organisation will achieve direct problem avoidance which can give the right organisation
the superior marketing edge.
Appendix 1
The House of Quality.
Appendix 2
The Voice of the Customer
Appendix 3
Counterpart Characteristics.
Appendix 4
Relationship matrix.
Appendix 5
Comparative Evaluation
Appendix 6
Completed House of Quality.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Evans, J. R (1993) The Management & Control of Quality;
Lindsey 2nd edition
Jankowicz, AD , (1991) 'Business research projects for students', Chapman Hall.
The Good Study Guide.(1990) North ledge. Open University
Laurie. J. Mullens (1993) Management and Organisation Behaviour.
3rd Edition. Pitman Publishers
Sekaran, U. (1992) 'Research methods for business . 2nd Edition, John Wiley &
Sons Inc.