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Date sent: Tue, 14 May 1996 19:50:20 -0400
Dave XXXXXXX
Prof.XXXXXX
Ac Electronics
XXX-XXX-XXXX
James Clerk
Maxwell was born
in Edinburgh,
Scotland, on the thirteenth
of November in 1831. His original name was James Clerk. "Maxwell" was
added after his mother died when James was a mere eight years old. In 1841,
Maxwell was sent to the Edinburgh Academy when he was eleven. At the
Edinburg Academy, Maxwell had two papers published by the Royal Society
of Edinburg. From the Edinburg Academy, Maxwell began furthering his
academic career at the University of Cambridge in 1850. There, at the
University of Cambridge, he won honors and prizes in mathematics. He went
on to become a lecturer at Trinity College and in 1854 at Trinity College he
obtained a mathematics degree. Two years later he joined the faculty of
Marischal College and married the daughter of the principal of Marischal
College. King's College of London and Marischal College of Aberdeen
combined. Maxwell was appointed to King's College in London in 1860.
He retired in 1865 to carry on his laboratory work but returned back to
Cambridge in 1871. While at Cambridge, Maxwell planned the famous
Cavendish laboratory and became the first Cavendish Professor. Maxwell's
theory of electromagnetic waves established him as one of the greatest scientists
in history.
Maxwell's first major contribution to science was a study of the planet
Saturn's rings. Maxwell's theory was one of which the rings are composed of
numerous small solid particles. This theory was confirmed one hundred years
later by the first Voyager space probe to reach Saturn.
Next, Maxwell considered the kinetic theory of gases. By treating gases
statistically in 1866 he formulated, independently of Ludwig Boltzmann, the
Maxwell-Boltzmann kinetic theory of gases. This theory showed that
temperatures and heat involved only molecular movement. Although Maxwell
did not originate the kinetic theory of gases, he was the first to apply methods
of probability and statistics to describe the properties of gas molecules.
The Maxwell-Boltzmann theory meant a change from a concept of
certainty, heat viewed as flowing from hot to cold, to one of statistics,
molecules at high temperature have only a high probability of moving toward
those at low temperature. Maxwell's approach did not reject earlier studies of
thermodynamics but used a better theory of the basis to explain the observations
and experiments.
Maxwell contributed also to the study of color blindness and color vision.
Out of his research and experimentation of the color theory came the first color
photograph, which was produced by photographing one subject through filters
of the three primary colors of light (red, yellow, and blue) and then recombining
the images.
Maxwell's most important achievement was in his extension and
mathematical formulation of Michael Faraday's theories of electricity and
magnetic lines of force. Maxwell suggested that electromagnetism moved
through space in waves that could be generated in the laboratory. By
calculating their velocity he found that the speed of electromagnetic waves was
the same as the speed of light. He proposed that the phenomenon of light is
therefore an electromagnetic phenomenon. Maxwell said:
"We can scarcely avoid the conclusion that light consists in the
transverse undulations of the same medium which is the cause of electric and
magnetic phenomena."
His paper On Faraday's Lines of Force was read to the Cambridge
Philosophical Society in two parts, 1855 and 1856. Maxwell showed that a few
relatively simple mathematical equations could not express the behavior of
electric and magnetic fields and their interrelation.
At the time there was no evidence of comparable waves that could be
transmitted or detected over any considerable distance. Maxwell died in
Cambridge on the fifth of November in 1879, before his theory was successfully
tested.
The four partial differential equations, known as Maxwell's equations, first
appeared in fully developed form in Electricity and Magnetism (1873). These
equations are one of the greatest achievements of nineteenth-century mathematics.
In 1888 Heinrich Hertz conducted investigations based on Maxwell's theories
and demonstrated that an electric disturbance is transmitted through space in the form
of waves. Today, electromagnetic waves are known to cover a wave spectrum of
radiation. Maxwell expressed all the fundamental laws of light, electricity, and
magnetism in a few mathematical equations which are commonly called the "Maxwell
Field Equations". These equations were long considered a fundamental law of the
universe, like Newton's laws of motion and gravitation. They do not apply, however,
to phenomena that are governed by quantum theory, wave mechanics, and relativity.
Maxwell is generally regarded as one of the greatest physicists the world has
ever seen. Einstein placed on record his view that the Scot's work resulted in the most
profound change in the conception of reality in physics. Maxwell's theory is a unification
that remains one of the greatest landmarks in the whole of science. Maxwell paved the way
for Einstein's special theory of relativity. Maxwell's ideas also ushered in the other
major innovation of twentieth-century physics, the quantum theory. One of the greatest
scientists in history, James Clerk Maxwell died on the fifth of November in 1879 in
Cambridge, England before seeing the conformation of his greatest theory - the "Maxwell
Equations".