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1996-05-06
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From: lamont@hyperreal.com (Lamont Granquist)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs,alt.drugs.psychedelics
Subject: Re: Ecstacy fatality: URBAN LEGEND
Date: 21 Apr 1995 20:01:14 GMT
Message-ID: <3n92ua$sic@nntp4.u.washington.edu>
jstoiche@mv.us.adobe.com (Jim Stoicheff) writes:
>Until someone cites a source that can be verified, I'm chalking this all
>up to urban legend. If you have a newspaper or magazine article you can
>post here, that would be helpful. A medical journal article would be most
>helpful. I've contacted Bruce Eisner, author of Ecstacy: The MDMA
>Experience to find whether there's any truth to the idea that plain old
>MDMA can cause death in normal healthy humans when used in the normal
>dosage levels.
Here's some references. In particular check out the Lancet article, which
demonstrates that normal recreational dosage levels can cause MDMA-DIC.
It has been argued that this is due to excertional heat stroke -- but as
Peter McDermott has pointed out, most MDMA is taken at raves or clubs
so a strong corrolation between MDMA-DIC and excertion would be expected.
Amphetamine ODs produce DIC without either exertion or higher ambient
temperature (there's a late 70's article on this, which should be referenced
in the Lancet article or another of these -- I don't know the reference
offhand), so its quite plausible that its not necessary for MDMA-DIC.
Apparently there have also been some cases where normal doses of MDMA were
taken outside of raves and without elevated ambient temperature or
excertion and resulted in DIC -- they haven't, however, been published to
my knowledge.
Document 1
Accession No.: 94208797.
Author: Forrest-A-R. Galloway-J-H. Marsh-I-D. Strachan-G-A. Clark-J-
C.
Title: A fatal overdose with 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
derivatives.
Source: Forensic-Sci-Int. 1994 Jan. 64(1). P 57-9.
Journal Title: FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL.
Abstract: Methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA or 'Ecstasy') is the best
known of the 3,4-methylenedioxy ring-substituted amphetamines.
Reports of serious adverse reactions and fatalities associated
with its use emphasise hyperpyrexia, profuse sweating and
subsequent rhabdomyolysis, although cardiac deaths and
fatal accidents whilst intoxicated are also prominent. Other
3,4-methylenedioxy ring-substituted amphetamines are also
available in the illicit market place and may have different
spectra of activity. We report here a case of fatal ingestion
of a variety of drugs of this group.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Document 2
Accession No.: 94113296.
Author: Watson-J-D. Ferguson-C. Hinds-C-J. Skinner-R. Coakley-J-H.
Title: Exertional heat stroke induced by amphetamine analogues.
Does dantrolene have a place?
Source: Anaesthesia. 1993 Dec. 48(12). P 1057-60.
Journal Title: ANAESTHESIA.
Abstract: There are increasing numbers of patients admitted to hospital
as a result of ingesting amphetamine-like drugs. The most
severe cases exhibit hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis,
coagulopathy and renal failure. We describe six such patients
with varying severity of intoxication, and have reviewed the
recent literature with particular reference to the use of
dantrolene. One of our patients died but the others all
survived. There is little evidence that dantrolene influenced
the outcome in patients reported to date. We believe that a
controlled trial should be carried out in amphetamine-related
hyperthermia before the use of dantrolene becomes widespread.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Document 3
Accession No.: 93280713.
Author: Barrett-P-J. Taylor-G-T.
Title: 'Ecstasy' ingestion: a case report of severe complications.
Source: J-R-Soc-Med. 1993 Apr. 86(4). P 233-4.
Journal Title: JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Document 4
Accession No.: 93311658.
Author: Tehan-B. Hardern-R. Bodenham-A.
Title: Hyperthermia associated with 3,4-
methylenedioxyethamphetamine ('Eve').
Source: Anaesthesia. 1993 Jun. 48(6). P 507-10.
Journal Title: ANAESTHESIA.
Abstract: A patient was admitted with hyperthermia, muscle rigidity,
rhabdomyolysis and disseminated intravascular
coagulation. He was initially thought to have taken 3,4-
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'Ecstasy'), but
subsequent toxicology revealed the presence of 3,4-
methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA, 'Eve'), its sister drug,
in his blood. Subsequent in vitro testing for malignant
hyperthermia proved to be negative.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Document 5
Accession No.: 92391619.
Author: Singarajah-C. Lavies-N-G.
Title: An overdose of ecstasy. A role for dantrolene [see comments]
Source: Anaesthesia. 1992 Aug. 47(8). P 686-7.
Comment: Comment in: Anaesthesia. 1993 Jan. 48(1). P 82-3. Comment
in: Anaesthesia. 1993 Jan. 48(1). P 83. Comment in:
Anaesthesia. 1993 Feb. 48(2). P 179-80. Comment in:
Anaesthesia. 1993 Jun. 48(6). P 542-3.
Journal Title: ANAESTHESIA.
Abstract: An overdose of the semisynthetic, hallucinogenic amphetamine
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine resulted in
convulsions, hyperthermia, hyperkalaemia and
rhabdomyolysis. The patient's management, which included
the use of dantrolene, is discussed.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Document 6
Accession No.: 92349809.
Author: Henry-J-A. Jeffreys-K-J. Dawling-S.
Title: Toxicity and deaths from 3,4-
methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy") [see comments]
Source: Lancet. 1992 Aug 15. 340(8816). P 384-7.
Comment: Comment in: Lancet. 1992 Sep 19. 340(8821). P 725-6. Comment
in: Lancet. 1992 Sep 19. 340(8821). P 726.
Journal Title: LANCET.
Abstract: The risk of adverse reactions to 3,4-
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), more commonly known as
"ecstasy", is now widely known in both the USA and UK, but the
patterns of illness remain varied. We report our experience
during 1990 and 1991. There has been a recent increase in cases
of severe toxicity following recreational misuse of small
amounts of MDMA. Among 7 fatalities, the pattern of toxicity
included fulminant hyperthermia, convulsions, disseminated
intravascular coagulation, rhabdomyolysis, and acute
renal failure. Until now, there have been few reports of this
type of toxicity from MDMA, which may be related both to the
potential of the drug to alter thermoregulation and to the
circumstances of misuse. In addition, we have monitored 7 cases
of hepatotoxicity and suspect that the frequency of this
complication is increasing; a history of MDMA misuse should be
sought in young people presenting with unexplained jaundice or
hepatomegaly. We also describe 5 subjects involved in road
traffic accidents in whom MDMA was identified. Misuse of MDMA
can have severe acute toxic effects; few data are available
concerning long-term morbidity, and this deserves close
monitoring in future.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Document 7
Accession No.: 92177911.
Author: Screaton-G-R. Singer-M. Cairns-H-S. Thrasher-A. Sarner-M.
Cohen-S-L.
Title: Hyperpyrexia and rhabdomyolysis after MDMA ("ecstasy")
abuse [letter; comment]
Source: Lancet. 1992 Mar 14. 339(8794). P 677-8.
Comment: Comment on: Lancet. 1991 Nov 23. 338(8778). P 1335.
Journal Title: LANCET.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Document 8
Accession No.: 91287077.
Author: Chadwick-I-S. Curry-P-D. Linsley-A. Freemont-A-J. Doran-B.
Title: Ecstasy, 3-4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a
fatality associated with coagulopathy and hyperthermia [see
comments]
Source: J-R-Soc-Med. 1991 Jun. 84(6). P 371.
Comment: Comment in: J-R-Soc-Med. 1992 Jan. 85(1). P 61.
Journal Title: JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
Lamont Granquist (lamont@hyperreal.com)