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3.46 FILLER EXPLOSIVES
3.461 Improvised Plastic Explosive Filler
Author: Doctor Dissector
From: Anarchy 'n Explosives Vol.1 (No 2)
Type: High Explosive
Ingredients: Finely Powdered Potassium Chlorate Crystals
Petroleum Jelly **MIX THOUROUGHLY**
Description: This plastic explosive filler can be detonated with a
No. 8 commercial blasting cap or with any military
blasting cap. The explosive must be stored in a waterproof
container until ready to use.
Comments: This material was tested. It is effective.
References: TM 31-210, Improvised Munitions, sec I, No. 1.
3.462 Quick Filler explosive
85% sodium chlorate
10% vaseline
5% aluminum powder
3.463 Plastic Explosive Filler II
A plastic explosive filler can be made from potassium chlorate and
petroleum jelly. This explosive can be detonated in any military blasting
cap. (find a friend in the service or in the reserve, or steal one).
Potassium Chlorate - this chemical is used for medicinal purposes,
and in the manufacture of matches.
Petroleum jelly - just get some vaseline or no-name brand.
Piece of round stick
Wide bowl or other container for mixing ingredients.
1) Spread the Potassium Chlorate crystals thinly on a hard surface.
Roll the round stick over the crystals to crush into what looks
like wheat flour.
2) Place 9 parts powdered potassium chlorate and 1 part petroleum
jelly in a wide bowl or sililar container. Mix the ingredients with
your hands (knead) until a uniform paste is obtained.
Store the explosive in a waterproof container until you are ready to use it.
Plastic explosives-
Mix 7 parts potassium chlorate for every one part of petroleum
jelly (vaseline will do) then use an electric charge or a fuse.
3.47 ROCKET FUELS
3.471 Nitromethane formulae
Author: The Jolly Roger
I thought that I might add this in since it's similar to Astrolite.
Nitromethane (CH3NO2)
specific gravity:1.139
flash point:95f
auto-ignite:785f
Derivation: reaction of methane or propane with nitric acid under pressure.
Uses: Rocket fuel; solvent for cellulosic compounds, polymers, waxes,
fats,etc.
To be detonated with a #8 cap, add:
1) 95% nitromethane + 5% ethylenediamine
2) 94% nitromethane + 6% aniline
Power output: 22-24% more powerful than TNT. Detonation velocity of 6,200MPS.
3.472 Nitromethane 'solid' explosives
Author: The Jolly Roger
2 parts nitromethane
5 parts ammonium nitrate (solid powder)
Soak for 3-5 min. when done, store in an air-tight container. This
is supposed to be 30% more powerful than dynamite containing 60% nitro-
glycerin, and has 30% more brilliance.
Parts by
Volume Ingredient How used Common Source
-------- ---------- -------- -------------
85 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas Stations
Stove Fuel Motor Vehicle
Solvent
14 Egg Whites Food Food Store
Industrial Farms
Processes
Any one of the following:
1 Table Salt Food Sea Water
Industrial Natural Brine
Processes Food Store
3 Ground Coffee Food Coffee Plant
Food Store
3 Dried Tea Leaves Food Tea Plant
Food Store
3 Cocoa Food Cacao Tree
Food Store
2 Sugar Sweetening Sugar Cane
foods Food Store
1 Saltpeter Pyrotechnics Natural
(Potassium Explosives Deposits
Nitrate) Matches Drug Store
Medicine
1 Epsom Salts Medicine Natural
Mineral Water Kisserite
Industrial Drug Store
Processes Food Store
2 Washing Soda Washing Cleaner Food Store
(Sal Soda) Medicine Drug Store
Photography Photo Supply
Store
1 1/2 Baking Soda Baking Food Store
Manufacturing Drug Store
of: Beverages
Medicines
and
Mineral
Waters
1 1/2 Aspirin Medicine Drug Store
Food Store
Procedure:
CAUTION: Make sure that ther are no open flames in the area when mixing
flame fuels! NO SMOKING!!
1) Seperate the egg white from the yolk. This can be done by
breaking the egg into a dish and carefully removing the yolk with a spoon.
2) Pour egg white into a jar, bottle, or other container, and add gasoline.
3) Add the salt (or other additive) to the mixture and stir
occasionally until gel forms (about 5 to 10 minutes).
Note:
A thicker gelled flame fuel can be obtained by putting the capped jar
in hot (65 degrees Centegrade) water for about 1/2 hour and then letting them
cool to room temperature. (DO NOT HEAT THE GELLED FUEL CONTAINING COFFEE!!)
3.473 Astrolite
The astrolite family of liquid explosives were products of
rocket propellant research in the '60's. Astrolite A-1-5 is supposed to be
the world's most powerful non-nuclear explosive -at about 1.8 to 2 times more
powerful than TNT. Being more powerful it is also safer to handle than TNT
(not that it isn't safe in the first place) and Nitroglycerin.
3.4731 Astrolite G
"Astrolite G is a clear liquid explosive especially designed to
produce very high detonation velocity, 8,600MPS (meters/sec.), compared
with 7,700MPS for nitroglycerin and 6,900MPS for TNT...In addition, a very
unusual characteristic is that it the liquid explosive has the ability to be
absorbed easily into the ground while remaining detonatable...In field tests,
Astrolite G has remained detonatable for 4 days in the ground, even when the
soil was soaked due to rainy weather" know what that means?....Astrolite
Dynamite!
To make (mix in fairly large container & outside)
Two parts by weight of ammonium nitrate mixed with one part
by weight 'anhydrous' hydrazine, produces Astrolite G...Simple enough eh?
I'm sure that the 2:1 ratio is not perfect,and that if you screw around with
it long enough, that you'll find a better formula. Also, dunno why the book
says 'anhydrous' hydrazine, hydrazine is already anhydrous...
Hydrazine is the chemical you'll probably have the hardest time
getting hold of. Uses for Hydrazine are: Rocket fuel, agricultural
chemicals (maleic hydrazide), drugs (antibacterial and antihypertension),
polymerization catalyst, plating metals on glass and plastics, solder
fluxes, photographic developers, diving equipment. Hydrazine is also the
chemical you should be careful with.
3.4732 Astrolite A/A-1-5
Ok, here's the good part...
Mix 20% (weight) aluminum powder to the ammonium nitrate, and then
mix with hydrazine. The aluminum powder should be 100 mesh or finer.
Astrolite A has a detonation velocity of 7,800MPS.
Note:
You should be careful not to get any of the astrolite on you,if it
happens though, you should flush the area with water. Astrolite A&G both
should be able to be detonated by a #8 blasting cap.
3.474 Common Rocket Fuel
Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) or "Saltpeter".
Sugar (Powdered is the best)
1) Mix the two together 1/2 Nitrate and 1/2 Sugar.
2) Take an old cooking pan, and melt the two together. There is NO way
for it to ignite.
(BULLSHIT! It fucking exploded in my kitchen!)
3) It should turn into a fudgey looking compound. Pour this compound
into a rocket engine such as a cardboard tube, and set a fuse into
the compound and let the compound harden.
3.475 Rocket Fuel 2 (High Grade)
Author: The Chemist
Model rocket engine (any engine will do, but the bigger ones like C
or D engines are recommended).
Hammer
1) First, using the hammer, knock out the ceramic nozzle of the
engine. The color of the nozzle is light gray.
2) When you start to see black grains in the gray of the nozzle
powder, put the rocket engine in a shoe box or something else to
catch the propellant. Now hit the engine with the hammer to get
the propellant out (careful, not too hard).
3) When all the propellant has been removed and is in the shoe box,
grains will be in size ranging from dust to pieces about 1/2 inch
in size. You may take out the propellant and use it for whatever
you wish.
WARNING: DO NOT EVER GRIND THIS MIXTURE!
It might explode in your face! Use it only in the form you got it
from the engine. Also, since I don't know what model rocket
propellant is made out of, I don't know how poisonous it is. As a
rule, however, do not let it get on you and always wash after
experiments with it (this is just a good procedure for any experi-
ment dealing with chemicals).
NOTE:
This is the best composition for rocket fuel. It is one of the best
compositions I have ever tried. Only mercury fulminate was better.
3.5 OTHER "EXPLOSIVES" or EXPLOSIVE WEAPONS
The remaining section covers the other types of materials that can
be used to destroy property by fire. Although none of the materials
presented here are explosives, they still produce explosive-style results.
3.51 THERMITE
Thermite is a fuel-oxodizer mixture that is used to generate tremendous
amounts of heat. It was not presented in section 3.23 because it does not react
nearly as readily. It is a mixture of iron oxide and aluminum, both finely
powdered. When it is ignited, the aluminum burns, and extracts the oxygen from
the iron oxide. This is really two very exothermic reactions that produce a
combined temperature of about 2200 degrees C. This is half the heat produced by
an atomic weapon. It is difficult to ignite, however, but when it is ignited,
it is one of the most effective firestarters around.
MATERIALS
─────────
powdered aluminum (10 g)
powdered iron oxide (10 g)
1) There is no special procedure or equipment required to make thermite. Simply
mix the two powders together, and try to make the mixture as homogenous as
possible. The ratio of iron oxide to aluminum is 50% / 50% by weight, and
be made in greater or lesser amounts.
2) Ignition of thermite can be accomplished by adding a small amount of
potassium chlorate to the thermite, and pouring a few drops of sulfuric acid
on it. This method and others will be discussed later in section 4.33. The
other method of igniting thermite is with a magnesium strip. Finally, by
using common sparkler-type fireworks placed in the thermite, the mixture
can be ignited.
3.511 Additional Notes on Thermite
Author: GaRbLed UseR!
Lately there has been much hullaballo about the making, and use of
Thermite. Many people state that it can only be lit with a vast amount of heat,
such as a burning strip of magnesium. Others say they have lit it with a match.
Here I will try to give an over view of the current theories, and let
you come to your own conclusions.
First, for those of you who may not know, I will describe thermite,
it's uses, and basic construction.
Thermite is a relatively easy substance to create, being made from
ingredients that are somewhat simple to obtain. Thermite, when ignited, can
reach temperatures nearing 6000+ degrees celcius, and has been known to
vaporize carbon steel. The general "formula" for making thermite is as follows:
50% powdered rust. (iron oxide (Fe2O3))
50% powdered aluminum (Al)
Simple enough to create. Rust can be obtained quickly by running a
low current (DC) through an iron object, and placing the object in water.
One electrode is placed on the object, and the other in the water. This
causes vast amounts of rust to be created, which can easily be extracted by
evaporating, or boiling the water. The aluminum can generally be purchased at
hardware or paint stores. It can also be made by taking a piece of aluminum
metal (such as an aluminum door frame, or pipe) and shaving it off with a
metal file.
I have heard from some people, that thermite is not very picky in it's
ingredients. One report states that he ripped apart an aluminum can with his
bare hands, leaving peices roughly .5cm in diameter. He then proceded to make
some regular thermite, with powdered aluminum. He had made approximately a
bucket full of the large aluminum thermite, and sprinkled two to three handfulls
of the regular thermite on the top. He then lit the mixture with a strip of
magnesium, and let it burn. The entire mixture burned quite well, actually
setting a fence nearly 15 feet away on fire from the heat alone. If this is
true, then large amounts of thermite, would be much easier for a person to
create, than if he had to use powdered aluminum for the entire mixture. It
would also be MUCH cheaper.
The other report I heard, stated that the ignition temperature of
thermite, depended mainly on the grade of aluminum. He stated by getting the
finest grade mesh of aluminum powder he could find, he effectively made the
thermite more sensitive. He stated that this mixture led to less heat, but,
also ignited with greater ease. So much greater ease, that he ignited a small
handfull of the substance, by simply dropping a wooden match into the mixture.
Such an easy to use substance would have obvious uses, such as being
the ignition for regular thermite, which could then even ignite large thermite.
This would also make thermite ignitable by wicks, and minor blasts. This could
make a VERY dangerous weapon should it be put in a rocket or shrapnel bomb.
(c)1999 FBI- All rights nuked to oblivion.
3.512 Thermite reaction
The thermite reaction is used in welding, because it
generates molten iron and temperatures of 3500 c (6000f+). It uses one of
the previous reactions that I talked about to start it!
starter = potassium chlorate + sugar
main pt.= iron (iii) oxide + aluminum powder (325 mesh or finer)
Put the potassium chlorare + sugar around and on top of the main pt.
To start the reaction, place one drop of concentrated sulfuric acid on top of
the starter mixture. Step back! the ratios are: 3 parts iron(iii) oxide
to 1 part aluminium powder to 1 part potassium chlorate to 1 part sugar.
When you first do it, try 3g:1g:1g:1g! also, there is an alternative starter
for the thermite reaction. The alternatIve is potassium permanganate +
glycerine. amounts: 55g iron(iii) oxide, 15g aluminium powder, 25g
potassium permanganate, 6ml glycerine.
3.513 Making Thermite
Author: X Calibur
Thermite is a powerful substance which can burn through practically
anything, save tungsten. It is specially of use in trying to crack open a
fortress fone. now here's how you make it. It is very simple.
The first step in making thermite is to make hematite. In layman's
terms, ematite is iron oxide (rust). Here is good method of making large
quantities of rust. You will electrolyze a metal rod, such as a common nail.
you will need a surce of dc power as well. An electric train transformer is
perfect. Attach the rod to the positive wire. Then place the rod and the
negative wire in opposite sides of a glass jar filled with water. Put a
little salt in the water, just enough to make it conduct well (a teaspoon).
Let the setup sit overnight. In the morning, here will be a dark red crud in
the jar. Filter all the crud out of the water or just fish it out with a
spoon. Now you will need to dry it out. Heat it in an iron pot until it
all turns a nice light red.
The other ingrediant you will need is aluminum filings. You can
either file down a bar of aluminum, or (as i suggest) buy aluminum filings at
your local hardware shop. (if you buy the bar use no less thn 94% pure
aluminum. It is called duralumin.) that's almost it. Now, mix together the
rust and aluminum filings. The ratio should be 8 grams of rust per 3 grams
of aluminum filings. That's thermite!
Now, to light it! stick a length of magnesium ribbon in a pile of
the thermite. (either steal it from chem lab or buy it at your local
chemical supply store. If not, order from a chemical supply house. It's
pretty cheap.) the ribbon should stick into the thermite like a fuse. now
you light the magnesium with a blowtorch. (don't worry. the torch isn't hot
enough to light the thermite.) when the burning magnesium reaches the
thermite, it will light. When the thermite burns, get the hell back! that
stuff can vaporize carbon steel. It does wonders on human flesh.
3.154 More Thermite
This stuff can burn *anything*. [except Tungsten].. It's great for
burning open a fortress fone [a pay phone, for those who do not know]
Here is the step-by-step on how to make it.
1) First you need rust. The best way to make alot of it is....
a) get an electric train trans- former
b) attach a common nail to the PLUS (+) end of the trans- former
c) get a glass jar
d) fill it with water
e) put salt [regular table salt is fine] into the water
f) put the other end (-) into water with the nail [leave the
transformer out, of course]
g) turn on the transformer
h) let the contraption run overnight
i) seperate out all the red shit [that's the rust] with a filter
or a spoon.
j) let the stuff dry [like on a paper towel]
k) that's it! you have rust!
2) Get some aluminum filings from the hardware store [or shave your
own from a bar with less that 94% pure aluminum, called duralumin]
3) Now, just mix:
8 grams rust to 3 grams aluminum filings
4) That's Thermite!! Now, to ignite it...
5) You now need some Magnesium ribbon. To get it, you can:
a) steal it from the chemistry lab at school.
b) buy it at the hardware store.
c) buy it from a chemical supply house.
6) Alright, shove the Magesium ribbon into the Thermite at a fuse.
7) Then light it with a blowtorch. [It won't get hot enough to
ignite the Thermite, though]
8) last step: get the hell back. [it can vaporize CARBON STEEL!]
3.155 Thermite Applications
Use any size can with sticks tied or taped to sides and cut a small
hole in the bottom. Cover bottom with paper. Place round stick wrapped in
paper in middle of can. Fill bottom of can 1/4 inch with magnesium. Over
this place mixture of 3 parts ferric oxide and 2 parts aluminum powder.
Remove stick (leaving paper tunnel) and fill hole with mixture 3 parts
potassium chlorate and 1 part sugar. Top the hole with a paper bag
containing chlorate-sugar mix with fuse protruding Tamp top with dirt or
clay.
3.520 BOTTLED GAS EXPLOSIVES
Bottled gas, such as butane for refilling lighters, propane for propane
stoves or for bunsen burners, can be used to produce a powerful explosion. To
make such a device, all that a simple-minded anarchist would have to do would be
to take his container of bottled gas and place it above a can of Sterno or other
gelatinized fuel, and light the fuel and run. Depending on the fuel used, and
on the thickness of the fuel container, the liquid gas will boil and expand to
the point of bursting the container in about five minutes. In theory, the gas
would immediately be ignited by the burning gelatinized fuel, producing a large
fireball and explosion. Unfortunately, the bursting of the bottled gas container
often puts out the fuel, thus preventing the expanding gas from igniting. By
using a metal bucket half filled with gasoline, however, the chances of ignition
are better, since the gasoline is less likely to be extinguished. Placing the
canister of bottled gas on a bed of burning charcoal soaked in gasoline would
probably be the most effective way of securing ignition of the expanding gas,
since although the bursting of the gas container may blow out the flame of the
gasoline, the burning charcoal should immediately re-ignite it. Nitrous oxide,
hydrogen, propane, acetylene, or any other flammable gas will do nicely.
3.521 Spray Bottle Flamethrower
Author: GArbLed UsEr
Get one of your nice little spray bottles, (mom or wife uses them
to water houseplants). Fill with one of many liquids..
* Blast Oil
* Gasoline
* Ethyl or Iso-propyl Alcolhol
Boiling Water
Ammonia Water
Chlorine Bleach
* Naptha(lighter fluid)
Drano(or other like fluids)
* Nail polish Remover
Now.. If it has an asterick beside it.. SImply pull out MR lighter,
and hold in front of the blast! Turn to MIST for a deathly fireball, or STREAM
for a nice line of deadly fire! For the other liquids, ALWAYS USE STREAM!!
Try to aim for the face. If you can hit the eyes, any of these are guaranteed
to blind the enemy.
No spray bottles?? Look under the sink.. Maybe a WINDEX bottle, OR..
if you have children.. a squirt gun will do nicely. Be warned! Many of these
liquids will eat through plastic! So if your weapon catches on fire.. THROW!
Do not attempt to put it out! Also try and use them quickly.. or you may end
up covered in DRAINO! (The tip of the weapon will occasionally catch on fire..
this is OK.. but be careful and put it out.. the tip may melt.. and you is
toast when it does!!
3.5211 Spray Bottle Flame Thrower II
From: The Poor Man's James Bond by Kurt Saxon
An excellent little flame thrower can be made, using just about any
metal or plastic hand squirter. The only consideration is that the liquid
must come out in a stream instead of an atomized spray.
Some oil cans shoot a stream 30 feets. sprayers can often be adjusted
from a spray to a stream. sprayers of various kinds can be found in auto
supply, garden and grocery stores.
A six-inch tube, usually aluminum or brass, is fitten on the nozzle.
A wick or piece of heavy cloth is wired onto the other end of the tube.
The fuel is gasoline, acetone or lighter fluid.
To use, the tube is tilted downward slightly. the sprayer is squeezed
slowly so the fuel will dribble out and saturate the wick all around.
The wick is then lit and the device is aimed and squeezed. quick,
hard squeezes will squirt the fuel through the tube and pe cd the burning
wick. The wick ignites the fuel and you have such a dandy weapon you will
never stop bragging! If you have a little brother, he can take it to school
for show and tell.
3.522 Blast Oil
Author: Garbled User
This is a strange liquid. Take a Plastic peanut butter jar, (or any
plastic jar) Fill up with half nail polish remover and half 99% iso-propyl
alcohol.
Either-
A) Ignite mixture, run fast
B) Ignite bottle, throw fast
C) Pour on target, Light and run fast!!
D) DIE! [Eds]
If used properly. it sometimes has a nasty property of causting the
entire mixture to become gaseous.. INSTANTLY.. this can cause a TREMENDOUS
explosion!! One note.. Try to get 99% pure Iso-Propyl Alcohol.. The lesser
the purity, the lesser the chance of explosion.. Same with the acetone!
BE CAREFUL!!
3.523 NAPALM!! (The Ultimate Barbeque Starter)
Author: Knight Hack
From: Phantasy Magazine
Napalm is very simple to make,Basically all it is 1 part gasoline and
1 part soap.
I realize some of you out there might not know what soap is, but thats
the stuff you see in those silly little dishes over sinks.
But heres how you make the stuff:
1. Get a double boiler, fill the bottom half with water and bring to a boil.
2. Remove from the stove and go outside with it.
3. Now place the top half over the boiling water.
4. Fill the top with very small amounts of gasoline
5. Allow it to heat as much as possible from the still hot water
6. Add 1 part Ivory soap flakes to the gas and stir until it thickens
7. (The flakes must melt or the concotion is useless)
8. Allow to cool, Pour into bottles, add a rag , light rag and throw!
Note:
Heated gasoline is EXTREMELY DANGEROUS, make small batches to start
and never smoke,have near an open flame,or anything that would cause a spark!!!
3.5231 Napalm
Author: Doctor Dissector
From: Anarchy 'n Explosives No.1 (Vol 1)
A. Description
1) This item consists of a liquid fuel which is gelled by the addition
of soap powder or soap chips. It is easily prepared from readily
available materials.
2) This incendiary can be directly initiated by a match flame. But,
if delay is required, the incendiary can be reliably initiated by
any igniter later discussed or coupled with delay mechanisms to be
discussed in later volumes of ANARCHY.
3) Napalm incendiary is easily ignited and long burning, and is
suitible for setting fire to large wooden structures and other
large combustible targets. It adheres to objects, even on vertical
surfaces.
B. Material and Equiptment
Soap powder or chips (Bar soap can be easily shaved or chipped; but,
detergents CANNOT be used.)
Any of the following liquid hydrocarbon fuels:
gasoline, fuel oil, diesel oil, kerosene, turpentine, benzol,
benzene, toloul, or toluene
A double boiler made from any material with the upper pot having a
capicity of at least two quarts
A spoon or stick for stirring
A source of heat such as a stove or hot plate
A knife or grater if only bar soap is available
An air-tight container
C. Preparation
1) Fill bottom of double boiler with water and heat until water
boils.
2) Place upper pot on top of bottom pot and remove both containers
to a point several feet from the heat source.
3) Pour soap chips or powder into the upper pot of the double
boiler to one-quarter of pot volume.
4) Pour any of the liquid hydrocarbon fuels listed under Materials
and Equiptment above into the upper pot containing the soap chips
or powder until the pot is one-half full.
5) Stir the mixture with with a stick or spoon until it thickens to
a paste having the consistency of jam. Do this in a well
ventilated area where the vapors will not concentrate and burn
or explode from a flame or spark.
6) If the mixture has not thickened enough after about 15 minutes of
stirring, remove the upper pot and put it several feet from the
heat source. Again bring the water in the lower pot to a boil.
Shut off heat source, place upper pot in lower pot at a location
several feet from the heat source and repeat stirring until the
naplam reaches the recommended consistency.
7) When the proper consistency is obtained, store the finished napalm
in a tightly sealed container until used. Napalm will keep for
months when stored this way.
D. Application
The destructive effect of napalm is increased when charcoal is
added. The charcoal will readily ignite and the persistent fire
from the charcoal will outlast the burning napalm. It is
recommended that at least one quart of napalm be used to ignite
heavy wooden sections. A minimum of one-half quart is recommended
for wooden structures of small cross section.
CAUTION : NAPALM IS HIGHLY VOLITLE. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK.
3.5232 Napalm, Lex Luthor's Recipe
Author: Lex Luthor
About the best fire bomb is napalm. It has a thick consistancy,
like jam and is best for use on vehilces or buildings.
Napalms is simply one part gasoline and one part soap. The soap is
either soap flakes or shredded bar soap. Detergents won't do.
The gasoline must be heated in order for the soap to melt. The
usual way is with a double boiler where the top part has at least a
two-quart capicity. The water in the bottom part is brought to a boil and
the double boiler is taken from the stove and carried to where there is no
flame.
Then one part, by volume, of gasoline is put in the top part and
allowed to heat as much as it will and the soap is added and the mess is
stirred until it thickens. A better way to heat gasoline is to fill a
bathtub with water as hot as you can get it. It will hold its heat longer
and permit a much larger container than will the double boiler.
3.524 Incendiary Brick
Author: Doctor Dissector
From: Anarchy 'n Explosives No.1 (Vol 7)
a. Description.
(1) This incendiary is composed of potassium chlorate, sulfur, sugar,
iron filings, and wax. When properly made, it looks like an ordinary
building brick and can be easily transported without detection. The
incendiary brick will ignite wooden walls, floors, and many other
combustible materials.
(2) This incendiary can be directly ignited by all igniters. To ignite
this incendiary with White Phosphorus Solution, the solution must
first be poured on absorbent paper and the paper placed on top of the
brick.
b. Material and Equipment.
Parts By Volume
Potassium chlorate (powdered).......................... 40
Sulfur (powdered)...................................... 15
Granulated sugar....................................... 20
Iron filings........................................... 10
Wax (beeswax or candle wax)............................ 15
Spoon or stick
Brick mild
Red paint
Measuring cup or can
Double boiler
Heat source (hot plate or stove)
c. Preparation.
(1) Fill the bottom half of the double boiler with water and bring to a
boil.
(2) Place the upper half of the boiler on the lower portion and add the
wax, sulfur, granulated sugar, and iron filings in the proper amount.
(3) Stir well to blend all the materials evenly.
(4) Remove the upper half of the double boiler from the lower portion and
either shut off the heat source or move the upper section several
feet from the fire.
CAUTION: EXTREME CARE SHOULD BE EXERCISED AT THIS POINT BECAUSE
ACCIDENTAL IGNITION OF THE MIXTURE IS POSSIBLE. SOME MEANS OF
EXTINGUISHING A FIRE SHOULD BE ACCESSIBLE. IT IS IMPORTANT TO KEEP
FACE, HANDS, AND CLOTHING AT A REASONABLY SAFE DISTANCE DURING THE
REMAINDER OF THE PREPARATION. A FACE SHIELD AND FIREPROOF GLOVES ARE
RECOMMENDED.
(5) CAREFULLY add the required amount of potassium chlorate and again
stir well to obtain a homogeneous mixture.
(6) Pour the mixture into a brick mold and set aside until it cools and
hardens.
(7) When hard, remove the incendiary from the mold, and paint it red to
simulate a normal building brick.
d. Application.
(1) When painted, the incendiary brick can be carried with normal
construction materials and placed in or on combustible materials.
(2) A short time delay in ignition can be obtained by combining fuses
and one of the igniters.
3.525 Fire Fudge
Author: Doctor Dissector
From: Anarchy 'n Explosives, No.1 (Vol 7)
a. Description.
(1) This item consists of a mixture of sugar and potassium chlorate in a
hot water solution which solidifies when cooled to room temperature.
It can be used to ignite most incendiaries, except thermite. It may
be used directly as an incendiary on rags, dry paper, dry hay, or in
the combustible vapor above liquid fuels.
(2) The igniter can be initiated by a fuse cord, string fuse, or concen-
trated sulfuric acid.
(3) Fire fudge resembles a white sugar fudge having a smooth, hard sur-
face. The advantage of this igniter material over Sugar-Chlorate, is
its moldability. The procedure for preparation must be followed
closely to obtain a smooth, uniform material with a hard surface.
CAUTION: THIS MATERIAL IS POISONOUS AND MUST NOT BE EATEN.
b. Material and Equipment.
Granulated Sugar (NOT powdered or confectioners)
Potassium chlorate (no coarser than the sugar)
Metallic, glass, or enameled pan.
Measuring container
Spoon (non-metallic)
Thermometer (200-250 degrees Fahrenheit)
c. Preparation.
(1) Clean the pan by boiling some clean water in it for about five
minutes. Discard the water, pour one measureful of clean water into
the pan and warm it. Dry the measuring container and add one measure-
full of sugar. Stir the liquid until the sugar dissolves.
(2) Boil the solution until a fairly thick syrup is obtained.
(3) Remove the pan from the source of heat to a distance of at least six
feet and shut off the heat. Rapidly add two measurefuls of potassium
chlorate. Stir gently for a minute to mix the syrup and powder, then
pour or spoon the mixture into appropriate molds. If the mold is
paper, it can usually be peeled off when the fire fudge cools and
hardens. Pieces of cardboard or paper adhering to the igniter will
not impair its use. Pyrex, glass, or ceramic molds can be used when a
clear, smooth surface is desired. It is recommended that section
thickness of molded fire fudge be at least one-half inch. If desired,
molded fire fudge can be safely broken with the fingers.
CAUTION: IF THIS IGNITER MATERIAL IS CARELESSLY HANDLED WITH
EXCESSIVE BUMPING OR SCRAPING, IT COULD PRESENT ITSELF AS A HAZARD.
d. Application.
(1) Place a piece of fire fudge on top of the incendiary. Minimum size
should be about one inch square and one-half inch thick. Prepare the
fire fudge for ignition with a fuse cord, string fuse, or
concentrated sulfuric acid in the normal manner.
(2) If only battery grade sulfuric acid is available, it must be concen-
trated before use to a specific gravity of 1.835, by heading it in an
enameled, heat resistant glass or porcelain pot, until dens, white
fumes appear.
(3) When used to ignite flammable liquids, wrap a quantity of the igniter
mixture in a non-absorbent material and suspend it inside the
container near the open top. The container must remain open for easy
ignition and combustion of the flammable liquid.
(4) To minimize the hazard of premature ignition of flammable liquid
vapors, allow at least two feet of fuse to extend from the top edge
of an open container of flammable liquid before lighting the fuse.
3.526 Flamability of gases
Author: Doctor Dissector
From: Anarchy 'n Explosives No.1 (Vol 1)
Type: Gas Explosive
Ingredients: Explosive Gas
Description: Under some conditions, common gases act as fuel. When mixed
with air, they will burn rapidly or even explode. For some
fuel-air mixtures, the range over which the explosion can
occur is quite wide while for others the limits are narrow.
The upper and lower amounts of common fuels that will cause
an ignitable mixture are shown in the table below. The
quantity shown is the percentage by volume of air. If the
fuel-air mixture is too lean or too rich, it will not
ignite. The amounts shown are therefore called limits of
inflamability.
Gases (% by volume of air)
Fuel (Gas) Lower Limit Upper Limit
------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Water Gas Or Blue Gas 7.0 72
Natural Gas 4.7 15
Hydrogen 4.0 75
Acetylene 2.5 81
Propane 2.2 10
Butane 1.9 9
Comments: These fuels have been tested under labratory conditions.
They are effective. Ignition depends on method of
initiation, uniformity of mixture, and physical conditions.
References: Bulletin 29, Limits of Inflammability of Gases and Vapors
H.F. Coward and G.W. Jones, Bureau of Mines, U.S.
Government Printing Offece, 1939.
3.527 Incendiary Mixture
55% aluminum powder (atomized)
45% sodium chlorate
5% sulfur
3.528 Recipe for a Standard Plastic Explosive
1 part gasoline
1/2 part oil
1 part styrofoam
1) Melt styrofoam. Remember never at any time let the mixture get too hot.
2) Let cool to a thick viscosity.
3) Mix 3 ingredients together in following order:
first add styrofoam, then oil, then gas.
4) Mix in a deep pot - keep mixture away from any type of fire!
Do this step with extreme caution.
5) Let the mixture cool to a little bit warmer than room temperature
- around 88 degrees farenheit.
6) Mold the mixture how you want.
(Different shapes will make it more or less lethal).
Optional:
You can add nuts, bolts, and screws while mixing, along with gunpowder,
2 m-80's, or any other type of explosive to make it the equivilant of a molotov
cocktail.
Note:
The fragments (nuts, bolt, etc.) are deadly. They will penetrate a
brick wall when the mixture is detonated.
Detonation:
1) The mixture can be thrown, but sometimes detonation does not occur.
2) The mixture can be wired for an electric charge to be sent through it,
it will detonate without doubt. A regular fuse can be sent through it
also. If this method is used, some sort of timer is recommended.
3.529 Snowball
Take ammonium iodide, flour, & water and form this into a snowball.
Leave this 'snowball' somewhere where it will do neat stuff when it dries out.
(Substituting some magnesium flash powder for some (not all) of that flour
helps things a bit).
3.530 Aluminum Killer (Overnight)
silver iodide --> aluminum iodide
+ aluminum + silver
..or..
AgI + Al --> Ag + AlI
ALUMINUM IODIDE is very hydroscopic -- it will absorb water [it will
even absorb water out of the air!]
SILVER IODIDE eats through aluminum -- the resulting aluminum iodide
will >disolve itself< as it aborbs H20 from the air! The final result is
aluminum with a wet hole in it. [the wetness is AlI solution]
3.531 Chemically Ignited Explosives
1.
A mixture of 1 part potassium chlorate to 3 parts table sugar (sucrose)
burns fiercely and brightly (similar to the burning of magnesium) when
1 drop of concentrated sulfuric acid is placed on it. What occurs is this:
when the acid is added it reacts with the potassium chlorate to form
chlorine dioxide, which explodes on formation, burning the sugar as well.
2.
Using various chemicals, I have developed a mixture that works very
well for imitating volcanic eruptions. I have given it the name 'mpg volcanite'
(tm). here it is: potassium chlorate + potassium perchlorate + ammonium
nitrate + ammonium dichromate + potassium nitrate + sugar + sulfur + iron
filings + charcoal + zinc dust + some coloring agent. (scarlet= strontium
nitrate, purple= iodine crystals, yellow= sodium chloride, crimson= calcium
chloride, etc...).
3.
So, do you think water puts out fires? in this one, it starts it.
Mixture:
ammonium nitrate + ammonium chloride + iodine + zinc dust.
When a drop or two of water is added, the ammonium nitrate forms nitric
acid which reacts with the zinc to produce hydrogen and heat. The heat
vaporizes the iodine (giving off purple smoke) and the ammonium chloride
(becomes purple when mixed with iodine vapor). It also may ignite the
hydrogen and begin burning. ammonium nitrate: 8 grams ammonium choride: 1
gram zinc dust: 8 grams iodine crystals: 1 gram
4.
Potassium permanganate + glycerine when mixed produces a purple-colored
flame in 30 secs-1 min. Works best if the potassium permanganate is finely
ground.
5.
Calcium carbide + water releases acetylene gas (highly flammable
gas used in blow torches...)
6.
Scatter out a few crystals of chromic anhydride. Drop on a little
ethyl alcohol. It will burst into flame immediately.
7.
Mix by weight, four parts ammonium chloride, one part ammonium nitrate,
four parts powered zinc. Pour out a small pile of this and make a depression on
top. Put one or two drops of water in the depression. Stay well back from this.
8.
Put one gram of powdered potassium permanganate into a paper cup. Drop
two drops of glycerine onto it. After a few seconds it will burst into flames.
9.
Spoon out a small pile of powdered aluminum. Place a small amount of
sodium peroxide on top of this. A volume the size of a small pea is about
right. One drop of water will cause this to ignite in a blinding flare.
10.
Mix by volume 3 parts concentrated sulfuric acid with 2 parts
concentrated nitric acid. Hold a dropper of turpentine about 2 feet above the
mixture. When drops strike the acid they will burst into flame.
3.532 Unstable Explosive
Author: Ingy (The Commanders)
1) mix solid nitric iodine with house- hold ammonia.
2) wait overnight
3) pour off liquid
4) dry mud on bottom to hard (like con- crete)
5) throw something at it!
3.533 Medium Explosive
1) mix: 7 parts potassium chlorate
--------------------------
1 part vaseline
2) to ignite, use an electric charge or a fuse.
3.534 Plastic Explosive
1) mix: 2 parts vaseline
------------------
1 part gasoline
2) ignite with an electric charge
3.535 Grain Elevator Explosion
Want to try your own 'grain-elevator explosion'? Get a candle and
some flour. Light the candle and put some flour in your hand. Try various
ways of getting the flour to leave your hand and become dust right over the
candle flame. The enormous surface area allows all the tiny dust particles
to burn, which they do at about the same time, combining to form a fireball
effect. In grain elevators, much the same thing happens. If you can get
your hands on some lycopodium powder, do. This will work much better,
creating huge fireballs that are unexpected.
3.536 Hot Stuff
Don't really know what to call this other than 'HOT STUFF' - it gets
bloody hot and it eats away at Aluminium in seconds (well almost! heh).
1) Just go to the supermarket and buy some 'DRAINO' or stuff for
unblocking drains.
2) Make sure it's the powder one and take out all the bits of metal. Then
mix the leftover powder with water to make a hot and steaming liquid.
The mixture will then eat at aluminium, etc and really nicely - It
doesn't like bicycles....they tend to disappear after a while.
3.537 Firelighter
Not really much to this but useful for delayed firelighting with the
use of matches or lighting materials.
You will need: Glycerin - Get it from your kitchen/medicine drawer.
Potassium - This is now more commonly referred to as
Permanganate potassium (vii) manganate and can be picked
up at the chemist. If they ask you what you
want it for just say 'water-purification'.
Sugar - If you can't get this; you really are lame!
Ok. Take the stuff separately in the following proportions:
Glycerin : Potassium Permanganate : Sugar
3 : 9 : 1
Crush the sugar and the glycerin up real well (icing sugar works well)
then just pour the glycerin on top and watch - change the proportions a bit
and you can have some real fun - try putting a bit of Sulphur in! Hehehehe
You can also use this as a detonator for a low-explosives such as gunpowder
as it doesn't go out easily!!! Also if you get a lot of it and a good ratio
it can be used as a good smoke bomb for indoors since you can run off and
it's not going then a minute later there's sweet smoke * EVERYWHERE * and
phuck it doesn't set most smoke alarm detectors off!
3.538 GELLED FLAME FUELS
Author: Elric of Imrryr
From: Improvised Munitions Handbook (TM 31-210), published
by the Dept of the Army, 1969.
Published from: ==Phrack 15 ==, File 5 of 8
All information is provided only for information purposes only.
Construction and/or use may violate local, state, and/or federal laws.
(Unless your name is Ollie North)
Gelled or paste type fuels are often preferable to raw gasoline for
use in incendiary devices such as fire bottles. This type fuel adheres more
readily to the target and produces greater heat concentration.
Several methods are shown for gelling gasoline using commonly
available materials. The methods are divided into the following categories
based on the major ingredient:
1. Lye Systems
2. Lye-Alcohol Systems
3. Soap-Alcohol Systems
4. Egg White Systems
5. Wax Systems
3.5381 Lye Systems
Lye (also know as caustic soda or Sodium Hydroxide) can be used in
combination with powdered rosin or castor oil to gel gasoline for use as a
flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces.
Parts by Volume Ingredient How Used Common Source
--------------- ---------- -------- -------------
60 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas station or motor vehicle
2 (flake) or Lye Drain cleaner, Food store or Drug store
1 (powder) making of soap
15 Rosin Manufacturing Paint store, chemical supply
Paint & Varnish house
or
Castor Oil Medicine Food and Drug stores
Procedure:
______________________________________________________________________________
|CAUTION: Make sure that there are no open flames in the area when mixing |
|the flame fuel. NO SMOKING! |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
1. Pour gasoline into jar, bottle or other container. (DO NOT USE AN ALUMINUM
CONTAINER.)
2. IF rosin is in cake form, crush into small pieces.
3. Add rosin or castor oil to the gasoline and stir for about five minutes to
mix thoroughly.
4. In a second container (NOT ALUMINUM) add lye to an equal volume of water
slowly with stirring.
______________________________________________________________________________
|CAUTION: Lye solution can burn skin and destroy clothing. If any is |
|spilled, wash away immediately with large quantities of water. |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
5. Add lye solution to the gasoline mix and stir until mixture thickens (about
one minute).
NOTE: The sample will eventually thicken to a very firm paste. This can be
thinned, if desired, by stirring in additional gasoline.
3.5382 Lye-Alcohol Systems
Lye (also know as caustic soda or Sodium Hydroxide) can be used in
combination with alcohol and any of several fats to gel gasoline for use as a
flame fuel.
Materials Required:
Parts by Volume Ingredient How Used Common Source
--------------- ---------- -------- -------------
60 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas station or motor vehicle
2 (flake) or Lye Drain cleaner, Food store or Drug store
1 (powder) making of soap
3 Ethyl Alcohol Whiskey Liquor store
Medicine Drug store
NOTE: Methyl (wood) alcohol or isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol can be substituted
for ethyl alcohol, but their use produces softer gels.
14 Tallow Food Fats rendered by cooking the
Making of soap meat or suet of animals.
NOTE: The following can be substituted for the tallow:
(a) Wool grease (Lanolin) (very good) -- Fat extracted from sheep wool
(b) Castor Oil (good)
(c) Any vegetable oil (corn, cottonseed, peanut, linseed, etc.)
(d) Any fish oil
(e) Butter or oleo margarine
It is necessary when using substitutes (c) to (e) to double the given amount
of fat and of lye for satisfactory body.
Procedure:
______________________________________________________________________________
|CAUTION: Make sure that there are no open flames in the area when mixing |
|the flame fuel. NO SMOKING! |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
1. Pour gasoline into jar, bottle or other container. (DO NOT USE AN ALUMINUM
CONTAINER.)
2. Add tallow (or substitute) to the gasoline and stir for about 1/2 minute to
dissolve fat.
3. Add alcohol to the gasoline mixture. Mix thoroughly.
4. In a separate container (NOT ALUMINUM) slowly add lye to an equal volume of
water. Mixture should be stirred constantly while adding lye.
______________________________________________________________________________
|CAUTION: Lye solution can burn skin and destroy clothing. If any is |
|spilled, wash away immediately with large quantities of water. |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
5. Add lye solution to the gasoline mixture and stir occasionally until
thickened (about 1/2 hour)
NOTE: The sample will eventually (1 to 2 days) thicken to a very firm paste.
This can be thinned, if desired, by stirring in additional gasoline.
3.5383 Soap-Alcohol System
Common household soap can be used in combination with alcohol to gel
gasoline for use as a flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces.
Materials Required:
Parts by Volume Ingredient How Used Common Source
--------------- ---------- -------- -------------
36 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas station or motor vehicle
1 Ethyl Alcohol Whiskey Liquor store
Medicine Drug store
NOTE: Methyl (wood) alcohol or isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol can be substituted
for ethyl alcohol.
20 (powdered) or Laundry soap Washing clothes Stores
28 (flake)
NOTE: Unless the word "soap" actually appears somewhere on the container or
wrapper, a washing compound is probably a detergent. THESE CAN NOT BE USED.
Procedure:
______________________________________________________________________________
|CAUTION: Make sure that there are no open flames in the area when mixing |
|the flame fuel. NO SMOKING! |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
1. If bar soap is used, carve into thin flakes using a knife.
2. Pour Alcohol and gasoline into a jar, bottle or other container and mix
thoroughly.
3. Add soap powder or flakes to gasoline-alcohol mix and stir occasionally
until thickened (about 15 minutes).
3.5384 Egg System
The white of any bird egg can be used to gel gasoline for use as a flame fuel.
Materials Required:
Parts by Volume Ingredient How Used Common Source
--------------- ---------- -------- -------------
85 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas station or motor vehicle
14 Egg Whites Food Food store, farms
Any one of the following
1 Table Salt Food, industrial Sea Water, Natural brine,
processes Food stores
3 Ground Coffee Food Food store
3 Dried Tea Food Food store
Leaves
3 Cocoa Food Food store
2 Sugar Food Food store
1 Saltpeter Pyrotechnics Drug store
(Niter) Explosives chemical supply store
(Potassium Matches
Nitrate) Medicine
1 Epsom salts Medicine Drug store, food store
industrial
processes
2 Washing soda Washing cleaner Food store
(Sal soda) Medicine Drug store
Photography Photo supply store
1 1/2 Baking soda Baking Food store
Manufacturing: Drug store
Beverages,
Mineral waters,
and Medicine
1 1/2 Aspirin Medicine Drug store
Food store
Procedure:
______________________________________________________________________________
|CAUTION: Make sure that there are no open flames in the area when mixing |
|the flame fuel. NO SMOKING! |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
1. Separate egg white from yolk. This can be done by breaking the egg into a
dish and carefully removing the yolk with a spoon.
______________________________________________________________________________
|NOTE: DO NOT GET THE YELLOW EGG YOLK MIXED INTO THE EGG WHITE. If egg yolk|
|gets into the egg white, discard the egg. |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
2. Pour egg white into a jar, bottle, or other container and add gasoline.
3. Add the salt (or other additive) to the mixture and stir occasionally until
gel forms (about 5 to 10 minutes).
NOTE: A thicker flame fuel can be obtained by putting the capped jar in hot
(65 C) water for about 1/2 hour and then letting them cool to room
temperature. (DO NOT HEAT THE GELLED FUEL CONTAINING COFFEE).
3.5385 Wax System
Any of several common waxes can be used to gel gasoline for use as a
flame fuel.
Materials Required:
Parts by Volume Ingredient How Used Common Source
--------------- ---------- -------- -------------
80 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas station or motor vehicle
20 Wax Leather polish, Food store, drug store,
(Ozocerite, sealing wax, department store
Mineral wax, candles,
fossil wax, waxed paper,
ceresin wax furniture &
beeswax) floor waxes,
lithographing.
Procedure:
1. Melt the wax and pour into jar or bottle which has been placed in a hot
water bath.
2. Add gasoline to the bottle.
3. When wax has completely dissolved in the gasoline, allow the water bath to
cool slowly to room temperature.
NOTE: If a gel does not form, add additional wax (up to 40% by volume) and
repeat the above steps. If no gel forms with 40% wax, make a Lye solution by
dissolving a small amount of Lye (Sodium Hydroxide) in an equal amount of
water. Add this solution (1/2% by volume) to the gasoline wax mix and shake
bottle until a gel forms.
Well, that's it, I omitted a few things because they where either
redundant, or more aimed toward battle field conditions. Be careful, don't
get caught, and have fun...
3.539 HTH/Brake Fluid Incendiary
Author: Jack The Ripper
From: Anarchy Today, Article #7 Issue #1
This is a very effective time delayed incendiary that anyone can make,
and get the materials too. It is simple and easy and inexpensive, so enjoy.
Also this incendiary bursts into flames when brake fluid comes in contact with
the Calcium Hypochlorite.
Name Sources
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Granular Calcium Hypochlorite 70% HTH swimming Swimming pool supply
pool purifier house or bleaching
agent
Brake Fluid Auto Parts Store
or Gas Station
Two Cans of *EQUAL* size
Tape
Nail or Small Drill
-=-=-=-=-=-
-PROCEDURE-
-=-=-=-=-=-
1) Take your two cans and remove the contents, and then wash them out
thouroughly. Now drill or puncture a small hole in the bottom center
of one of the cans.
2) Now drill or puncture a series of small holes evenly spaced in the side
of the other can, and cover them with tape.
3) Now tape the top can (the can with one hole) on top of the other can
(the one with a lot of holes taped over)
4) Now place this set up in the center of a pile of Calcium Hypochlorite.
Now Depending on the delay time required remove the tape from over the
appropriate number of holes.
5) To start the delay just add brake fluid to the top can and let it start
to drip down.
-=-=-=-=-
-Diagram-
-=-=-=-=-
------------------<------Top Can
|________________|
|| ||
|| ||
|| ||
|| <---------Brake Fluid
|| ||
||_______O<-----------Drip Hole
------------------
+++ ++++++++++++++++++<-------Tape bonding cans
together
------------------
| |
| O |<------ O's are the delay holes
| |
|+++++++O++++++++|<------Taped over hole
| |
| O |
&&&&&&| |&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&|+++++++O++++++++|<------Taped over hole
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&------------------&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& <------ &'s is the Calcium
Hypochlorite
3.540 Percussion Explosives
This section will not only introduce a couple of mixtures with interesting
possibilities, but it will also demonstrate how sensitive mixtures containing
Potassium Chlorate can be. Keep in mind that Chlorate mixtures can be a LOT
more sensitive than the ones shown here.
Mix 1 part by weight of Sulfur, and 3 parts Potassium Chlorate. Each should be
ground separately in a mortar. They should be mixed lightly without any
pressure on a sheet of paper. A small amount of this mixture (less than one
gram!!) placed on a hard surface and struck with a hammer will explode with a
loud report.
Mix the following parts by weight, the same way as above,
Potassium Chlorate 6
Lampblack 4
Sulfur 1
Both of these mixtures are flammable. Mix small quantities only.
3.541 Molded Bricks That Burn
Proportions are 3 parts aluminum powder, 4 parts water and 5 parts
plaster of paris. Mix the aluminum and plaster thoroughly together, then
add the water and stir vigorously. Pour the resulting mix into a mold, let
harden, and then dry for 2 to 3 weeks. These blocks are hard to ignite, and
take a long time to make, but when ignited on mild steel, they have a
tendency to melt it.
3.542 Chlorate-Sugar mix
This mixture can be either an incendiary or an explosive. Sugar is the
common granulated household type. Either potassium chlorate (KClO3) or
sodium chlorate (NaClO3) can be used; but potassium is potassium is
preferred. Proportions can be by equal parts or by volume, or 3 parts
chlorate to 2 parts sugar preferred. Mix in or on a non-sparking surface.
Unconfined, the mixture is an incendiary. Confined in a tightly capped
length of pipe, it will explode when a spark is introduced. Such a pipe
will produce lovely casualties, but is not very good for breaching of
cutting up. Concentrated sulfuric acid will ignite this very fast burning
incendiary mixture. Placing the acid in a gelatin capsule, balloon, or
other suitable container will provide a delay, (length of which depends on
how long it takes for the acid to eat through the container).
3.543 Potassium Permanganate And Sugar
Another fast burning, first fire mix is obtained by mixing potassium
permanganate, 9 parts, to one part sugar. It is some what hotter than the
chlorate sugar mix, and can be ignited by the addition of a few drops of
glycerine.
3.544 Super Bottle Rockets
Go down to a hobby shop and buy some Estes rocket engines and some
small dowels, you can make these babies. Attach the dowel to the rocket
casing with tape or glue and be SURE to plug you the top end of the engine
so you get a bigger bang for your money. Epoxy works well for this. The
great thing about it is that they go VERY FAST and VERY FAR. The speed is
enough to knock out anything easily. You can go for A, B, C, or D engines
but remember that the heavier and more powerful the engine, the longer the
dowel you will need. Buy the C6-7 engines with a 6 second burn and 7 second
delay for discharge.
3.6 IMPROVISED OR SUPERMARKET EXPLOSIVES
3.61 Explosive from match heads
The chemical on the heads of safety matches is a powerful explosive.
It is similar to black powder but has a lower ignition temperature (more
sensative to heat) and unlike black powder is easily detonated by impact.
This feature moves it up into the high explosives class. To test this, lay
a paper safety match on a hard flat surface and hit the head sharply with a
hammer. What do you know! It goes bang! To collect a quantity of this
explosive, it is best to use wooden safety matches. Buy several cartons.
They're cheap. Note that these should be safety matches, not the strike
anywhere kind. Pinch the head near the bottom with a pair of wire cutters to
break it up; then use the edges of the cutters to scrape off the loose
material. It gets easy with practice. You can do this while watching TV and
collect enough for a bomb without dieing of boredom. Once you have a good
batch of it, you can load it into a pipe instead of black powder. Be careful
not to get any in the threads, and wipe off any that gets on the end of the
pipe. Never try to use this stuff for rocket fuel. A science teacher was
killed that way.
3.62 Quick formula for HIGH EXPLOSIVES!
Author: GArbled USEr
88% Ammonium nitrate
12% Charcoal powder.
(See below on how to get Ammonium Nitrate)
So.. as you can see.. The modern anarchist is supplied with what he
needs, by the very entity he uses it to destroy! In a single house alone..
there is probably enough explosives to take a nice big building down! By
simply walking down to the corner store.. many more are found.. Butane fuel,
fireworks, alcohols.. the whole bit! Your local hardware store sells nice
stuff like aluminum powder, toluene(!!!!) and pipes! Plus other assorted
goodies if you know what to look for. The grocery store has even MORE!
Instant cold packs. They are just water and AMONIUM NITRATE!! heh heh..
I need say no more.
So.. my advice to you, the budding young anarchist... Go to your
favorite store.. Read lables.. If it sez DO NOT MIX WITH blah blah. MIX IT!!
If it sez to keep away from fire, drop a match in it. Look for your necessary
anarchy ingredients in your favorite products.. and if you are lucky enough..
You may find EXACTLY what you were looking for!
This has been another GArblEd UsEr / FBI presentation!!
1999 FBI. All Rights Systematically Destroyed.
3.63 Gunpowder Replacements (for the anarchist in a jam for time)
Author: Garbled User
Simple replacements for gunpowder.
Rocket engine powder(ground up)
Ground up match heads
Emptied out bullets and shells.
Emptied out Bottle rockets and other assorted fireworks.
These replacements will do nicely in a REAL jam. And even when you
have the right equipment.. Most of these work equally or better than the real
thing. Except maybe the match heads.. they have a knack for being more like
flash powder.. but are still comparable!!
3.64 Improvised Gelatine Explosive from Anti-Freeze
Author: The Lich
This explosive is almost the same as the nitro-gelatin plastique
explosive exept that it is supple and pliable to -10 to -20 deg. C..
Antifreeze is easier to obtain than glycerine and is usually cheaper. It
needs to be freed of water before the manufacture and this can be done by
treating it with calcium chlor- ide until a specific gravity of 1.12 @ o deg.
C. or 1.11 @ 20 deg. C. is obtained. This can be done by adding calcium
chloride to the antifreeze and checking with a hydrometer and continue to add
calcium chloride until the proper reading is obtained. The antifreeze is
then filtered to remove the calcium chloride from the liquid. This explosive
is superior to nitro-gelatin in that it is easier to collidon the IMR
smokeless powder into the explosive and that the 50/50 ether ethyl alcohol
can be done away with. It is superior in that the formation of the collidon
is done very rapidly by the nitroethelene glycol. It's detonation properties
are practically the same as the nitro- gelatine. Like the nitro-gelatine it
is highly flammable and if caught on fire the chances are good that the flame
will progress to detonation. In this explosive as in nitro-gelatine the
addition of 1% sodium carbonate is a good idea to reduce the chance of
recidual acid being present in the final explos- ive. The following is a
slightly different formula than nitro-gelatine:
Nitro-glycol 75%
Guncotton (IMR) 6%
Potassium Nitrate 14%
Flour (baking) 5%
In this process the 50/50 step is omitted. Mix the potassium nitrate
with the nitro-glycol. Remember that this nitro-glycol is just as sensitive
to shock as is nitroglycerin. The next step is to mix in the flour and
sodium carbonate. Mix these by kneading with gloved hands until the mixture
is uniform. This kneading should be done gently and slowly. The mixture
should be uniform when the IMR smokeless powder is added. Again this is
kneaded to uniformity. Use this explosive as soon as possible. If it must
be stored, store in a cool, dry place (0-10 deg. C.). This explosive should
detonate at 7600-7800 m/sec.. These two explosives are very powerful and
should be sensitive to a #6 blasting cap or equivelent. These explosives are
dangerous and should not be made unless the manufacturer has had experience
with this type compound. The foolish and ignor- ant may as well forget these
explosives as they won't live to get to use them. Don't get me wrong, these
explosives have been manufactured for years with an amazing record of safety.
Millions of tons of nitroglycerine have been made and used to manufacture
dynamite and explosives of this nature with very few mis- haps.
Nitroglycerin and nitroglycol will kill and their main victims are the stupid
and foolhardy. Before manufacturing these explosives take a drop of
nitroglycerin and soak into a small piece of filter paper and place it on an
anvil. Hit this drop with a hammer and don't put any more on the anvil. See
what I mean! This explosive compound is not to be taken lightly. If there
are any doubts DON'T.
3.65 Improvised Plastique Explosive from Aspirin
Author: The Lich
This explosive is a phenol dirivative. It is toxic and explosive
compounds made from picric acid are poisonous if inhaled, ingested, or
handled and absor- bed through the skin. The toxicity of this explosive
restrict's its use due to the fact that over exposure in most cases causes
liver and kidney failure and sometimes death if immediate treatment is not
obtained.
This explosive is a cousin to T.N.T. but is more powerful than it's
cousin. It is the first explosive used militarily and was adopted in 1888 as
an artillery shell filler. Originally this explosive was derived from coal
tar but thanx to modern chemistry you can make this explosive easily in
approximately three hours from acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin purified).
This procedure involves dissolving the acetylsalicylic acid in warm
sulfuric acid and adding sodium or potassium nitrate which nitrates the
purified aspirin and the whole mixture drowned in water and filtered to
obtain the final pro- duct. This explosive is called trinitrophenol. Care
should be taken to ensure that this explosive is stored in glass containers.
Picric acid will form dang- erous salts when allowed to contact all metals
exept tin and aluminum. These salts are primary explosive and are super
sensitive. They also will cause the detonation of the picric acid.
To make picric acid obtain some aspirin. The cheaper brands work
best but buffered brands should be avoided. Powder these tablets to a fine
consistancy. To extract the acetylsalicylic acid from this powder place this
powder in methyl alcohol and stir vigorously. Not all of the powder will
dissolve. Filter this powder out of the alcohol. Again wash this powder
that was filtered out of the alcohol with more alcohol but with a lesser
amount than the first extrac- tion. Again filter the remaining powder out of
the alcohol. Combine the now clear alcohol and allow it to evaporate in a
pyrex dish. When the alcohol has evaporated there will be a surprising
amount of crystals in the bottom of the pyrex dish.
Take fourty grams of these purified acetylsalicylic acid crystals and
dissolve them in 150 ml. of sulfuric acid (98%, specify gravity 1.8) and
heat to diss- olve all the crystals. This heating can be done in a common
electric frying pan with the thermostat set on 150 deg. F. and filled with
a good cooking oil. When all the crystals have dissolved in the sulfuric
acid take the beaker, that you've done all this dissolving in (600 ml.), out
of the oil bath. This next step will need to be done with a very good
ventilation system (it is a good idea to do any chemistry work such as the
whole procedure and any procedure on this disk with good ventilation or
outside). Slowly start adding 58 g. of sodium nitrate or 77 g. of
potassium nitrate to te acid mixture in the beaker very slowly in small
portions with vigorous stirring. A red gas (nitrogen tri- oxide) will be
formed and this should be avoided. The mixture is likely to foam up and the
addition should be stopped until the foaming goes down to prevent the
overflow of the acid mixture in the beaker. When the sodium or potassium
nitrate has been added the mixture is allowed to cool somewhat (30- 40 deg.
C.). The solution should then be dumped slowly into twice it's volume of
crushed ice and water. The brilliant yellow crystals will form in the water.
These should be filtered out and placed in 200 ml. of boiling distilled
water. This water is allowed to cool and then the crystals are then filtered
out of the water. These crystals are a very, very pure trinitrophenol.
These crystals are then placed in a pyrex dish and places in an oil bath and
heated to 80 deg. C. and held there for 2 hours. This temperature is best
maintained and checked with a thermometer. The crystals are then powdered in
small quantities to a face powder consistency. These powdered crystals are
then mixed with 10% by weight wax and 5% vaseline which are heated to melting
temperature and poured into the crystals. The mixing is best done by
kneading together with gloved hands. This explosive should have a useful
plsticity range of 0-40 deg. C.. The detonation velocity should be around
7000 m/sec.. It is toxic to handle but simply made from common ingredients
and is suitable for most demolition work requiring a moderately high
detonation velocity. It is very suitable for shaped charges and some steel
cutting charges. It is not as good an explosive as C-4 or other R.D.X.
based explosives but it is much easier to make. Again this explosive is very
toxic and should be treated with great care. AVOID HANDLING BARE-HANDED,
BREATHING DUST AND FUMES, AVOID ANY CHANCE OF INGESTION. AFTER UTENSILS ARE
USED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF THIS EXPLOSIVE RETIRE THEM FROM THE KITCHEN AS
THE CHANCE OF POISONING IS NOT WORTH THE RISK. THIS EXPLOSIVE, IF
MANUFACTURED AS ABOVE, AHOULD BE SAFE IN STORAGE BUT WITH ANY HOMEMADE
EXPLOSIVE STORAGE OS NOT RECOMENDED AND EXPLOSIVES SHOULD BE MADE UP AS
NEEDED.
A V O I D C O N T A C T W I T H A L L M E T A L S E X E P T T I N
3.66 Improvised Plastique Explosive from Bleach
Author: The Lich
This explosive is a potassium chlorate explosive. This explosive and
explosives of similar composition were used in World War II as the main
explosive filler in gernades, land mines, and mortar used by French,
German, and other forces involoved in that conflict. These explosives are
relatively safe to manufacture. One should strive to make sure these
explosives are free of sulfur, sulfides, and picric acid. The presence of
these compounds result in mixtures that are or can become highly sensitive
and possibly decompose ex- plosively while in storage. The manufacture of
this explosive from bleach is given as just an expediant method. This
method of manufacturing potassium chlorate is not economical due to the
amount of energy used to boil the sol- ution and cause the 'dissociation'
reaction to take place. This procedure does work and yields a relatively
pure and a sulfur/sulfide free product. These explosives are very cap
sensitive and require only a #3 cap for instigating detonation. To
manufacture potassium chlorate from bleach (5.25% sodium hypochlorite
solution) obtain a heat source (hot plate stove etc.) a battery hydrometer,
a large pyrex or enameled steel container (to weigh chemicals), and some
potassium chloride (sold as salt substitute). Take one gallon of bleach,
place it in the container and begin heating it. While this solution heats,
weigh out 63 g. potassium chloride and add this to the bleach being heated.
Bring this solution to a boil and boiled until when checked by a hydrometer
the reading is 1.3 (if a battery hydrometer is used it should read full
charge).
When the reading is 1.3 take the solution and let it cool in the
refrigerator until it's between room temperature and 0 deg. C.. Filter out
the crystals that have formed and save them. Boil the solution again until
it reads 1.3 on the hydrometer and again cool the solution. Filter out the
crystals that have formed and save them. Boil this solution again and cool
as before. Filter and save the crystals. Take these crystals that have been
saved and mix them with distilled water in the following proportions: 56 g.
per 100 ml. distilled water. Heat this solution until it boils and allow it
to cool. Filter the solution and save the crystals that form upon cooling.
The process if purifi- cation is called fractional crystalization. These
crystals should be relatively pure potassium chlorate.
Powder these to the consistency of face powder (400 mesh) and heat
gently to drive off all moisture. Melt five parts vasoline and five parts
wax. Dissolve this in white gasoline (camp stove gasoline) and pour this
liquid on 90 parts potassium chlorate (the crystals from the above operation)
in a plastic bowl. Knead this liquid into the potassium chlorate until
immediately mixed. Allow all the gasoline to evaporate. Place this
explosive in a cool, dry place. Avoid friction, sulfur, sulfide, and
phosphorous compounds. This explosive is best molded to the desired shape
and density (1.3g./cc.) and dipped in wax to water proof. These block type
charges guarantee the highest detonation velocity. This explosive is really
not suited to use in shaped charge applications due to its relatively low
detonation velocity. It is comparable to 40% ammonia dynamite and can be
considered the same for the sake of charge computation. If the potassium
chlorate is bought and not made it is put into the manufacture pro- cess in
the powdering stages preceding the addition of the wax/vaseline mix- ture.
This explosive is bristant and powerful. The addition of 2-3% aluminum
powder increases its blast effect. Detonation velocity is 3300 m/sec..
3.67 Improvised Plastique From Swimming Pool Chlorinating Compound
Written by: The Lich
This explosive is a chlorate explosive from bleach. This method of
production of potassium or sodium chlorate is easier and yields a more pure
product than does the plastique explosive from bleach process. In this
reaction the H.T.H. (calcium hypochlorite CaC10) is mixed with water and
heated with either sodium chloride (table salt, rock salt) or potassium
chloride (salt substitute). The latter of these salts is the salt of choice
due to the easy crystalization of the potassium chlorate. This mixture will
need to be boiled to ensure complete reaction of the ingredients. Obtain
some H.T.H. swimming pool chlorination compound or equivilant (usually 65%
calcium hypochlorite). As with the bleach process mentioned earlier the
reaction described below is also a dissociation reaction. In a large pyrex
glass or enamled steel container place 1200g. H.T.H. and 220g. potassium
chloride or 159g. sodium chloride. Add enough boiling water to dissolve the
powder and boil this solution. A chalky substance (calcium chloride) will be
formed. When the formation of this chalky substance is no longer formed the
solution is filtered while boiling hot. If potassium chloride was used
potassium chlorate will be formed. This potassium chlorate will drop out or
crystalize as the clear liquid left after filtering cools. These crystals
are filtered out when the solution reaches room temperature. If the sodium
chloride salt was used this clear filtrate (clear liquid after filter- ation)
will need to have all water evaporated. This will leave crystals which
should be saved.
These crystals should be heated in a slightly warm oven in a pyrex
dish to drive off all traces of water (40-75 deg. C.). These crystals are
ground to a very fine powder (400 mesh).
If the sodium chloride salt is used in the initial step the
crystalization is much more time consuming. The potassium chloride is the
salt to use as the resulting product will crystalize out of the solution as
it cools. The powdered and completely dry chlorate crystals are kneaded
together with vaseline in a plastic bowl. ALL CHLORATE BASED EXPLOSIVES ARE
SENSITIVE TO FRICTION AND SHOCK AND THESE SHOULD BE AVOIDED. If sodium
chloride is used in this explosive it will have a tendancy to cake and has a
slightly lower detonation velocity. This explosive is composed of the
following:
potassium/sodium chlorate 90%
vaseline 10%
The detonation velocity can be raised to a slight extent by the
addition of 2-3% aluminum sunstituted for 2-3% of the vaseline. This
addition of this aluminum will give the explosive a bright flash if set off
at night which will ruin night vision for a short while. The detonation
velocity of this explosive is approximately 3200 m/sec. for the potassium
salt and 2900 m/sec. for the sodium salt based explosive.
3.68 Chlorate Mixtures
NOTE:
The main ingredient for this experiment is potassium or sodium
chlorate. Both of these will do equally well. However, both may
prove difficult to find. Probably the only way to get it would be
to order it through a chemical supply house.
Potassium chlorate or sodium chlorate.
Powdered charcoal
Powdered aluminum
Sulfur
NOTE:
There is no set procedure for making chlorate mixtures. The only
special thing ABOUT chlorate mixtures is that they have a chlorate
in them. Experiment with different proportions of each of the
ingredients. All of the chlorate mixtures I made had no set
procedure and I just experimented with the proportions of each of
the ingredients. Most of your mixture, however, should be potassium
chlorate or sodium chlorate.
1) Make sure that you mix the sulfur and charcoal and aluminum first.
You may grind these in a mortar and pestal to get a good mix of
these ingredients.
2) Add potassium chlorate or sodium chlorate. Mix them VERY CAREFULLY
in the mortar and pestal. DO NOT GRIND the mixture once the
chlorate has been added or it will ignite and burn the shit out of
you.
3) You now may use the mixture for whatever you want to. Chlorate
mixtures are some of the best compositions there are and, in my
experiences, they are the best except for model rocket propellant
(procedure for making this is given later).
3.69 Improvised Napalm
In talking about this, I have found that there are many ways to
this wonderful substance. My favorite is by mixing gasoline and styrofoam.
Usually in a metal can. Keep adding the styrofoam until the mix is very
stinky, an then add a little bit of kerosine. Another method is by taking
a double boiler, filling the bottom portion with approx 3/4 full of water.
Put either gasoline or kerosine into the top. Add pure SOAP chips to the
mix. Heat the fuel until it boils and then simmers. Stir constantly until
the desired consistency is reached: remember that it will thicken further
on cooling. Last we come the 'Soldier' technique, anyone who saw this movie
will recognize this one. Carefully heat the end of a 100 watt light bulb.
again-carfully remove the metal end and internal parts. Fill the glass bulb
with half gasoline. and then 1/4 more with dish washing liquid. Finally
take rubber cement and glue the two parts back together. Be sure that you
put enough mixture into the build so that the metal wire is well submerged
before use and during.
3.70 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS
3.71 Construction Project: Atomic Bomb
From: The Journal of Irreproducible Results Vol. 25, No. 4 (1979)
1. Introduction:
Worldwide controversy has been generated recently from several court
decisions in the united states which have restricted popular magazines from
printing articles which describe how to make an atomic bomb. The reason usually
given by the courts is that national security would be compromised if such
information were generally available. But, since it is commonly known that all
of the information is publicly available in most major metropolitan libraries,
obviously the court's officially stated position is covering up a more
important factor; namely, that such atomic devices would prove too difficult
for the average citizen to construct. The courts cannot afford to insult the
vast majorities by insinuating that they do not have the intelligence of a
cabbage, and the stated "official" press releases claim national security as a
blanket restriction. The rumors that have unfortunately occurred as a result of
widespread misinformation can (and must) be cleared up now, for the construction
project this month is the construction of a thermonuclear device, which will
hopefully clear up any misconceptions you might have about such a project.
We will see how easy it is to make a device of your very own in ten
easy steps, to have and hold as you see fit, without annoying interference
from the government or the courts. The project will cost between $5,000 and
$30,000, depending on how fancy you want the final product to be. Since last
week's column, "let's make a time machine", was received so well in the new
step-by-step format, this month's column will follow the same format.
2. Construction Method:
1.
First, obtain about 50 pounds (110 KG) of weapons grade plutonium at
your local supplier (SEE NOTE 1). A nuclear power plant is not recommended,
as large quantities of missing plutonium tends to make plant engineers unhappy.
We suggest that you contact your local terrorist organization, or perhaps Young
Achievers or Junior Achievement in your local neighbourhood.
2.
Please remember that plutonium, especially pure, refined plutonium, is
somewhat dangerous. Wash your hands with soap and warm water after handling the
material, and don't allow your children or pets to play in it or eat it. Any
left over plutonium dust is excellent as an insect repellant. You may wish to
keep the substance in a lead box if you can find one in your local junk yard,
but an old coffee can will do nicely.
3.
Fashion together a metal enclosure to house the device. Most common
varieties of sheet metal can be bent to disguise this enclosure as, for
example, a briefcase, a lunch pail, or a buick. Do not use tinfoil.
4.
Arrange the plutonium into two hemispheral shapes, separated by aboutk
4cm. Use rubber cement to hold the plutonium dust together. Gelignite is much
better, but messier to work with. Your helpful hardware man will be happy to
provide you with this item.
5.
Pack the TNT around the hemisphere arrangement constructed in step 4.
If you cannot find gelignite, feel free to use TNT packed in with play-dough
or any modeling clay. coloured clay is acceptable, but there is no need to get
fancy at this point.
6.
Enclose the structure from step 5 into the enclosure made in step 3.
Use a strong glue such as "crazy glue" to bind the hemisphere arrangement
against the enclosure to prevent accidental detonation which might result from
vibration of mishandling.
7.
To detonate the device, obtain a radio controlled (RC) servo mechanism,
as found in RC model airplanes and cars. With a minimum of effort, a remote
plunger can be made that will strike a detonator cap to effect a small
explosion. These detonator caps can be found in the electrical supply section
of your local supermarket. We recommend the "blast-o-matic" brand because they
are NO DEPOSIT-NO RETURN.
8.
Now hide the completed device from the neighbours and children. The
garage is not recommended because of high humidity and the extreme range of
temperatures experienced there. Nuclear devices have been known to
spontaneously detonate in these unstable conditions. The hall closet or under
the kitchen sink will be perfectly suitable.
9.
Now you are the proud owner of a working thermonuclear device! It is a
great ice-breaker at parties, and in a pinch, can be used for national defense.
3. Theory of Operation:
The device basically works when the detonated tnt compresses the
plutonium into a critical mass. The critical mass then produces a nuclear
chain reaction similar to the domino chain reaction (Discussed in this column,
"Dominos on the March" March, 1968). The chain reaction then promptly produces
a big thermonuclear reaction. And there you have it, a 10 megaton explosion!
4. Next month's Column:
In next month's column, we will learn how to clone your neighbour's
wife in six easy steps. This project promises to be an exciting weekend full
of fun and profit. Common kitchen utensils will be all you need.
See you all next month!
5. Notes:
1. Plutonium (P), atomic number 94, atomic weight 244, is a radioactive
metallic element formed by the decay of neptunium and is similar in chemical
structure to uranium, saturium, jupiternium, and marsium.
6. Previous month's columns
1. Let's make test tube babies! March, 1984
2. Let's make a solar system! April, 1984
3. Let's make an economic recession! May, 1984
4. Let's make an anti-gravity machine! June, 1984
5. Let's make contact with an alien race! July, 1984
============================================================================
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3.8 - Documentation and Diagrams of the Atomic Bomb -
-------------------------------------------------
============================================================================
--------------------------------
File courtesy of Outlaw Labs
--------------------------------
______________
/ \
<-} DISCLAIMER {->
\______________/
The information contained in this file is strictly for academic use
alone. Outlaw Labs will bear no responsibility for any use otherwise. It
would be wise to note that the personnel who design and construct these
devices are skilled physicists and are more knowledgeable in these matters
than any layperson can ever hope to be... Should a layperson attempt to
build a device such as this, chances are s/he would probably kill
his/herself not by a nuclear detonation, but rather through radiation
exposure. We here at Outlaw Labs do not recommend using this file beyond
the realm of casual or academic curiosity.
============================================================================
-----------------------
-+ Table of Contents +-
-----------------------
I. The History of the Atomic Bomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
II. Nuclear Fission/Nuclear Fusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
III. The Mechanism of The Bomb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
IV. The Diagram of the Atomic Bomb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.81 I. The History of the Atomic Bomb
------------------------------
On August 2nd 1939, just before the beginning of World War II, Albert
Einstein wrote to then President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Einstein and several
other scientists told Roosevelt of efforts in Nazi Germany to purify U-235 with
which might in turn be used to build an atomic bomb. It was shortly thereafter
that the United States Government began the serious undertaking known only then
as the Manhattan Project. Simply put, the Manhattan Project was committed to
expedient research and production that would produce a viable atomic bomb.
The most complicated issue to be addressed was the production of ample
amounts of `enriched' uranium to sustain a chain reaction. At the time,
Uranium-235 was very hard to extract. In fact, the ratio of conversion from
Uranium ore to Uranium metal is 500:1. An additional drawback is that the 1
part of Uranium that is finally refined from the ore consists of over 99%
Uranium-238, which is practically useless for an atomic bomb. To make it even
more difficult, U-235 and U-238 are precisely similar in their chemical makeup.
This proved to be as much of a challenge as separating a solution of sucrose
from a solution of glucose. No ordinary chemical extraction could separate the
two isotopes. Only mechanical methods could effectively separate U-235 from
U-238. Several scientists at Columbia University managed to solve this dilemma.
A massive enrichment laboratory/plant was constructed at Oak Ridge,
Tennessee. H.C. Urey, along with his associates and colleagues at Columbia
University, devised a system that worked on the principle of gaseous diffusion.
Following this process, Ernest O. Lawrence (inventor of the Cyclotron) at the
University of California in Berkeley implemented a process involving magnetic
separation of the two isotopes.
Following the first two processes, a gas centrifuge was used to further
separate the lighter U-235 from the heavier non-fissionable U-238 by their
mass. Once all of these procedures had been completed, all that needed to be
done was to put to the test the entire concept behind atomic fission. [For more
information on these procedures of refining Uranium, see Section 3.]
Over the course of six years, ranging from 1939 to 1945, more than
2 billion dollars were spent on the Manhattan Project. The formulas for
refining Uranium and putting together a working bomb were created and seen
to their logical ends by some of the greatest minds of our time. Among
these people who unleashed the power of the atomic bomb was J. Robert
Oppenheimer.
Oppenheimer was the major force behind the Manhattan Project. He
literally ran the show and saw to it that all of the great minds working on
this project made their brainstorms work. He oversaw the entire project
from its conception to its completion.
Finally the day came when all at Los Alamos would find out whether
or not The Gadget (code-named as such during its development) was either
going to be the colossal dud of the century or perhaps end the war. It all
came down to a fateful morning of midsummer, 1945.
At 5:29:45 (Mountain War Time) on July 16th, 1945, in a white blaze
that stretched from the basin of the Jemez Mountains in northern New Mexico
to the still-dark skies, The Gadget ushered in the Atomic Age. The light of
the explosion then turned orange as the atomic fireball began shooting
upwards at 360 feet per second, reddening and pulsing as it cooled. The
characteristic mushroom cloud of radioactive vapor materialized at 30,000
feet. Beneath the cloud, all that remained of the soil at the blast site
were fragments of jade green radioactive glass. All of this caused by the
heat of the reaction.
The brilliant light from the detonation pierced the early morning
skies with such intensity that residents from a faraway neighboring
community would swear that the sun came up twice that day. Even more
astonishing is that a blind girl saw the flash 120 miles away.
Upon witnessing the explosion, reactions among the people who
created it were mixed. Isidor Rabi felt that the equilibrium in nature had
been upset -- as if humankind had become a threat to the world it
inhabited. J. Robert Oppenheimer, though ecstatic about the success of the
project, quoted a remembered fragment from Bhagavad Gita. "I am become
Death," he said, "the destroyer of worlds." Ken Bainbridge, the test
director, told Oppenheimer, "Now we're all sons of bitches."
Several participants, shortly after viewing the results, signed
petitions against loosing the monster they had created, but their protests
fell on deaf ears. As it later turned out, the Jornada del Muerto of New
Mexico was not the last site on planet Earth to experience an atomic
explosion.
As many know, atomic bombs have been used only twice in warfare.
The first and foremost blast site of the atomic bomb is Hiroshima. A
Uranium bomb (which weighed in at over 4 & 1/2 tons) nicknamed "Little Boy"
was dropped on Hiroshima August 6th, 1945. The Aioi Bridge, one of 81
bridges connecting the seven-branched delta of the Ota River, was the
aiming point of the bomb. Ground Zero was set at 1,980 feet. At 0815 hours,
the bomb was dropped from the Enola Gay. It missed by only 800 feet. At
0816 hours, in the flash of an instant, 66,000 people were killed and
69,000 people were injured by a 10 kiloton atomic explosion.
The point of total vaporization from the blast measured one half of
a mile in diameter. Total destruction ranged at one mile in diameter.
Severe blast damage carried as far as two miles in diameter. At two and a
half miles, everything flammable in the area burned. The remaining area of
the blast zone was riddled with serious blazes that stretched out to the
final edge at a little over three miles in diameter. [See diagram below for
blast ranges from the atomic blast.]
On August 9th 1945, Nagasaki fell to the same treatment as
Hiroshima. Only this time, a Plutonium bomb nicknamed "Fat Man" was dropped
on the city. Even though the "Fat Man" missed by over a mile and a half, it
still leveled nearly half the city. Nagasaki's population dropped in one
split-second from 422,000 to 383,000. 39,000 were killed, over 25,000 were
injured. That blast was less than 10 kilotons as well. Estimates from
physicists who have studied each atomic explosion state that the bombs that
were used had utilized only 1/10th of 1 percent of their respective
explosive capabilities.
While the mere explosion from an atomic bomb is deadly enough, its
destructive ability doesn't stop there. Atomic fallout creates another hazard
as well. The rain that follows any atomic detonation is laden with radioactive
particles. Many survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki blasts succumbed to
radiation poisoning due to this occurrence.
The atomic detonation also has the hidden lethal surprise of
affecting the future generations of those who live through it. Leukemia is
among the greatest of afflictions that are passed on to the offspring of
survivors.
While the main purpose behind the atomic bomb is obvious, there are
many by-products that have been brought into consideration in the use of
all weapons atomic. With one small atomic bomb, a massive area's
communications, travel and machinery will grind to a dead halt due to the
EMP (Electro-Magnetic Pulse) that is radiated from a high-altitude atomic
detonation. These high-level detonations are hardly lethal, yet they
deliver a serious enough EMP to scramble any and all things electronic
ranging from copper wires all the way up to a computer's CPU within a 50
mile radius.
At one time, during the early days of The Atomic Age, it was a
popular notion that one day atomic bombs would one day be used in mining
operations and perhaps aid in the construction of another Panama Canal.
Needless to say, it never came about. Instead, the military applications of
atomic destruction increased. Atomic tests off of the Bikini Atoll and
several other sites were common up until the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was
introduced. Photos of nuclear test sites here in the United States can be
obtained through the Freedom of Information Act.
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- Breakdown of the Atomic Bomb's Blast Zones -
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[5] [4] [5]
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. . . .
. . . .
. [3] _ [3] .
. . [2] . .
. _._ .
. .~ ~. .
. . [4] . .[2]. [1] .[2]. . [4] . .
. . . .
. ~-.-~ .
. . [2] . .
. [3] - [3] .
. . . .
. ~ ~ .
~
[5] . [4] . [5]
.
. .
. .
.
============================================================================
- Diagram Outline -
---------------------
[1] Vaporization Point
------------------
Everything is vaporized by the atomic blast.
98% fatalities. Overpress=25 psi. Wind velocity=320 mph.
[2] Total Destruction
-----------------
All structures above ground are destroyed.
90% fatalities. Overpress=17 psi. Wind velocity=290 mph.
[3] Severe Blast Damage
-------------------
Factories and other large-scale building collapse. Severe
damage to highway bridges. Rivers sometimes flow
countercurrent. 65% fatalities, 30% injured. Overpress=9
psi. Wind velocity=260 mph.
[4] Severe Heat Damage
------------------
Everything flammable burns. People in the area suffocate
due to the fact that most available oxygen is consumed by
the fires. 50% fatalities, 45% injured. Overpress=6 psi.
Wind velocity=140 mph.
[5] Severe Fire & Wind Damage
-------------------------
Residency structures are severely damaged. People are blown
around. 2nd and 3rd-degree burns suffered by most
survivors. 15% dead. 50% injured. Overpress=3 psi. Wind
velocity=98 mph.
- Blast Zone Radii -
----------------------
[3 different bomb types]
____________________________________________________________________________
┌──────────────────────┐ ┌──────────────────────┐ ┌──────────────────────┐
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ -[10 KILOTONS]- │ │ -[1 MEGATON]- │ │ -[20 MEGATONS]- │
├──────────────────────┤ ├──────────────────────┤ ├──────────────────────┤
│ Airburst - 1,980 ft │ │ Airburst - 8,000 ft │ │ Airburst - 17,500 ft │
├──────────────────────┤ ├──────────────────────┤ ├──────────────────────┤
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ [1] 0.5 miles │ │ [1] 2.5 miles │ │ [1] 8.75 miles │
│ [2] 1 mile │ │ [2] 3.75 miles │ │ [2] 14 miles │
│ [3] 1.75 miles │ │ [3] 6.5 miles │ │ [3] 27 miles │
│ [4] 2.5 miles │ │ [4] 7.75 miles │ │ [4] 31 miles │
│ [5] 3 miles │ │ [5] 10 miles │ │ [5] 35 miles │
│ │ │ │ │ │
└──────────────────────┘ └──────────────────────┘ └──────────────────────┘
__________________________________________________________________________
============================================================================
3.82 II. Nuclear Fission/Nuclear Fusion
------------------------------
There are 2 types of atomic explosions that can be facilitated by U-235;
fission and fusion. Fission, simply put, is a nuclear reaction in which an
atomic nucleus splits into fragments, usually two fragments of comparable
mass, with the evolution of approximately 100 million to several hundred
million volts of energy. This energy is expelled explosively and violently in
the atomic bomb. A fusion reaction is invariably started with a fission
reaction, but unlike the fission reaction, the fusion (Hydrogen) bomb derives
its power from the fusing of nuclei of various hydrogen isotopes in the
formation of helium nuclei. Being that the bomb in this file is strictly
atomic, the other aspects of the Hydrogen Bomb will be set aside for now.
The massive power behind the reaction in an atomic bomb arises from the
forces that hold the atom together. These forces are akin to, but not quite
the same as, magnetism.
Atoms are comprised of three sub-atomic particles. Protons and neutrons
cluster together to form the nucleus (central mass) of the atom while the
electrons orbit the nucleus much like planets around a sun. It is these
particles that determine the stability of the atom.
Most natural elements have very stable atoms which are impossible to
split except by bombardment by particle accelerators. For all practical
purposes, the one true element whose atoms can be split comparatively easily
is the metal Uranium. Uranium's atoms are unusually large, henceforth, it is
hard for them to hold together firmly. This makes Uranium-235 an exceptional
candidate for nuclear fission.
Uranium is a heavy metal, heavier than gold, and not only does it have
the largest atoms of any natural element, the atoms that comprise Uranium have
far more neutrons than protons. This does not enhance their capacity to
split, but it does have an important bearing on their capacity to facilitate
an explosion.
There are two isotopes of Uranium. Natural Uranium consists mostly of
isotope U-238, which has 92 protons and 146 neutrons (92+146=238). Mixed with
this isotope, one will find a 0.6% accumulation of U-235, which has only 143
neutrons. This isotope, unlike U-238, has atoms that can be split, thus it is
termed "fissionable" and useful in making atomic bombs. Being that U-238 is
neutron-heavy, it reflects neutrons, rather than absorbing them like its
brother isotope, U-235. (U-238 serves no function in an atomic reaction, but
its properties provide an excellent shield for the U-235 in a constructed bomb
as a neutron reflector. This helps prevent an accidental chain reaction
between the larger U-235 mass and its `bullet' counterpart within the bomb.
Also note that while U-238 cannot facilitate a chain-reaction, it can be
neutron-saturated to produce Plutonium (Pu-239). Plutonium is fissionable and
can be used in place of Uranium-235 {albeit, with a different model of
detonator} in an atomic bomb. [See Sections 3 & 4 of this file.])
Both isotopes of Uranium are naturally radioactive. Their bulky atoms
disintegrate over a period of time. Given enough time, (over 100,000 years or
more) Uranium will eventually lose so many particles that it will turn into
the metal lead. However, this process can be accelerated. This process is
known as the chain reaction. Instead of disintegrating slowly, the atoms are
forcibly split by neutrons forcing their way into the nucleus. A U-235 atom
is so unstable that a blow from a single neutron is enough to split it and
henceforth bring on a chain reaction. This can happen even when a critical
mass is present. When this chain reaction occurs, the Uranium atom splits
into two smaller atoms of different elements, such as Barium and Krypton.
When a U-235 atom splits, it gives off energy in the form of heat and
Gamma radiation, which is the most powerful form of radioactivity and the most
lethal. When this reaction occurs, the split atom will also give off two or
three of its `spare' neutrons, which are not needed to make either Barium or
Krypton. These spare neutrons fly out with sufficient force to split other
atoms they come in contact with. [See chart below] In theory, it is
necessary to split only one U-235 atom, and the neutrons from this will split
other atoms, which will split more...so on and so forth. This progression
does not take place arithmetically, but geometrically. All of this will
happen within a millionth of a second.
The minimum amount to start a chain reaction as described above is known
as SuperCritical Mass. The actual mass needed to facilitate this chain
reaction depends upon the purity of the material, but for pure U-235, it is
110 pounds (50 kilograms), but no Uranium is never quite pure, so in reality
more will be needed.
Uranium is not the only material used for making atomic bombs. Another
material is the element Plutonium, in its isotope Pu-239. Plutonium is not
found naturally (except in minute traces) and is always made from Uranium.
The only way to produce Plutonium from Uranium is to process U-238 through a
nuclear reactor. After a period of time, the intense radioactivity causes the
metal to pick up extra particles, so that more and more of its atoms turn into
Plutonium.
Plutonium will not start a fast chain reaction by itself, but this
difficulty is overcome by having a neutron source, a highly radioactive
material that gives off neutrons faster than the Plutonium itself. In certain
types of bombs, a mixture of the elements Beryllium and Polonium is used to
bring about this reaction. Only a small piece is needed. The material is not
fissionable in and of itself, but merely acts as a catalyst to the greater
reaction.
============================================================================
- Diagram of a Chain Reaction -
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
[1]------------------------------> o
. o o .
. o_0_o . <-----------------------[2]
. o 0 o .
. o o .
|
\|/
~
. o o. .o o .
[3]-----------------------> . o_0_o"o_0_o .
. o 0 o~o 0 o .
. o o.".o o .
|
/ | \
|/_ | _\|
~~ | ~~
|
o o | o o
[4]-----------------> o_0_o | o_0_o <---------------[5]
o~0~o | o~0~o
o o ) | ( o o
/ o \
/ [1] \
/ \
/ \
/ \
o [1] [1] o
. o o . . o o . . o o .
. o_0_o . . o_0_o . . o_0_o .
. o 0 o . <-[2]-> . o 0 o . <-[2]-> . o 0 o .
. o o . . o o . . o o .
/ | \
|/_ \|/ _\|
~~ ~ ~~
. o o. .o o . . o o. .o o . . o o. .o o .
. o_0_o"o_0_o . . o_0_o"o_0_o . . o_0_o"o_0_o .
. o 0 o~o 0 o . <--[3]--> . o 0 o~o 0 o . <--[3]--> . o 0 o~o 0 o .
. o o.".o o . . o o.".o o . . o o.".o o .
. | . . | . . | .
/ | \ / | \ / | \
: | : : | : : | :
: | : : | : : | :
\:/ | \:/ \:/ | \:/ \:/ | \:/
~ | ~ ~ | ~ ~ | ~
[4] o o | o o [5] [4] o o | o o [5] [4] o o | o o [5]
o_0_o | o_0_o o_0_o | o_0_o o_0_o | o_0_o
o~0~o | o~0~o o~0~o | o~0~o o~0~o | o~0~o
o o ) | ( o o o o ) | ( o o o o ) | ( o o
/ | \ / | \ / | \
/ | \ / | \ / | \
/ | \ / | \ / | \
/ | \ / | \ / | \
/ o \ / o \ / o \
/ [1] \ / [1] \ / [1] \
o o o o o o
[1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]
============================================================================
- Diagram Outline -
---------------------
[1] - Incoming Neutron
[2] - Uranium-235
[3] - Uranium-236
[4] - Barium Atom
[5] - Krypton Atom
===========================================================================
3.83 III. The Mechanism of The Bomb
-------------------------
Altimeter
---------
An ordinary aircraft altimeter uses a type of Aneroid Barometer which
measures the changes in air pressure at different heights. However, changes
in air pressure due to the weather can adversely affect the altimeter's
readings. It is far more favorable to use a radar (or radio) altimeter for
enhanced accuracy when the bomb reaches Ground Zero.
While Frequency Modulated-Continuous Wave (FM CW) is more complicated,
the accuracy of it far surpasses any other type of altimeter. Like simple
pulse systems, signals are emitted from a radar aerial (the bomb), bounced off
the ground and received back at the bomb's altimeter. This pulse system
applies to the more advanced altimeter system, only the signal is continuous
and centered around a high frequency such as 4200 MHz. This signal is
arranged to steadily increase at 200 MHz per interval before dropping back to
its original frequency.
As the descent of the bomb begins, the altimeter transmitter will send
out a pulse starting at 4200 MHz. By the time that pulse has returned, the
altimeter transmitter will be emitting a higher frequency. The difference
depends on how long the pulse has taken to do the return journey. When these
two frequencies are mixed electronically, a new frequency (the difference
between the two) emerges. The value of this new frequency is measured by the
built-in microchips. This value is directly proportional to the distance
travelled by the original pulse, so it can be used to give the actual height.
In practice, a typical FM CW radar today would sweep 120 times per
second. Its range would be up to 10,000 feet (3000 m) over land and 20,000
feet (6000 m) over sea, since sound reflections from water surfaces are
clearer.
The accuracy of these altimeters is within 5 feet (1.5 m) for the higher
ranges. Being that the ideal airburst for the atomic bomb is usually set for
1,980 feet, this error factor is not of enormous concern.
The high cost of these radar-type altimeters has prevented their use in
commercial applications, but the decreasing cost of electronic components
should make them competitive with barometric types before too long.
Air Pressure Detonator
----------------------
The air pressure detonator can be a very complex mechanism, but for all
practical purposes, a simpler model can be used. At high altitudes, the air
is of lesser pressure. As the altitude drops, the air pressure increases. A
simple piece of very thin magnetized metal can be used as an air pressure
detonator. All that is needed is for the strip of metal to have a bubble of
extremely thin metal forged in the center and have it placed directly
underneath the electrical contact which will trigger the conventional
explosive detonation. Before setting the strip in place, push the bubble in
so that it will be inverted.
Once the air pressure has achieved the desired level, the magnetic bubble
will snap back into its original position and strike the contact, thus
completing the circuit and setting off the explosive(s).
Detonating Head
---------------
The detonating head (or heads, depending on whether a Uranium or
Plutonium bomb is being used as a model) that is seated in the conventional
explosive charge(s) is similar to the standard-issue blasting cap. It merely
serves as a catalyst to bring about a greater explosion. Calibration of this
device is essential. Too small of a detonating head will only cause a
colossal dud that will be doubly dangerous since someone's got to disarm and
re-fit the bomb with another detonating head. (an added measure of discomfort
comes from the knowledge that the conventional explosive may have detonated
with insufficient force to weld the radioactive metals. This will cause a
supercritical mass that could go off at any time.) The detonating head will
receive an electric charge from the either the air pressure detonator or the
radar altimeter's coordinating detonator, depending on what type of system is
used. The Du Pont company makes rather excellent blasting caps that can be
easily modified to suit the required specifications.
Conventional Explosive Charge(s)
--------------------------------
This explosive is used to introduce (and weld) the lesser amount of
Uranium to the greater amount within the bomb's housing. [The amount of
pressure needed to bring this about is unknown and possibly classified by the
United States Government for reasons of National Security]
Plastic explosives work best in this situation since they can be
manipulated to enable both a Uranium bomb and a Plutonium bomb to detonate.
One very good explosive is Urea Nitrate. The directions on how to make Urea
Nitrate are as follows:
- Ingredients -
---------------
[1] 1 cup concentrated solution of uric acid (C5H4N4O3)
[2] 1/3 cup of nitric acid
[3] 4 heat-resistant glass containers
[4] 4 filters (coffee filters will do)
Filter the concentrated solution of uric acid through a filter to remove
impurities. Slowly add 1/3 cup of nitric acid to the solution and let the
mixture stand for 1 hour. Filter again as before. This time the Urea Nitrate
crystals will collect on the filter. Wash the crystals by pouring water over
them while they are in the filter. Remove the crystals from the filter and
allow 16 hours for them to dry. This explosive will need a blasting cap to
detonate.
It may be necessary to make a quantity larger than the aforementioned
list calls for to bring about an explosion great enough to cause the Uranium
(or Plutonium) sections to weld together on impact.
Neutron Deflector
-----------------
The neutron deflector is comprised solely of Uranium-238. Not only is
U-238 non-fissionable, it also has the unique ability to reflect neutrons back
to their source.
The U-238 neutron deflector can serve 2 purposes. In a Uranium
bomb, the neutron deflector serves as a safeguard to keep an accidental
supercritical mass from occurring by bouncing the stray neutrons from the
`bullet' counterpart of the Uranium mass away from the greater mass below
it (and vice- versa). The neutron deflector in a Plutonium bomb actually
helps the wedges of Plutonium retain their neutrons by `reflecting' the
stray particles back into the center of the assembly. [See diagram in
Section 4 of this file.]
Uranium & Plutonium
-------------------
Uranium-235 is very difficult to extract. In fact, for every 25,000 tons
of Uranium ore that is mined from the earth, only 50 tons of Uranium metal can
be refined from that, and 99.3% of that metal is U-238 which is too stable to
be used as an active agent in an atomic detonation. To make matters even more
complicated, no ordinary chemical extraction can separate the two isotopes
since both U-235 and U-238 possess precisely identical chemical
characteristics. The only methods that can effectively separate U-235 from
U-238 are mechanical methods.
U-235 is slightly, but only slightly, lighter than its counterpart,
U-238. A system of gaseous diffusion is used to begin the separating process
between the two isotopes. In this system, Uranium is combined with fluorine
to form Uranium Hexafluoride gas. This mixture is then propelled by low-
pressure pumps through a series of extremely fine porous barriers. Because
the U-235 atoms are lighter and thus propelled faster than the U-238 atoms,
they could penetrate the barriers more rapidly. As a result, the
U-235's concentration became successively greater as it passed through each
barrier. After passing through several thousand barriers, the Uranium
Hexafluoride contains a relatively high concentration of U-235 -- 2% pure
Uranium in the case of reactor fuel, and if pushed further could
(theoretically) yield up to 95% pure Uranium for use in an atomic bomb.
Once the process of gaseous diffusion is finished, the Uranium must be
refined once again. Magnetic separation of the extract from the previous
enriching process is then implemented to further refine the Uranium. This
involves electrically charging Uranium Tetrachloride gas and directing it past
a weak electromagnet. Since the lighter U-235 particles in the gas stream are
less affected by the magnetic pull, they can be gradually separated from the
flow.
Following the first two procedures, a third enrichment process is then
applied to the extract from the second process. In this procedure, a gas
centrifuge is brought into action to further separate the lighter U-235 from
its heavier counter-isotope. Centrifugal force separates the two isotopes of
Uranium by their mass. Once all of these procedures have been completed, all
that need be done is to place the properly molded components of Uranium-235
inside a warhead that will facilitate an atomic detonation.
Supercritical mass for Uranium-235 is defined as 110 lbs (50 kgs) of
pure Uranium.
Depending on the refining process(es) used when purifying the U-235 for
use, along with the design of the warhead mechanism and the altitude at which
it detonates, the explosive force of the A-bomb can range anywhere from 1
kiloton (which equals 1,000 tons of TNT) to 20 megatons (which equals 20
million tons of TNT -- which, by the way, is the smallest strategic nuclear
warhead we possess today. {Point in fact -- One Trident Nuclear Submarine
carries as much destructive power as 25 World War II's}).
While Uranium is an ideally fissionable material, it is not the only one.
Plutonium can be used in an atomic bomb as well. By leaving U-238 inside an
atomic reactor for an extended period of time, the U-238 picks up extra
particles (neutrons especially) and gradually is transformed into the element
Plutonium.
Plutonium is fissionable, but not as easily fissionable as Uranium.
While Uranium can be detonated by a simple 2-part gun-type device,
Plutonium must be detonated by a more complex 32-part implosion chamber
along with a stronger conventional explosive, a greater striking velocity
and a simultaneous triggering mechanism for the conventional explosive
packs. Along with all of these requirements comes the additional task of
introducing a fine mixture of Beryllium and Polonium to this metal while
all of these actions are occurring.
Supercritical mass for Plutonium is defined as 35.2 lbs (16 kgs). This
amount needed for a supercritical mass can be reduced to a smaller quantity of
22 lbs (10 kgs) by surrounding the Plutonium with a U-238 casing.
To illustrate the vast difference between a Uranium gun-type detonator
and a Plutonium implosion detonator, here is a quick rundown.
============================================================================
[1] Uranium Detonator
-----------------
Comprised of 2 parts. Larger mass is spherical and concave.
Smaller mass is precisely the size and shape of the `missing'
section of the larger mass. Upon detonation of conventional
explosive, the smaller mass is violently injected and welded
to the larger mass. Supercritical mass is reached, chain
reaction follows in one millionth of a second.
[2] Plutonium Detonator
-------------------
Comprised of 32 individual 45-degree pie-shaped sections of
Plutonium surrounding a Beryllium/Polonium mixture. These 32
sections together form a sphere. All of these sections must
have the precisely equal mass (and shape) of the others. The
shape of the detonator resembles a soccer ball. Upon detonation
of conventional explosives, all 32 sections must merge with the
B/P mixture within 1 ten-millionths of a second.
____________________________________________________________________________
- Diagram -
-------------
____________________________________________________________________________
|
[Uranium Detonator] | [Plutonium Detonator]
______________________________________|_____________________________________
_____ |
| :| | . [2] .
| :| | . ~ \_/ ~ .
| [2]:| | .. . ..
| :| | [2]| . |[2]
| .:| | . ~~~ . . . ~~~ .
`...::' | . . . . .
_ ~~~ _ | . . ~ . .
. `| |':.. | [2]\. . . . [1] . . . ./[2]
. | | `:::. | ./ . ~~~ . \.
| | `::: | . . : . .
. | | :::: | . . . . .
| [1] | ::|:: | . ___ . ___ .
. `. .' ,::||: | [2]| . |[2]
~~~ ::|||: | .' _ `.
.. [2] .::|||:' | . / \ .
::... ..::||||:' | ~ -[2]- ~
:::::::::::::||||::' |
``::::||||||||:'' |
``:::::'' |
|
|
|
|
[1] = Collision Point | [1] = Collision Point
[2] - Uranium Section(s) | [2] = Plutonium Section(s)
|
|
______________________________________|_____________________________________
============================================================================
Lead Shield
-----------
The lead shield's only purpose is to prevent the inherent radioactivity
of the bomb's payload from interfering with the other mechanisms of the bomb.
The neutron flux of the bomb's payload is strong enough to short circuit the
internal circuitry and cause an accidental or premature detonation.
Fuses
-----
The fuses are implemented as another safeguard to prevent an accidental
detonation of both the conventional explosives and the nuclear payload. These
fuses are set near the surface of the `nose' of the bomb so that they can be
installed easily when the bomb is ready to be launched. The fuses should be
installed only shortly before the bomb is launched. To affix them before it
is time could result in an accident of catastrophic proportions.
============================================================================
3.84 IV. The Diagram of the Atomic Bomb
------------------------------
[Gravity Bomb Model]
----------------------------
-> Cutaway Sections Visible <-
============================================================================
/\
/ \ <---------------------------[1]
/ \
_________________/______\_________________
| : ||: ~ ~ : |
[2]-------> | : ||: : |
| : ||: : |
| : ||: : |
| : ||: : |
| : ||: : |
| : ||: : |
| : ||: : |
| : ||: : |
| : ||: : |
| : ||: : |
| : ||: : |
| :______||:_____________________________: |
|/_______||/______________________________\|
\ ~\ | | /
\ |\ | | /
\ | \ | | /
\ | \ | | /
\ |___\ |______________| /
\ | \ |~ \ /
\|_______\|_________________\_/
|_____________________________|
/ \
/ _________________ \
/ _/ \_ \
/ __/ \__ \
/ / \ \
/__ _/ \_ __\
[3]_______________________________ \ _|
/ / \ \ \
/ / \/ \ \
/ / ___________ \ \
| / __/___________\__ \ |
| |_ ___ /=================\ ___ _| |
[4]---------> _||___|====|[[[[[[[|||]]]]]]]|====|___||_ <--------[4]
| | |-----------------| | |
| | |o=o=o=o=o=o=o=o=o| <-------------------[5]
| | \_______________/ | |
| |__ |: :| __| |
| | \______________ |: :| ______________/ | |
| | ________________\|: :|/________________ | |
| |/ |::::|: :|::::| \| |
[6]----------------------> |::::|: :|::::| <---------------------[6]
| | |::::|: :|::::| | |
| | |::==|: :|== <------------------------[9]
| | |::__\: :/__::| | |
| | |:: ~: :~ ::| | |
[7]----------------------------> \_/ ::| | |
| |~\________/~\|:: ~ ::|/~\________/~| |
| | ||:: <-------------------------[8]
| |_/~~~~~~~~\_/|::_ _ _ _ _::|\_/~~~~~~~~\_| |
[9]-------------------------->_=_=_=_=_::| | |
| | :::._______.::: | |
| | .:::| |:::.. | |
| | ..:::::'| |`:::::.. | |
[6]---------------->.::::::' || || `::::::.<---------------[6]
| | .::::::' | || || | `::::::. | |
/| | .::::::' | || || | `::::::. | |
| | | .:::::' | || <-----------------------------[10]
| | |.:::::' | || || | `:::::.| |
| | ||::::' | |`. .'| | `::::|| |
[11]___________________________ ``~'' __________________________[11]
: | | \:: \ / ::/ | |
| | | \:_________|_|\/__ __\/|_|_________:/ | |
/ | | | __________~___:___~__________ | | |
|| | | | | |:::::::| | | | |
[12] /|: | | | | |:::::::| | | | |
|~~~~~ / |: | | | | |:::::::| | | | |
|----> / /|: | | | | |:::::::| <-----------------[10]
| / / |: | | | | |:::::::| | | | |
| / |: | | | | |::::<-----------------------------[13]
| / /|: | | | | |:::::::| | | | |
| / / |: | | | | `:::::::' | | | |
| _/ / /:~: | | | `: ``~'' :' | | |
| | / / ~.. | | |: `: :' :| | |
|->| / / : | | ::: `. .' <----------------[11]
| |/ / ^ ~\| \ ::::. `. .' .:::: / |
| ~ /|\ | \_::::::. `. .' .::::::_/ |
|_______| | \::::::. `. .' .:::<-----------------[6]
|_________\:::::.. `~.....~' ..:::::/_________|
| \::::::::.......::::::::/ |
| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
`. .'
`. .'
`. .'
`:. .:'
`::. .::'
`::.. ..::'
`:::.. ..:::'
`::::::... ..::::::'
[14]------------------> `:____:::::::::::____:' <-----------------[14]
```::::_____::::'''
~~~~~
============================================================================
- Diagram Outline -
---------------------
[1] - Tail Cone
[2] - Stabilizing Tail Fins
[3] - Air Pressure Detonator
[4] - Air Inlet Tube(s)
[5] - Altimeter/Pressure Sensors
[6] - Lead Shield Container
[7] - Detonating Head
[8] - Conventional Explosive Charge
[9] - Packing
[10] - Uranium (U-235) [Plutonium (See other diagram)]
[11] - Neutron Deflector (U-238)
[12] - Telemetry Monitoring Probes
[13] - Receptacle for U-235 upon detonation
to facilitate supercritical mass.
[14] - Fuses (inserted to arm bomb)
============================================================================
- Diagram for Plutonium Bomb -
--------------------------------
[Gravity Bomb - Implosion Model]
--------------------------------
-> Cutaway Sections Visible <-
============================================================================
/\
/ \ <---------------------------[1]
/ \
_________________/______\_________________
| : ||: ~ ~ : |
[2]-------> | : ||: : |
| : ||: : |
| : ||: : |
| : ||: : |
| : ||: : |
| : ||: : |
| : ||: : |
| : ||: : |
| : ||: : |
| : ||: : |
| : ||: : |
| :______||:_____________________________: |
|/_______||/______________________________\|
\ ~\ | : |:| /
\ |\ | : |:| /
\ | \ | :__________|:| /
\ |:_\ | :__________\:| /
\ |___\ |______________| /
\ | \ |~ \ /
\|_______\|_________________\_/
|_____________________________|
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ _______________ \
/ ___/ \___ \
/____ __/ \__ ____\
[3]_______________________________ \ ___|
/ __/ \ \__ \
/ / \/ \ \
/ / ___________ \ \
/ / __/___________\__ \ \
./ /__ ___ /=================\ ___ __\ \.
[4]-------> ___||___|====|[[[[[|||||||]]]]]|====|___||___ <------[4]
/ / |=o=o=o=o=o=o=o=o=| <-------------------[5]
.' / \_______ _______/ \ `.
: |___ |*| ___| :
.' | \_________________ |*| _________________/ | `.
: | ___________ ___ \ |*| / ___ ___________ | :
: |__/ \ / \_\\*//_/ \ / \__| :
: |______________:|:____:: **::****:|:********\ <---------[6]
.' /:|||||||||||||'`|;..:::::::::::..;|'`|||||||*|||||:\ `.
[7]----------> ||||||' .:::;~|~~~___~~~|~;:::. `|||||*|| <-------[7]
: |:|||||||||' .::'\ ..:::::::::::.. /`::. `|||*|||||:| :
: |:|||||||' .::' .:::''~~ ~~``:::. `::. `|\***\|:| :
: |:|||||' .::\ .::''\ | [9] | /``::: /::. `|||*|:| :
[8]------------>::' .::' \|_________|/ `::: `::. `|* <-----[6]
`. \:||' .::' ::'\ [9] . . . [9] /::: `::. *|:/ .'
: \:' :::'.::' \ . . / `::.`::: *:/ :
: | .::'.::'____\ [10] . [10] /____`::.`::.*| :
: | :::~::: | . . . | :::~:::*| :
: | ::: :: [9] | . . ..:.. . . | [9] :: :::*| :
: \ ::: :: | . :\_____________________________[11]
`. \`:: ::: ____| . . . |____ ::: ::'/ .'
: \:;~`::. / . [10] [10] . \ .::'~::/ :
`. \:. `::. / . . . \ .::' .:/ .'
: \:. `:::/ [9] _________ [9] \:::' .:/ :
`. \::. `:::. /| |\ .:::' .::/ .'
: ~~\:/ `:::./ | [9] | \.:::' \:/~~ :
`:=========\::. `::::... ...::::' .::/=========:'
`: ~\::./ ```:::::::::''' \.::/~ :'
`. ~~~~~~\| ~~~ |/~~~~~~ .'
`. \:::...:::/ .'
`. ~~~~~~~~~ .'
`. .'
`:. .:'
`::. .::'
`::.. ..::'
`:::.. ..:::'
`::::::... ..::::::'
[12]------------------> `:____:::::::::::____:' <-----------------[12]
```::::_____::::'''
~~~~~
============================================================================
- Diagram Outline -
---------------------
[1] - Tail Cone
[2] - Stabilizing Tail Fins
[3] - Air Pressure Detonator
[4] - Air Inlet Tube(s)
[5] - Altimeter/Pressure Sensors
[6] - Electronic Conduits & Fusing Circuits
[7] - Lead Shield Container
[8] - Neutron Deflector (U-238)
[9] - Conventional Explosive Charge(s)
[10] - Plutonium (Pu-239)
[11] - Receptacle for Beryllium/Polonium mixture
to facilitate atomic detonation reaction.
[12] - Fuses (inserted to arm bomb)
============================================================================