home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
Current Shareware 1994 January
/
SHAR194.ISO
/
calculat
/
ex122.zip
/
EX.HLP
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1993-06-25
|
11KB
|
340 lines
//-
Ex (c)1993 by J.A.Wrotniak
Chose from the available topics:
* angle conversion * keyboard
* conversions * menu
* autoscroll * numerical opers
* digits displayed * operators
* distributions * plots
* errors * settings
* examples * standard functions
* expressions * statistical functs
* Euler functions * unit conversion
* functions * user functions
* if functions * variables
- registration
//MENU
Menu
The top function key menu invokes the
following operations:
[Hlp] - bring this help
[Set] - switch to the settings menu
[Plt] - switch to the plot menu
[Num] - switch to the numeric ops menu
[Con] - switch to the conversion menu
[Def] - define a user function
[Sho] - show a variable or a user func.
[Clr] - clear all formulae and data
[Exit]- save status, leave the program
//SETTINGS
Settings
The settings (Set) menu gives access
to the following options:
[Set|Dig] - number of digits displayed
[Set|Deg] - angular mode: deg/rad
[Set|Scl] - autoscroll on/off
[Set|Snd] - sound on/off
[Set|Top] - return to the top menu
An arrow pointing to a menu entry in-
dicates the "ON" state.
//PLOTS
Plots
The plot (Plt) menu does the following:
[Plt|Sho] - show plot screen (if any)
[Plt|Plt] - plot current line (replacing
the old plot screen)
[Plt|Add] - add current line plot to the
plot screen (without erasing it)
[Plt|Axs] - axis visibility on/off
[Plt|Grd] - grid visibility on/off
[Plt|Acc] - high plot accuracy on/off
[Plt|LgX] - log X scale on/off
[Plt|LgY] - log Y scale on/off
[Plt|Top] - return to the top menu
F10 interrupts the plotting process.
//USER FUNCTIONS
User Functions
* [Def] defines the current line as a
user function: dfa..dff. The variable
following "=" is treated as dummy
function argument; its value is not
affected by function execution. Other
variables can be used as parameters.
* A user function may refer to others,
but direct or indirect self-references
are illegal.
* To see a user function, press [Sho].
Example:
To define dfa(x)=ln(x)+cos(cx), enter
"ln X+cos CX=X", [Def], and "dfa".
//AUTOSCROLL
Autoscroll
* With autoscroll enabled by [Set|Scl],
after an expression evaluation Ex
moves to the next line, clearing it.
Line 1 follows the last line.
* No scroll occurs if an error has been
detected.
* Enabled autoscroll is indicated by an
arrow next to the line number.
//CONVERSIONS
Conversions
The following operations are available
from the Conversion Menu:
[Con|Ft] - show the current result as
feet/inches/fraction
[Con|Lb] - ...as pounds/ounces/fraction
[Con|Fra] - ..as whole part and fraction
[Con|Dms] - ..as degrees/minutes/seconds
[Con|Uni] - convert it between units
[Con|Rou] - round it to the nearest fra-
ction with a given denominator.
Operations [Uni] and [Rou] modify the
result variable; the others only change
the display format.
//ANGLE CONVERSIONS
Angle conversions
* A value entered as degrees, minutes
and seconds (using °,' and ") will be
translated to radians or degrees, de-
pending on the current angular mode.
* [Con|Dms] will display the last result
in degrees, minutes and seconds trans-
lated from radians or from degrees
(depending on the current mode).
The value itself will not be changed.
//UNIT CONVERSION
//UNITS
Unit conversion
[Con|Uni] converts the current result
from one measurement unit to another.
A sequence of three pop-up menus will
query for the following information:
- The quantity to convert (e.g. volume)
- Units to convert from (e.g. gallons)
- Units to convert to (e.g. liters)
Inside a pop-up menu use arrow keys to
move around, Return to select, Esc or
or F10 to abandon the operation.
The converted value will be stored in
the same variable.
//VARIABLES
Variables
* Variables A..Z and @ (default) are
used to store calculation results and/
or as elements of expressions.
* Variables have 18 decimal digits of
accuracy and absolute range of 1E1000.
* Variable specified after "=" is used
- in expression calculation: to store
the result
- in user function definition and in
plotting: as the argument (dummy)
- in integration, differentiation and
finding zeros: in both of the above
capabilities.
//KEYBOARD
Keyboard
Arrows - move cursor or scroll lines
Enter - compute the current line
Tab - check syntax, reformat line
Esc - clear or restore current line
Ins - swap line with buffer
ALT+p or CHAR+p - enter (pi)
ALT+e or CHAR+e - enter É (Euler's e)
ALT+2 or CHAR+2 - enter ² (square)
ALT+3 or CHAR+3 - enter ⁿ (cube)
ALT+d or CHAR+d - enter ° (degree)
Shift+F10 - exit program w/o saving
At any prompt Esc clears input or can-
cels, the original F-key continues.
//ERRORS
Errors
* Syntax errors bring an error message,
with cursor positioned at the error.
* If file EX.ERR is found, then also a
brief error description will be given.
* Calculation errors (e.g. division by
zero) cause a similar effect, but the
function or operator where the error
occured will also be shown.
* To remove the message, press any key.
* The largest absolute expression value
is 9.99E999, otherwise an "Overflow"
error will be reported.
//NUMERICAL OPERS
Numerical operations
These operations are applied to the
current expression line treated as f(x),
with the variable after "=" used as the
function argument.
* [Num|Sum] finds sum of f(x) with x
stepping by dx from x1 to x2
* [Num|Der] - a derivative of f(x) at x0
* [Num|Int] finds an integral of f(x)
over (x1,x2) with accuracy dx
* [Num|Zer] - a zero of f(x) in (x1,x2)
with accuracy dx; needs f(x1)*f(x2)<0
To break any of the above, press a key.
//IF FUNCTIONS
Conditional (if) functions
With a, b and c being any expressions,
these functions return the value of b or
of c, depending on the sign of a:
ifp(a,b,c) is b if a>0, otherwise c
ifn(a,b,c) b a<0 c
ifz(a,b,c) b a=0 c
The discarded argument is not computed
so that e.g. ifz(X,1,sin X/X) will not
raise an arithmetic error at X=0.
//DIGITS DISPLAY
Digits displayed
* [Set|Dig] prompts for the number of
significant digits with which calcu-
lation results are shown (1 to 16).
* Preceding the answer (between 0 and 9)
with a "." will set the number of
digits after the decimal point.
* Entering just the letter f sets the
"financial" mode in which two digits
after the decimal point are shown, if
possible.
* All this does not affect the accuracy
with which variables are stored.
//EXAMPLES
Examples of Expressions
10/2+3.5*2 gives 12
2+3)*(4+5 gives 45
sqr 16+sq(2+2) gives 20
inv 5A means inv(5*A)
inv 5*A means (inv 5)*A
2^3^4 means 2^(3^4)
ln 2A^3 means ln(2*(A^3))
ln 5!² means ln((5!)²)
exp 2X ln A means exp(2*X*ln(A))
exp 2X*ln A means exp(2*X)*ln(A)
2e-3+X means .002+X
2 e-3+X means 2*E-3+X
2e -3+X means 2*E-3+X
//EXPRESSIONS
//syntax
Expression syntax
"*" can be skipped between x and y if
x is a constant or a variable and y is a
variable, a function call or a "(". This
implied multiplication shows as "·".
Operation priority: low (+,-), medium
(*,/) or high (^,·,²,ⁿ,!, functions).
"^", "·" and functions execute from
right to left, all other operators -
from left to right.
Use () to change order of evaluation.
An expression is followed by "=" and a
variable to store the result, otherwise
the default variable "@" is assumed.
//OPERATORS
//FUNCTIONS
Functions and operators
* Binary operators stand between their
arguments: +, -, *, /, ^ (power).
* A unary operator precedes its single
operand: - (negation), or follows it:
! (factorial), ² (square), ⁿ (cube).
* Functions accept one, two or three
arguments. For more see under:
- standard functions
- if functions
- user functions
- Euler functions
- statistical functions
- supported distributions
//STANDARD FUNCTIONS
Standard functions
* One argument:
abs int ent fra inv sgn
sq sqr cu cur
sin cos tan cot
asin acos atan acot
sinh cosh tanh coth
asinh acosh atanh acoth
ln log lg2 exp ten two
* Two arguments:
min max mod rou rad atn2
ft lb
//EULER FUNCTIONS
Euler functions
Computed with 16-17 digits of accuracy:
- gam(a) - complete Gamma function
- lgam(a) - natural logarithm of Gamma
(accepts larger arguments than gam)
- fac(a) - factorial = gam(a-1) = a!
- com(a,b) - combinations (a over b)
- bet(a,b) - Beta function (complete)
- igam(a,x) - incomplete Gamma function
- ibet(a,b,x) - incomplete Beta function
Fac and com accept also non-integer
arguments.
//STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS
Statistical functions
For the supported distributions the
following function types are available:
- Probability density (or probability)
denoted with "f", e.g. fchi(X,R)
- Left probability integral (or sum),
"p", i.e. P(<=x), e.g. pgau(X,M,S)
- Central probability integral (Gaussian
and Student only), "a", e.g. astu(x,r)
- Functions inverse to integrals, shown
as "ip", "iq" and "ia". For example,
if pchi(x,r)=p then ipchi(p,r)=x.
//DISTRIBUTIONS
Distributions supported
Probability (density) functions are:
- fgau(x,m,s) - Gaussian (normal) s>0
- fchi(x,r) - chi-square r>0
- fstu(x,r) - Student (t) r>0
- fsne(x,r,s) - Snedecor (F) r>0 s>0
- fpoi(x,m) - Poisson m>0
- fbin(x,n,p) - binomial 0<p<1 n>0
- fgam(x,a) - Gamma a>0
- fbet(x,a,b) - Beta a>0 b>0
Replacing "f" with "p" or "a" gives
probability integrals, and with "ip" or
"ia" - functions inverse to integrals.
//REGISTRATION
Support and registration
Ex is shareware: if you keep and use
it, send a fee of $30 to the author:
Dr. J. Andrzej Wrotniak
2057 Happy Lane
Crofton, MD 21114-1917
You will receive an upgrade to the "R"
(registered) version on a 3.5" disk,
with a number of enhanced features, a
setup program and extra documentation.
Comments, questions, suggestions and
problem reports are welcome and can be
also forwarded by e-mail:
GEnie: J.WROTNIAK CIS: 46511,2552
//-