Hacker 2/HACKER2.mdf/internet/bd_ch1.txt

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From: Nancy Ammerman <emoryu1!phoenix.Princeton.EDU!nancyamm>
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Chapter 1:  SETTING UP AND JACKING IN




1.1  READY, SET ...

     The world is just a phone call away.  With a computer and modem,
you'll be able to connect to the Internet, the world's largest computer
network (and if you're lucky, you won't even need the modem; many
colleges and companies now give their students or employees direct access
to the Internet).
     The phone line can be your existing voice line -- just remember
that if you have any extensions, you (and everybody else in the house
or office) won't be able to use them for voice calls while connected
to the Net.
     A modem is a sort of translator between computers and the phone
system. It's needed because computers and the phone system process and
transmit data, or information, in two different, and incompatible
ways.  Computers "talk" digitally; that is, they store and process
information as a series of discrete numbers.  The phone network relies
on analog signals, which on an oscilloscope would look like a series
of waves.  When your computer is ready to transmit data to another
computer over a phone line, your modem converts the computer numbers
into these waves (which sound like a lot of screeching) -- it
"modulates" them.  In turn, when information waves come into your
modem, it converts them into numbers your computer can process, by
"demodulating" them.
     Increasingly, computers come with modems already installed. If
yours didn't, you'll have to decide what speed modem to get.  Modem
speeds are judged in "bps rate" or bits per second.  One bps means
the modem can transfer roughly one bit per second; the greater the
bps rate, the more quickly a modem can send and receive information.
A letter or character is made up of eight bits.
     You can now buy a 2400-bps modem for well under $60 -- and most now
come with the ability to handle fax messages as well.  At prices that now
start around $150, you can buy a modem that can transfer data at 14,400
bps (and often even faster, when using special compression techniques).
If you think you might be using the Net to transfer large numbers of
files, a faster modem is always worth the price. It will dramatically
reduce the amount of time your modem or computer is tied up transferring
files and, if you are paying for Net access by the hour, save you quite a
bit in online charges.
     Like the computer to which it attaches, a modem is useless
without software to tell it how to work.  Most modems today come with
easy-to-install software.  Try the program out. If you find it
difficult to use or understand, consider a trip to the local software
store to find a better program.  You can spend several hundred dollars
on a communications program, but unless you have very specialized
needs, this will be a waste of money, as there are a host of excellent
programs available for around $100 or less.  Among the basic features you
want to look for are a choice of different "protocols" (more on them in a
bit) for transferring files to and from the Net and the ability to write
"script" or "command" files that let you automate such steps as logging
into a host system.
     When you buy a modem and the software, ask the dealer how to
install and use them.  Try out the software if you can.  If the dealer
can't help you, find another dealer.  You'll not only save yourself a
lot of frustration, you'll also have practiced the a prime Internet
directive:  "Ask. People Know."
     To fully take advantage of the Net, you must spend a few minutes
going over the manuals or documentation that comes with your software.
There are a few things you should pay special attention to: uploading
and downloading; screen capturing (sometimes called "screen dumping");
logging; how to change protocols; and terminal emulation.  It is also
essential to know how to convert a file created with your word
processing program into "ASCII" or "text" format, which will let you
share your thoughts with others across the Net.
    Uploading is the process of sending a file from your computer to a
system on the Net. Downloading is retrieving a file from somewhere on
the Net to your computer. In general, things in cyberspace go "up" to
the Net and come "down" to you.
    Chances are your software will come with a choice of several
"protocols" to use for these transfers.  These protocols are systems
designed to ensure that line noise or static does not cause errors that
could ruin whatever information you are trying to transfer.
Essentially, when using a protocol, you are transferring a file in a
series of pieces.  After each piece is sent or received, your computer
and the Net system compare it. If the two pieces don't match exactly,
they transfer it again, until they agree that the information they both
have is identical.  If, after several tries, the information just
doesn't make it across, you'll either get an error message or your
screen will freeze.  In that case, try it again.  If, after five tries,
you are still stymied, something is wrong with a) the file; b) the
telephone line; c) the system you're connected to; or d) your own
computer.
    From time to time, you will likely see messages on the Net that
you want to save for later viewing -- a recipe, a particularly witty
remark, something you want to write your Congressman about, whatever.
This is where screen capturing and logging come in.
    When you tell your communications software to capture a screen, it
opens a file in your computer (usually in the same directory or folder
used by the software) and "dumps" an image of whatever happens to be
on your screen at the time.
    Logging works a bit differently.  When you issue a logging
command, you tell the software to open a file (again, usually in the
same directory or folder as used by the software) and then give it a
name. Then, until you turn off the logging command, everything that
scrolls on your screen is copied into that file, sort of like
recording on video tape.  This is useful for capturing long documents
that scroll for several pages -- using screen capture, you would have
to repeat the same command for each new screen.
    Terminal emulation is a way for your computer to mimic, or
emulate, the way other computers put information on the screen and
accept commands from a keyboard.  In general, most systems on the Net
use a system called VT100.  Fortunately, almost all communications
programs now on the market support this system as well -- make sure
yours does.
    You'll also have to know about protocols.  There are several
different ways for computers to transmit characters.  Fortunately,
there are only two protocols that you're likely to run across: 8-1-N
(which stands for "8 bits, 1 stop bit, no parity" -- yikes!) and 7-1-E
(7 bits, 1 stop bit, even parity).
     In general, Unix-based systems use 7-1-E, while MS-DOS-based
systems use 8-1-N.  What if you don't know what kind of system you're
connecting to?  Try one of the settings.  If you get what looks like
gobbledygook when you connect, you may need the other setting.
If so, you can either change the setting while connected, and then hit
enter, or hang up and try again with the other setting.  It's also
possible your modem and the modem at the other end can't agree on the
right bps rate.  If changing the protocols doesn't work, try using
another bps rate (but no faster than the one listed for your modem).
Again, remember, you can't break anything!  If something looks wrong,
it probably is wrong.  Change your settings and try again.  Nothing is
learned without trial, error and effort.
     There are the basics.  Now on to the Net!


1.2 GO!


     Once, only people who studied or worked at an institution
directly tied to the Net could connect to the world.  Today, though,
an ever-growing number of "public-access" systems provide access for
everybody.  These systems can now be found in several states, and there
are a couple of sites that can provide access across the country.
     There are two basic kinds of these host systems.  The more common
one is known as a UUCP site (UUCP being a common way to transfer
information among computers using the Unix operating system) and
offers access to international electronic mail and conferences.
     However, recent years have seen the growth of more powerful sites
that let you tap into the full power of the Net.  These Internet sites
not only give you access to electronic mail and conferences but to
such services as databases, libraries and huge file and program
collections around the world.  They are also fast -- as soon as you
finish writing a message, it gets zapped out to its destination.
     Some sites are run by for-profit companies; others by non-profit
organizations.  Some of these public-access, or host, systems, are
free of charge.  Others charge a monthly or yearly fee for unlimited
access.  And a few charge by the hour. Systems that charge for access
will usually let you sign up online with a credit card.  Some also let
you set up a billing system.
     But cost should be only one consideration in choosing a host
system, especially if you live in an area with more than one provider.
Most systems let you look around before you sign up.  What is the range
of their services?  How easy is it to use? What kind of support or help
can you get from the system administrators?
     The last two questions are particularly important because many
systems provide no user interface at all; when you connect, you are
dumped right into the Unix operating system.  If you're already
familiar with Unix, or you want to learn how to use it, these systems
offer phenomenal power -- in addition to Net access, most also let you
tap into the power of Unix to do everything from compiling your own
programs to playing online games.
     But if you don't want to have to learn Unix, there are other
public-access systems that work through menus (just like the ones in
restaurants; you are shown a list of choices and then you make your
selection of what you want), or which provide a "user interface" that
is easier to figure out than the ever cryptic Unix.
     If you don't want or need access to the full range of Internet
services, a UUCP site makes good financial sense.  They tend to charge
less than commercial Internet providers, although their messages may
not go out as quickly.
     Some systems also have their own unique local services, which can
range from extensive conferences to large file libraries.


1.3  PUBLIC-ACCESS INTERNET PROVIDERS


     When you have your communications program dial one of these host
systems, one of two things will happen when you connect.  You'll
either see a lot of gibberish on your screen, or you'll be asked to
log in.  If you see gibberish, chances are you have to change your
software's parameters (to 7-1-E or 8-1-N as the case may be).  Hang
up, make the change and then dial in again.
     When you've connected, chances are you'll see something like
this:

               Welcome to THE WORLD
               Public Access UNIX for the '90s
               Login as 'new' if you do not have an account

               login:

     That last line is a prompt asking you to do something.  Since
this is your first call, type

                new

and hit enter.  Often, when you're asked to type something by a host
system, you'll be told what to type in quotation marks (for example,
the 'new' above).  Don't include the quotation marks.  Repeat: Don't
include the quotation marks.
     What you see next depends on the system, but will generally
consist of information about its costs and services (you might want to
turn on your communication software's logging function, to save this
information).  You'll likely be asked if you want to establish an
account now or just look around the system.
     You'll also likely be asked for your "user name."  This is not
your full name, but a one-word name you want to use while online.  It
can be any combination of letters or numbers, all in lower case.  Many
people use their first initial and last name (for example,
"jdoe"); their first name and the first letter of their last name
(for example, "johnd"); or their initials ("jxd").  Others use a
nickname.  You might want to think about this for a second, because this
user name will become part of your electronic-mail address (see chapter
2 for more on that).  The one exception are the various Free-Net
systems, all of which assign you a user name consisting of an arbitrary
sequence of letters and numbers.
     You are now on the Net.  Look around the system.  See if there
are any help files for you to read.  If it's a menu-based host system, chose
different options just to see what happens.  Remember: you can't break
anything.  The more you play, the more comfortable you'll be.
     What follows is a list of public-access Internet sites, which are
computer systems that offer access to the Net.  All offer international
e-mail and Usenet (international conferences).  In addition, they offer:

     FTP: File-transfer protocol -- access to hundreds of file
     libraries (everything from computer software to historical
     documents to song lyrics).  You'll be able to transfer
     these files from the Net to your own computer.

     Telnet: Access to databases, computerized library card
     catalogs, weather reports and other information services,
     as well as live, online games that let you compete with
     players from around the world.

        Additional services that may be offered include:

     WAIS:  Wide-area Information Server; a program that
     can search dozens of databases in one search.

     Gopher:  A program that gives you easy access to dozens
     of other online databases and services by making
     selections on a menu. You'll also be able to use these
     to copy text files and some programs to your mailbox.

     IRC:  Internet Relay Chat, a CB simulator that lets
     you have live keyboard chats with people around the
     world.

     However, even on systems that do not provide these services
directly, you will be able to use a number of them through telnet (see
Chapter 6 for more information on telnet).   In the list that follows,
systems that let you access services through menus (similar to those in
restaurants -- you pick what you want from a list) are noted; otherwise
assume that when you connect, you'll be dumped right into Unix (a.k.a.
MS-DOS with a college degree).  Any unique features of a given system are
noted. Several of these sites are available nationwide through national
data networks such as the CompuServe Packet Network and SprintNet.
     Please note that all listed charges are subject to change.  Many
sites require new or prospective users to log on a particular way on
their first call; this list provides the name you'll use in such cases.

ALABAMA

     Huntsville.  Nuance.  Call voice number below for modem number.
setup; $25 a month.
     Voice: [phone].

ALASKA

     Anchorage.  University of Alaska Southeast, Tundra Services, (907)
789-1314; has local dial-in service in several other cities. $20 a month.
     Voice: [phone].

ALBERTA

     Edmonton.  PUCNet Computer Connections, [phone]. Log
on as: guest. $0 setup fee; $25 for 20 hours a month plus $6.25 an hour
for access to ftp and telnet.
     Voice: [phone].

ARIZONA

     Tucson.  Data Basics, [phone]. $25 a month or $180 a year.
     Voice: [phone].

     Phoenix/Tucson.  Internet Direct, [phone] (Phoenix); (602)
321-9600 (Tucson).  QWK offline reader. Log on as: guest. $20 a month.
     Voice: [phone] (Phoenix); [phone] (Tucson).

BRITISH COLUMBIA

     Victoria  Victoria Free-Net, [phone].  Menus.  Access to all
features requires completion of a written form.  Users can "link" to
other Free-Net systems in Canada and the U.S. Free. Log on as: guest
     Voice: [phone].

CALIFORNIA

     Berkeley.  Holonet. Menus. For free trial, modem number is (510)
704-1058. For information or local numbers, call number below. $60 a year
for local access, $2 an hour during offpeak hours.
     Voice:  [phone].

     Cupertino.  Portal.  Both Unix and menus.  [phone] (2400
bps); [phone] (9600/14,400 bps). $19.95 setup fee, $19.95 a month.
     Voice: [phone].

     Irvine. Dial N' CERF.  See under San Diego.

     Los Angeles/Orange County.  Kaiwan Public Access Internet, (714)
539-5726; [phone].  $15 signup; $11 a month (credit card).
     Voice: [phone].

     Los Angeles. Dial N' CERF.  See under San Diego.

     Oakland. Dial N' CERF.  See under San Diego.

     Pasadena. Dial N' CERF  See under San Diego.

     Palo Alto.  Institute for Global Communications., [phone].
Unix.  Local conferences on environmental/peace issues. Log on as: new.
$10 a month and $3 an hour after first hour.
     Voice: [phone].

     San Diego. Dial N' CERF USA, run by the California Education and
Research Federation. Provides local dial-up numbers in San Diego, Los
Angeles, Oakland, Pasadena  and Irvine.  For more information, call voice
(800) 876-CERF or [phone].  $50 setup fee; $20 a month plus $5 an
hour ($3 on weekends).
     Voice: [phone].

     San Diego.  CTS Network Services, [phone]. Log on as:
help. $15 set-up fee, monthly fee of $10 to $23 depending on services
used.
     Voice: [phone].

     San Diego.  Cyberspace Station, [phone].  Unix.  Log on as:
guest.
     Charges: $10 sign-up fee; $15 a month or $60 for six months.

     San Francisco.  Pathways, call voice number below for number.
Menus. $25 setup fee; $8 a month and $3 an hour.
     Voice: [phone].

     San Jose. Netcom, [phone] or 426-6610; [phone];
[phone], up to 9600 bps. Unix.  Maintains archives of Usenet
postings.  Log on as: guest. $15 startup fee and then $17.50 a month for
unlimited use if you agree to automatic billing of your credit-card
account (otherwise $19.50 a month for a monthly invoice).
     Voice: (408) 554-UNIX.

     San Jose.  A2i, [phone]. Log on as: guest. $20 a month; $45
for three months; $72 for six months.

     Sausalito.  The Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (WELL), (415) 332-
6106. Uses moderately difficult Picospan software, which is sort of a
cross between Unix and a menu system.  New users get a written manual.
More than 200 WELL-only conferences.  Log on as: newuser. $15 a month
plus $2 an hour.  Access through the nationwide CompuServe Packet Network
available for another $4.50 an hour.
     Voice: [phone].  Recorded message about the system's
current status: [phone] (continental U.S. only).

COLORADO

     Colorado Springs/Denver. CNS, [phone] (Colorado Springs);
[phone] (Denver).  Local calendar listings and ski and stock
reports. Users can chose between menus or Unix. Log on as: new.  $35
setup fee; $2.75 an hour (minimum fee of $10 a month).
     Voice: [phone]

     Colorado Springs.  Old Colorado City Communications, (719) 632-
4111.  Log on as: newuser. $25 a month.
     Voice: [phone].

     Denver.  Denver Free-Net, [phone].  Menus.  Access to all
services requires completion of a written form.  Users can "link" to
other Free-Net systems across the country.  Free.  Log on as: guest.

     Golden.  Colorado SuperNet.  Unix.  E-mail to fax service.
Available only to Colorado residents. Local dial-in numbers available in
several Colorado cities. For dial-in numbers, call the number below. $3
an hour ($1 an hour between midnight and 6 a.m.); one-time $20 sign-up
fee.
     Voice: [phone].

FLORIDA

     Talahassee.  Talahassee Free-Net, [phone]. Menus. Full access
requires completion of a registration form.  Can "link" to other Free-Net
systems around the country.
     Voice: [phone].

ILLINOIS

     Champaign.  Prarienet Free-Net, [phone].  Menus.  Log on as:
visitor. Free for Illinois residents; $25 a year for others.
     Voice: [phone].

     Chicago. MCSNet, [phone].  $25/month or $65 for three months
of unlimited access; $30 for three months of access at 15 hours a month.
     Voice: (312) 248-UNIX.

     Peoria.  Peoria Free-Net, [phone].  Similar to Cleveland
Free-Net (see Ohio, below).  Users can "link" to the larger Cleveland
system for access to Usenet and other services.  There are also Peoria
Free-Net public-access terminals in numerous area libraries,
other government buildings and senior-citizen centers.  Contact the
number below for specific locations.  Full access (including access to
e-mail) requires completion of a written application. Free.
     Voice: [phone].

MARYLAND

     Baltimore.  Express Access, [phone]; [phone]; (714)
377-9784.  Log on as: new. $20 setup fee; $25 a month or $250 a year
     Voice: (800 969-9090.

     Baltimore.  Clarknet, [phone]; [phone]; (301) 596-
1626; [phone].  Log on as: guest. $23 a month, $126 for six months
or $228 a year.
     Voice: [phone].

MASSACHUSETTS

     Brookline.  The World, [phone]. Huge collection of MS-DOS
files, "Online Book Initiative" collection of electronic books, poetry
and other text files. Log on as: new. $5 a month plus $2 an hour or $20
for 20 hours a month. Available nationwide through the CompuServe Packet
Network for another $5.60 an hour.
     Voice: [phone].

     Lynn.  North Shore Access, [phone].  Log on as: new. $10 for
10 hours a month; $1 an hour after that.
     Voice: [phone].

     Worcester.  NovaLink, [phone].  Log on as: info. $12.95 sign-
up (includes first two hours); $9.95 a month (includes five daytime
hours), $1.80 an hour after that.
     Voice: [phone].

MICHIGAN

     Ann Arbor.  MSEN.  Contact number below for dial-in number.
Unix.
     Charges: $20 setup; $20 a month.
     Voice: [phone].

     Ann Arbor. Michnet. Has local dial-in numbers in several Michigan
numbers.  For local numbers, call voice number below. $35 a month plus
one-time $40 sign-up fee.  Additional network fees for access through
non-Michnet numbers.
     Voice: [phone].

NEW HAMPSHIRE

     MV Communications, Inc.  For local dial-up numbers call voice line
below.  $5 a month mininum plus variable hourly rates depending on
services used.
     Voice: [phone].

NEW JERSEY

     New Brunswick.  Digital Express, [phone].  Log on as: new.
$20 setup fee; $25 a month or $250 a year.
     Voice: [phone].

NEW YORK

     New York. Panix, [phone].  Unix or menus.  Log on as:
newuser. $40 setup fee; $19 a month or $208 a year.
     Voice:  [phone].

      New York.  Echo, [phone].  Unix, but with local
conferencing software. Log on as: newuser.  $19.95 ($13.75 students and
seniors) a month.
      Voice:  [phone].

     New York.  MindVox, [phone].  Local conferences. Log on as:
guest.  $10 setup fee for non-credit-card accounts; $15 a month.
     Voice: [phone].

     New York.  Pipeline, [phone] (9600 bps and higher); (212)
267-7341 (2400 bps). Has graphical interface for Windows.  Log on as:
guest. $20 a month and $2 an hour after first 20 hours or $35 a
month unlimited hours.
     Voice: [phone].

     New York.  Maestro, [phone]. Log on as: newuser. $12 a month
or $140 a year.
     Voice: [phone].


NORTH CAROLINA

     Charlotte.  Vnet Internet Access, [phone]; [phone].
Log on as: new. $25 a month.
     Voice: [phone].

     Triangle Research Park.  Rock Concert Net.  Call number below for
local modem numbers in various North Carolina cities.  $30 a month; one-
time $50 sign-up fee.
     Voice: [phone].

OHIO

     Cleveland.  Cleveland Free-Net, [phone].  Ohio and US Supreme
Court decisions, historical documents, many local conferences.  Full
access (including access to e-mail) requires completion of a written
application. Free.
     Voice:  [phone].

     Cincinnati.  Tri-State Free-Net, [phone].  Similar to
Cleveland Free-Net. Full access (including access to e-mail) requires
completion of a written application. Free.

     Cleveland.  Wariat, [phone]. Unix or menus. $20 setup fee;
$35 a month.
     Voice: [phone].

     Dayton.  Freelance Systems Programming, [phone]. $20 setup
fee; $1 an hour.
     Voice: [phone].

     Lorain.  Lorain County Free-Net, [phone] or 366-9753.
     Similar to Cleveland Free-Net.  Users can "link" to the larger
Cleveland system for additional services.  Full access (including
access to e-mail) requires completion of a written application. Free.
     Voice: [phone].

     Medina.  Medina Free-Net, [phone], 225-6732 or 335-6732.
Users can "link" to the larger Cleveland Free-Net for additional
services.  Full access (including access to e-mail) requires
completion of a written application. Free.

     Youngstown.  Youngstown Free-Net, [phone].  Users can
"link" to the Cleveland system for services not found locally.  Full
access (including access to e-mail) requires completion of a written
application. Free.

ONTARIO

     Ottawa.  National Capital FreeNet, [phone] or [phone].
Free, but requires completion of a written form for access to all
services.

     Toronto.  UUNorth.  Call voice number below for local dial-in
numbers. $20 startup fee; $25 for 20 hours a month of offpeak use.
     Voice: [phone].

     Toronto.  Internex Online, [phone].  Both Unix and menus. $40
a year for one hour a day.
     Voice: [phone].

OREGON

     Beaverton.  Techbook, [phone] (2400 bps); [phone]
(higher speeds).  $10 a month for 30 hours of "basic" Internet access or
$90 a year; $15 a month for 30 hours of "deluxe" access or $150 a year.
$10 sign-up fee for monthly accounts.

     Portland.  Agora, [phone] (2400 bps), [phone] (9600
bps or higher). Log on as: apply. $6 a month for one hour per day.

     Portland.  Teleport, [phone] (2400 bps); [phone]
(9600 and higher).  Log on as: new.  $10 a month for one hour per day.
     Voice: [phone].

PENNSYLVANIA

     Pittsburgh.  Telerama, [phone]. $6 for 10 hours a month, 60
cents for each additional hour.
     Voice: [phone].

QUEBEC

     Montreal.  Communications Accessibles Montreal, [phone] (9600
bps); [phone] (2400 bps). $25 a month.
     Voice: [phone].

RHODE ISLAND

     East Greenwich.  IDS World Network, [phone].  In addition
to Usenet, has conferences from the Fidonet and RIME networks.
Supports QMAIL offline reader, which lets you read and respond to
messages while not online.  $10 a month; $50 for six months; $100 for a
year.

     Providence/Seekonk.  Anomaly, [phone].  $125 for six months
or $200 a year. Educational rate of $75 for six months or $125 a year.
     Voice: [phone].

TEXAS

     Austin.  RealTime Communications, [phone].  Log on as: new.
$75 a year.
     Voice: [phone].

     Dallas.  Texas Metronet, [phone]; [phone].  Log on as:
info or signup. $10 to $35 setup fee, depending on service; $10 to $45 a
month, depending on service.
     Voice: [phone] or [phone].

     Houston.  The Black Box, [phone].  $21.65 a month.
     Voice: [phone].

VIRGINIA

     Norfolk/Peninsula.  Wyvern Technologies, [phone] (Norfolk);
[phone] (Peninsula).  $10 startup fee; $15 a month or $144 a year.
     Voice: [phone].

WASHINGTON, DC

     The Meta Network.  Call voice number below for local dial-in
numbers.  Caucus conferencing, menus. $15 setup fee; $20 a month.
     Voice: [phone].

     CapAccess, (202), 784-1523.  Log on as guest with a password of
visitor.  A Free-Net system (see under Cleveland, Ohio, for information).
Free.
     Voice: [phone].

     See also: listing under Baltimore, MD for Express Access and
Clarknet.

WASHINGTON STATE

     Seattle. Halcyon, [phone].  Users can choose between menus
and Unix.  Log on as: new.  $10 setup fee; $60 a quarter or $200 a year.
     Voice: [phone].

     Seattle.  Eskimo North, [phone] (all speeds), [phone]
(9600/14.4K bps).  $10 a month or $96 a year.
     Voice: [phone].


1.4 IF YOUR TOWN HAS NO DIRECT ACCESS


     If you don't live in an area with a public-access site, you'll still
be able to connect to the Net.  Several of these services offer access
through national data networks such as the CompuServe Packet Network and
PC-Pursuit, which have dozens, even hundreds of local dial-in numbers
across the country.  These include Holonet in Berkeley, Calf., Portal in
Cupertino, Calf., the WELL in Sausalito, Calf., Dial 'N CERF in San
Diego, Calf., the World in Brookline, Mass., and Michnet in Ann Arbor,
Mich.  Dial 'N CERF offers access through an 800 number.  Expect to pay
from $2 to $12 an hour to use these networks, above each provider's basic
charges.  The exact amount depends on the network, time of day and type
of modem you use.  For more information, contact the above services.
     Three other providers deliver Net access to users across the
country:
     Delphi, based in Cambridge, Mass., is a consumer-oriented network
much like CompuServe or America On-Line -- only it now offers
subscribers access to Internet services.
     Charges: $3 a month for Internet access, in addition to standard
charges.  These are $10 a month for four hours of off-peak (non-working
hours) access a month and $4 an hour for each additional hour or $20 for
20 hours of access a month and $1.80 an hour for each additional hour.
For more information, call [phone].
     BIX (the Byte Information Exchange) offers FTP, Telnet and e-mail
access to the Internet as part of their basic service. Owned by the same
company as Delphi, it also offers 20 hours of access a month for $20.
For more information, call [phone].
     PSI, based in Reston, Va., provides nationwide access to Internet
services through scores of local dial-in numbers to owners of IBM and
compatible computers.  PSILink. which includes access to e-mail,
Usenet and ftp, costs $29 a month, plus a one-time $19 registration
fee.  Special software is required, but is available free from PSI.
PSI's Global Dialup Service provides access to telnet for $39 a month
plus a one-time $39 set-up fee.  For more information, call (800)
82PSI82 or [phone].


1.5  NET ORIGINS


     In the 1960s, researchers began experimenting with linking computers
to each other and to people through telephone hook-ups, using funds from
the U.S Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).
     ARPA wanted to see if computers in different locations could be
linked using a new technology known as packet switching. This technology,
in which data meant for another location is broken up into little pieces,
each with its own "forwarding address" had the promise of letting several
users share just one communications line.  Just as important, from ARPA's
viewpoint, was that this allowed for creation of networks that could
automatically route data around downed circuits or computers.  ARPA's
goal was not the creation of today's international computer-using
community, but development of a data network that could survive a nuclear
attack.
     Previous computer networking efforts had required a line between
each computer on the network, sort of like a one-track train route. The
packet system allowed for creation of a data highway, in which large
numbers of vehicles could essentially share the same lane.  Each packet
was given the computer equivalent of a map and a time stamp, so that it
could be sent to the right destination, where it would then be
reassembled into a message the computer or a human could use.
     This system allowed computers to share data and the researchers to
exchange electronic mail, or e-mail.  In itself, e-mail was something
of a revolution, offering the ability to send detailed letters at the
speed of a phone call.
      As this system, known as ARPANet, grew, some enterprising college
students (and one in high school) developed a way to use it to conduct
online conferences.  These started as science-oriented discussions, but
they soon branched out into virtually every other field, as people
realized the power of being able to "talk" to hundreds, or even
thousands, of people around the country.
     In the 1970s, ARPA helped support the development of rules, or
protocols, for transferring data between different types of computer
networks.  These "internet" (from "internetworking") protocols made it
possible to develop the worldwide Net we have today that links all sorts
of computers across national boundaries.
     By the close of the 1970s, links developed between ARPANet and
counterparts in other countries.  The world was now tied together in a
computer web.
     In the 1980s, this network of networks, which became known
collectively as the Internet, expanded at a phenomenal rate.  Hundreds,
then thousands, of colleges, research companies and government agencies
began to connect their computers to this worldwide Net.  Some
enterprising hobbyists and companies unwilling to pay the high costs of
Internet access (or unable to meet stringent government regulations for
access) learned how to link their own systems to the Internet, even if
"only" for e-mail and conferences.  Some of these systems began
offering access to the public. Now anybody with a computer and modem --
and persistence -- could tap into the world.
     In the 1990s, the Net continues to grow at exponential rates.  Some
estimates are that the volume of messages transferred through the Net
grows 20 percent a month.  In response, government and other users have
tried in recent years to expand the Net itself.  Once, the main Net
"backbone" in the U.S. moved data at 56,000 bits per second. That proved
too slow for the ever increasing amounts of data being sent over it, and
in recent years the maximum speed was increased to 1.5 million and then
45 million bits per second. Even before the Net was able to reach that
latter speed, however, Net experts were already figuring out ways to pump
data at speeds of up to 2 billion bits per second -- fast enough to send
the entire Encyclopedia Britannica across the country in just one or two
seconds.  Another major change has been the development of commercial
services that provide internetworking services at speeds comparable to
those of the government system.  In fact, by mid-1994, the U.S.
government will remove itself from any day-to-day control over the
workings of the Net, as regional and national providers continue to
expand.


1.6  HOW IT WORKS


     The worldwide Net is actually a complex web of smaller regional
networks.
     To understand it, picture a modern road network of trans-
continental superhighways connecting large cities.  From these large
cities come smaller freeways and parkways to link together small
towns, whose residents travel on slower, narrow residential ways.
     The Net superhighway is the high-speed Internet.  Connected to
this are computers that use a particular system of transferring data
at high speeds.  In the U.S., the major Internet "backbone"
theoretically can move data at rates of 45 million bits per second
(compare this to the average home modem, which has a top speed of roughly
9,600 to 14,400 bits per second).
     Connected to the backbone computers are smaller networks serving
particular geographic regions, which generally move data at speeds
around 1.5 million bits per second.
     Feeding off these in turn are even smaller networks or individual
computers.
     Unlike with commercial networks such as CompuServe or Prodigy, there
is no one central computer or computers running the Internet -- its
resources are to be found among thousands of individual computers.  This
is both its greatest strength and its greatest weakness.   The approach
means it is virtually impossible for the entire Net to crash at once --
even if one computer shuts down, the rest of the network stays up.  The
design also reduces the costs for an individual or organization to get
onto the network.  But thousands of connected computers can also make it
difficult to navigate the Net and find what you want -- especially as
different computers may have different commands for plumbing their
resources.  It is only recently that Net users have begun to develop the
sorts of navigational tools and "maps" that will let neophytes get around
without getting lost.
     Nobody really knows how many computers and networks actually make
up this Net.  Some estimates say there are now as many as 5,000
networks connecting nearly 2 million computers and more than 15 million
people around the world.  Whatever the actual numbers, however, it is
clear they are only increasing.
     The Net is more than just a technological marvel. It is human
communication at its most fundamental level.  The pace may be a little
quicker when the messages race around the world in a few seconds, but
it's not much different from a large and interesting party. You'll see
things in cyberspace that will make you laugh; you'll see things that
will anger you.  You'll read silly little snippets and new ideas that
make you think.  You'll make new friends and meet people you wish would
just go away.
     Major network providers continue to work on ways to make it
easier for users of one network to communicate with those of another.
Work is underway on a system for providing a universal "white pages"
in which you could look up somebody's electronic-mail address, for
example.  This connectivity trend will likely speed up in coming years
as users begin to demand seamless network access, much as telephone
users can now dial almost anywhere in the world without worrying about
how many phone companies actually have to connect their calls.
     And today, the links grow ever closer between the Internet and such
commercial networks as CompuServe and Prodigy, whose users can now
exchange electronic mail with their Internet friends.  Some commercial
providers, such as Delphi and America Online, are working to bring their
subscribers direct access to Internet services.
     And as it becomes easier to use, more and more people will join
this worldwide community we call the Net.
     Being connected to the Net takes more than just reading
conferences and logging messages to your computer; it takes asking and
answering questions, exchanging opinions -- getting involved.
     If you chose to go forward, to use and contribute, you will become
a citizen of Cyberspace.  If you're reading these words for the first
time, this may seem like an amusing but unlikely notion -- that one
could "inhabit" a place without physical space.  But put a mark beside
these words.  Join the Net and actively participate for a year.  Then
re-read this passage.  It will no longer seem so strange to be a
"citizen of Cyberspace."  It will seem like the most natural thing in
the world.
     And that leads to another fundamental thing to remember:

                You can't break the Net!

     As you travel the Net, your computer may freeze, your screen may
erupt into a mass of gibberish.  You may think you've just disabled a
million-dollar computer somewhere -- or even your own personal
computer.  Sooner or later, this feeling happens to everyone -- and
likely more than once. But the Net and your computer are hardier than
you think, so relax.  You can no more break the Net than you can the
phone system.  If something goes wrong, try again.  If nothing at all
happens, you can always disconnect.   If worse comes to worse, you can
turn off your computer.  Then take a deep breath.  And dial right back
in. Leave a note for the person who runs the computer to which you've
connected to ask for advice.  Try it again. Persistence pays.
     Stay and contribute.  The Net will be richer for it -- and so will
you.


1.7  WHEN THINGS GO WRONG

     * Your computer connects with a public-access site and get gibberish
on your screen.  If you are using parameters of 8-1-N, try 7-1-e (or
vice-versa).  If that doesn't work, try another modem speed.
     * You have your computer dial a public-access site, but nothing
happens.  Check the phone number you typed in.  If correct, turn on your
modem's speaker (on Hayes-compatible modems, you can usually do this by
typing ATM1 in your communications software's "terminal mode").  If the
phone just rings and rings, the public-access site could be down for
maintenance or due to a crash or some other problem.  If you get a
"connect" message, but nothing else, try hitting enter or escape a
couple of times.
     * You try to log in, but after you type your password, nothing
happens, or you get a "timed out" message followed by a disconnect.
Re-dial the number and try it again.
     * Always remember, if you have a problem that just doesn't go away,
ask! Ask your system administrator, ask a friend, but ask.  Somebody will
know what to do.


1.8  FYI


     The Net grows so fast that even the best guide to its resources
would be somewhat outdated the day it was printed.  At the end of each
chapter, however, you'll find FYI pointers to places on the Net where you
can go for more information or to keep updated on new resources and
services.
     Peter Kaminski maintains a list of systems that provide public
access to Internet services.  It's availble on the network itself, which
obviously does you little good if you currently have no access, but which
can prove invaluable should you move or want to find a new system.  Look
for his "PDIAL" file in the alt.bbs.lists or news.answers newsgroups in
Usenet (for information on accessing Usenet, see Chapter 3).
     Steven Levy's book, "Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution,"
(Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1984). describes the early culture and ethos
that ultimately resulted in the Internet and Usenet.
     John Quarterman's "The Matrix: Computer Networks and Conferencing
Systems Worldwide" (Digital Press, 1990) is an exhaustive look at
computer networks and how they connect with each other.
     "FYI on Where to Start - A Bibliography of Internetworking
Information,"  by Tracy LaQuey, Joyce K. Reynolds, Karen Roubicek, Mary
Stahl and Aileen Yuan (August, 1990), is an excellent list of articles,
books, newsletters and other sources of information about the Internet.
It's available via ftp from nic.ddn.mil in the rfc directory as
rfc1175.txt (see chapter 7 for information on how to retrieve such
files).

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