In an increasing number of companies, traditional office space is giving way to community areas and empty chairs as employees work from home, from their cars or from virtually anywhere. Advanced technologies and progressive HR strategies make these alternative offices possible.
Imagine itÆs 2 oÆclock on a Wednesday afternoon. Inside the dining room of many nationwide offices, Joe Smith, manager of HR, is downing a sandwich and soda while wading through phone and E-mail messages. In front of him is a computerùequipped with a fax-modemùis plugged into a special port on the dining table. The contents of his briefcase are spread on the table. As he sifts through a stack of paperwork and types responses into the computer, he periodically picks up a cordless phone and places a call to a colleague or associate. As he talks, he sometimes wanders across the room.
To be sure, this isnÆt your ordinary corporate environment. Smith doesnÆt have a permanent desk or workspace, nor his own telephone. When he enters the ad agencyÆs building, he checks out a portable Macintosh computer and a cordless phone and heads off to whatever nook or cranny he chooses. It might be the company library, or a common area under a bright window. It could even be the dining room or Student Union, which houses punching bags, televisions and a pool table. Wherever he goes, a network forwards mail and phone pages to him and a computer routes calls, faxes and E-mail messages to his assigned extension. He simply logs onto the firmÆs computer system and accesses his security-protected files.
He is not tethered to a specific work area nor forced to function in any predefined way. Joe Smith spends mornings, and even sometimes an entire day, connected from home via sophisticated voicemail and E-mail systems, as well as a pager. His work is process and task-oriented. As long as he gets everything done, thatÆs what counts. Ultimately, his productivity is greater and his job-satisfaction level is higher. And for somebody trying to get in touch with him, itÆs easy. Nobody can tell that Joe might be in his car or sitting at home reading a stack of resumes in his pajamas. The call gets forwarded to him wherever heÆs working.
YouÆve just entered the vast frontier of the virtual officeùa universe in which leading-edge technology and new concepts redefine work and job functions by enabling employees to work from virtually anywhere. The concept allows a growing number of companies to change their workplaces in ways never considered just a few years ago. TheyÆre scrapping assigned desks and conventional office space to create a bold new world where employees telecommute, function on a mobile basis or use satellite offices or communal work areas that are free of assigned spaces with personal nick nacks.
IBM, AT&T, Travelers Corporation, Pacific Bell, Panasonic, Apple Computer and J.C. Penney are among the firms recognizing the virtual-office concept. But theyÆre just a few. The percentage of U.S. companies that have work-at-home programs alone has more than doubled in the past five years, from 7% in 1988 to 18% today. In fact, New York-based Link Resources, which tracks telecommuting and virtual-office trends, has found that 7.6 million Americans now telecommuteùa figure thatÆs expected to swell to 25 million by the year 2000. And if you add mobile workersùthose who use their cars, client offices, hotels and satellite work areas to get the job doneùthereÆs an estimated 1 million more virtual workers.
Both companies and employees are discovering the benefits of virtual arrangements. Businesses that successfully incorporate them are able to slash real-estate costs and adhere to stringent air-quality regulations by curtailing traffic and commuters. TheyÆre also finding that by being flexible, theyÆre more responsive to customers, while retaining key personnel who otherwise might be lost to a cross-country move or a newborn baby. And employees who successfully embrace the concept are better able to manage their work and personal lives. Left for the most part to work on their own terms, theyÆre often happier, as well as more creative and productive.
Of course, the basic idea of working away from the office is nothing new. But today, high-speed notebook computers, lightning-fast data modems, telephone lines that provide advanced data-transmission capabilities, portable printers and wireless communication are starting a quiet revolution. As a society, weÆre transforming the way we work and whatÆs possible. ItÆs creating tremendous opportunities, but it also is generating a great deal of stress and difficulty. There are tremendous organizational changes required to make it work. As markets have changedùas companies have downsized, streamlined and restructuredùmany have been forced to explore new ways to support the work effort. The virtual office, or alternative office, is one of the most effective strategies for dealing with these changes.
Of course, the effect of alternative officing on the HR function is great. HR must change the way it hires, evaluates employees and terminates them. It must train an existing work force to fit into a new corporate model. There are issues involving benefits, compensation and liability. And, perhaps most importantly, thereÆs the enormous challenge of holding the corporate culture togetherùeven if employees no longer spend time socializing over the watercooler or in face-to-face meetings. When a company makes a commitment to adopt a virtual-office environmentùwhether itÆs shared work-space or basic telecommutingùit takes time for people to acclimate and adjust. If HR canÆt meet the challenge, and employees donÆt buy in, then the program is destined to fail.
Virtual offices break down traditional office walls. Step inside one and you quickly see how different an environment the concept has created. Gone are the cubicles in which employees used to work. In their place are informal work carrels and open areas where any employeeùwhether itÆs the CEO or an administrative assistantùcan set up shop. Teams may assemble and disperse at any given spot, and meetings and conferences happen informally wherever itÆs convenient. Only a handful of maintenance workers, phone operators and food-services personnel, whose flexibility is limited by their particular jobs, retain any appearance of a private workspace.
Equally significant is the fact that on any given hour of any day, as many as one-third of the salaried work force arenÆt in the office. Some are likely working at a clientÆs site, others at home or in a hotel room on the road. The feeling is that the employees of Virtual Offices are self-starters. The work environment is designed around the concept that oneÆs best thinking isnÆt necessarily done at a desk or in an office. Sometimes, itÆs done in a conference room with several people. Other times itÆs done on a ski slope or driving to a clientÆs office. Fonders of the concept wanted to eliminate the boundaries about where people are supposed to think. They wanted to create an environment that was stimulating and rich in resources. Employees decide on their own where they will work each day, and are judged on work produced rather than on hours put in at the office.
One company that has jumped headfirst into the virtual-office concept is Armonk, New York-based International Business MachineÆs Midwest division. The regional business launched a virtual-office work model in the spring of 1993 and expects 2,500 of its 4,000 employeesùsalaried staff from sales, marketing, technical and customer service, including managersùto be mobile by the beginning of 1995. Its road workers, equipped with IBM Think Pad computers, fax-modems, E-mail, cellular phones and a combination of proprietary and off-the-shelf software, use their cars, client offices and homes as work stations. When they do need to come into an officeùusually once or twice a weekùthey log onto a computer that automatically routes calls and faxes to the desk at which they choose to sit.
So far, the program has allowed Big BlueÆs Midwest division to reduce real-estate space by nearly 55%, while increasing the ratio of employees to workstations from 4-to-1 to almost 10-to-1. More importantly, it has allowed the company to harness technology that allows employees to better serve customers and has raised the job-satisfaction level of workers. A recent survey indicated that 83% of the regionÆs mobile work force wouldnÆt want to return to a traditional office environment.
IBM maintains links with the mobile work force in a variety of ways. All employees access their E-mail and voicemail daily; important messages and policy updates are broadcast regularly into the mailboxes of thousands of workers. When the need for teleconferencing arises, it can put hundreds of employees on the line simultaneously. Typically, the organizationÆs mobile workers link from cars, home offices, hotels, even airplanes.
Virtual workers are only a phone call away. To be certain, telephony has become a powerful driver in the virtual-office boom. Satellites and high-tech telephone systems, such as ISDN phone lines, allow companies to zap data from one location to another at light speed. Organizations link to their work force and hold virtual meetings using tools such as video-conferencing. Firms grab a strategic edge in the marketplace by providing workers with powerful tools to access information.
Consider Gemini Consulting, a Morristown, New Jersey-based firm that has 1,600 employees spread throughout the United States and beyond. A sophisticated E-mail system allows employees anywhere to access a central bulletin board and data base via a toll-free phone number. Using Macintosh Powerbook computers and modems, they tap into electronic versions of The Associated Press, Reuters and The Wall Street Journal, and obtain late-breaking news and information on clients, key subjects, even executives within client companies. And thatÆs just the beginning. Many of the firmÆs consultants have Internet addresses, and HR soon will begin training its officeless work force via CD-ROM. It will mail disks to workers, who will learn on their own schedule using machines the firm provides. The bottom line of this technology? Gemini can eliminate the high cost of flying consultants into a central location for training.
Today, the technology exists to break the chains of traditional thought and the typical way of doing things. ItÆs possible to process information and knowledge in dramatically different ways than in the past. That can mean that instead of one individual or a group handling a project from start to finish, teams can process bits and pieces. They can assemble and disassemble quickly and efficiently.
Some companies, such as San Francisco-based Pacific Bell, have discovered that providing telecommuters with satellite offices can further facilitate efficiency. The telecommunications giant currently has nearly 2,000 managers splitting time between home and any of the companyÆs offices spread throughout California. Those who travel regularly or prefer not to work at home also can drop into dozens of satellite facilities that each are equipped with a handful of workstations. At these centers, they can access exclusive data bases, check E-mail and make phone calls.
Other firms have pushed the telecommuting concept even further. One of them is Great Plains Software, a Fargo, North Dakota-based company that produces and markets PC-based accounting programs. Despite its remote location, the company retains top talent by being flexible and innovative. Some of its high-level managers live and work in such places as Montana and New Jersey. Even its local employees may work at home a few days a week.
Lynne StockstadÆs situation at Great Plains demonstrates how a program that allows for flexible work sites can benefit both employer and worker. The competitive-research specialist had spent two years at Great Plains when her husband decided to attend chiropractic college in Davenport, Iowa. At most firms, that would have prompted Stockstad to resignùsomething that also would have cost the company an essential employee. Instead, Stockstad and Great Plains devised a system that would allow her to telecommute from Iowa and come to Fargo only for meetings when absolutely necessary. Using phone, E-mail, voicemail and fax, she and her work team soon found they were able to link together, and complete work just as efficiently as before. Today, with her husband a recent graduate, Stockstad has moved back to Fargo and has received a promotion.
Great Plains uses similar technology in other innovative ways to build a competitive advantage. For example, it has developed a virtual hiring process. Managers who are spread across the country conduct independent interviews with candidates, and then feed their responses into the companyÆs computer. Later, the hiring team holds a meeting, usually via phone or videoconferencing, to render a verdict. Only then does the firm fly the candidate to Fargo for the final interview.
HR must lay the foundation to support a mobile work force. Just as a cafeteria offers a variety of foods to suit individual taste and preferences, the workplace of the future is evolving toward a model for which alternative work options likely will become the norm. One person may find that telecommuting four days a week is great; another may find that he or she functions better in the office. The common denominator for the organization is: How can we create an environment in which people are able to produce to their maximum capabilities?
Creating such a model and making it work is no easy task, however. Such a shift in resources requires a fundamental change in thinking. And it usually falls squarely on HRÆs shoulders to oversee the program and hold the organization together during trying times. When a company decides to participate in an alternative officing program, people need to adapt and adjust to the new manners. Workers are used to doing things a certain way. Suddenly, their world is being turned upside down.
One of the biggest problems is laying the foundation to support such a system. Often, itÆs necessary to tweak benefits and compensation, create new job descriptions and methods of evaluation and find innovative ways to communicate. Sometimes, because companies are liable for their workers while theyÆre ôon the clock,ö HR must send inspectors to home offices to ensure theyÆre safe.
When Great Plains Software started its telecommuting program in the late 1980s, it established loose guidelines for employees who wanted to be involved in the program. they pretty much implemented policies on an unscientific basis. Over time, the company has evolved to a far more stringent system of determining who qualifies and how the job is defined.
For example, as with most other companies that embrace the virtual-office concept, Great Plains stipulates that only salaried employees can work in virtual offices because of the lack of a structured time schedule and the potential for working more than eight hours a day. Those employees who want to telecommute must first express how the decision will benefit the company, the department and themselves. Only those who can convince a hiring manager that they meet all three criteria move on to the next stage.
Potential telecommuters then must define how theyÆll be accountable and responsible in the new working model.
Finally, once performance standards and guidelines have been created, Great Plains presents two disclaimers to those going virtual. If their performance falls below certain predetermined standards, management will review the situation to determine whether itÆs working. And if the position changes significantly and it no longer makes sense to telecommute, management will have to reevaluate.
Other companies have adopted similar checks and balances. They are training HR advisers to make accommodations for the individual, but to not make accommodations for the personÆs job responsibilities.
IBM provides counseling from behavioral scientists and offers ongoing assistance to those having trouble adapting to the new work model. By closely monitoring preestablished sales and productivity benchmarks, managers quickly can determine if thereÆs a problem. So far, only approximately 10% to 15% of its mobile work force has required counseling, and only a handful of employees have had to be reassigned.
Virtual workers need guidance from HR. Not everyone is suited to working in a virtual-office environment. Not only must workers who go mobile or work at home learn to use the technology effectively, but they also must adjust their workstyle and lifestyle. The more you get connected, the harder it is to disconnect. At some point, the boundaries between work and personal life blur. Without a good deal of discipline, the situation can create a lot of stress.
Managers often fear that employees will not get enough work done if they canÆt see them. Most veterans of the virtual office, however, maintain that the exact opposite is true. All too often, employees wind up fielding phone calls in the evening or stacking an extra hour or two on top of an eight-hour day. Not surprisingly, that can create an array of problems, including burnout, errors and marital conflict.
IBM learned early on that it has to teach employees to remain in control of the technology and not let it overrun their lives. One of the ways it achieves the goal is to provide its mobile work force with two-line telephones. That way, employees can recognize calls from work, switch the ringer off at the end of the workday and let the voicemail system pick up calls.
Another potential problem with which virtual employees must deal is handling all the distractions that can occur at home. As a result, many firms provide workers with specific guidelines for handling work at home. It is expected that those who work at home will arrange child care or elder care. And although management recognizes there are times when a babysitter falls through or a problem occurs, if someoneÆs surrounded by noisy children, it creates an impression that the individual isnÆt working or is distracted.
Still, most say that problems arenÆt common. The majority of workers adjust and become highly productive in an alternative office environment. The most important thing for a company to do is lay out guidelines and suggestions that help workers adapt.
At many firms, including IBM, HR now is providing booklets that cover a range of topics, including time management and family issues. Many companies also send out regular mailings that not only provide tips and work strategies but also keep employees informed of company events and keep them ingrained in the corporate culture.
This type of correspondence also helps alleviate workersÆ fears of isolation. IBM goes one step further by providing voluntary outings, such as to the Indianapolis 500, for its mobile work force. Even without these events, virtual workersÆ isolation fears often are unproven. The level of interaction in a virtual office actually can be heightened and intensified. Because workers arenÆt in the same place every day, they may be exposed to a wider range of people and situations. And that can open their eyes and minds to new ideas and concepts.
However, dismantling the traditional office structure can present other HR challenges. One of the most serious can be dealing with issues of identity and status. Workers whoÆve toiled for years to earn a corner office suddenly can find themselves thrown into a universal work pod. Likewise, photographs and other personal items often must disappear as workspace is shared. But solutions do exist. For instance, when IBM went mobile, top executives led by example. They immediately cleared out their desks and began plugging in at common work pods.
Not surprisingly, one of the most difficult elements in creating a virtual office is dealing with this human side of the equation. The human factor can send shock waves reverberating through even the most sober organization.
This challenge requires HR to become a active business partner. That means working with other departments, such as real estate, finance and information technology. It means creating the tools to make a virtual office work. In some cases, that may require HR to completely rewrite a benefits package to include a $500 or $1,000-a-month pay for those working at home. That way, the company saves money on real-estate and relocation costs, while the employee receives an incentive that can be used to furnish a home office.
Management also must change the way supervisors evaluate their workers. Managers easily can fall into the trap of thinking that only face-to-face interaction is meaningful and may pass over mobile workers for promotions. Great Plains has gone to great lengths to ensure that its performance-evaluation system functions in a virtual environment. The company asks its managers to conduct informal reviews quarterly with telecommuting employees, and formal reviews every six months. By increasing the interaction and discussion, the company has eliminated much of the anxiety for employeesùand their managersùwhile providing a better gauge of performance. In the final analysis, the system no longer measures good citizenship and attendance, but how much work people actually get done and how well they do it.
Still, many experts point out that too much reliance on voicemail and E-mail can present problems. Although instantaneous messaging is convenient and efficient, it can overload virtual workers with too much information and not enough substance. Without some human interaction itÆs impossible to build relationships and a sense of trust within an organization. Sending workers offsite can boost productivity, while saving costs.
Those who have embraced the virtual office say that itÆs a concept that works. At Pacific Bell, which began experimenting with telecommuting during the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, employees routinely have reported 100% increases in productivity. Equally important: this fits into family and flexibility issues and that they enjoy working for the company more than ever before.
Although the final results arenÆt yet in, IBMÆs mobile work force reports a 10% boost in morale and appears to be processing more work, more efficiently. WhatÆs more, its customers have so far reported highly favorable results. People are happier and more productive because they can have breakfast with their family before they go off to client meetings. They can go home and watch their childÆs soccer game and then do work in the evening. They no longer are bound by a nine-to-five schedule. The only criterion is that they meet results.
Society is on the frontier of a fundamental change in the way the workplace is viewed and how work is handled. In the future, it will become increasingly difficult for traditional companies to compete against those embracing the virtual office. Companies that embrace the concept are sending out a loud message. TheyÆre making it clear that theyÆre interested in their employeesÆ welfare, that theyÆre seeking a competitive edge, and that they arenÆt afraid to rethink their work force for changing conditions. Those are the ingredients for future success.
