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CBASIC in General CBASIC2 Compile-Time Toggled Options XREF Cross Reference Facility Compiler Error Messages Run-Time Error Messages -- Warnings Run-Time Error Messages -- Error Codes CBASIC2 Reserved Words CBASIC2 Expression Hierarchy CBASIC2 Predefined Functions :CBASIC2: CBASIC in General CBASI├á i≤á ß compile≥ BASI├ whicΦ ma∙ bσ executeΣ oε an∙ flopp∙á disδ ì baseΣá CP/═ systeφ havinτ a⌠ leas⌠ 20╦ byte≤ oµ memory«á Iε orde≥ t∩á makσ ì thσá bes⌠ usσ oµ thσ powe≥ anΣ flexibilit∙ oµ CBASIC¼á ß dua∞á flopp∙á disδ ì systeφá anΣ a⌠ leas⌠ 32╦ oµ memor∙ i≤ recommended«á Iµ CBASI├ i≤á executeΣ ì in a system smaller than 20K, a CP/M LOAD ERROR may occur. Thσ CBASI├ systeφ consist≤ oµ tw∩ program≤ -- CBASI├ anΣ CRUN« CBASI├ ì i≤ thσ compiler¼á anΣ CRU╬ i≤ thσ run-timσ intepreter« Iε ß typica∞ CBASI├ ì session¼á thσ use≥ wil∞ writσ thσ prograφ usinτ ED¼ compilσ i⌠ usinτ CBASI├ ì (with the $B option to suppress listing), and run it using CRUN. Refer to the 84-page CBASIC manual -- C B A S I C A Commercially Oriented Compiler/Interpreter BASIC Language Facility for CP/M Systems February 17, 1978 CBASIC▓ i≤ aε upward-compatablσ (iε term≤ oµ sourcσ code⌐ extensioε oµ ì thσá origina∞ CBASIC«á Iε additioε t∩ al∞ oµ thσ feature≤ oµ thσá origina∞ ì CBASIC, CBASIC2 adds the following: 1. Integer variables 2. Chaining with common variables 3. Additional pre-defined functions 4. Cross Reference capability Notσá tha⌠á CBASIC▓ i≤ upward-compatablσ witΦ CBASI├ onl∙ iε term≤á oµ ì thσ sourcσ codσ files«á Aε IN╘ filσ createΣ unde≥ CBASI├ wil∞ no⌠á executσ ì with the Version 2 Run-Time Monitor (CRUN2). For further information, refer to the 100-page reference manual -- C B A S I C A Commercially Oriented Compiler/Interpreter BASIC Language Facility for CP/M Systems Version 2 May 1, 1979 :CBASIC2: CBASIC2 Compile-Time Toggled Options Compile≥á toggle≤á arσ ß serie≤ oµ switche≤ tha⌠ caε bσ se⌠á wheεá thσ ì compile≥á i≤á executed«á Thσ toggle≤ arσ se⌠ b∙ typinτ ßá dollar-sigεá ($⌐ ì followeΣá b∙á thσ lette≥ designation≤ oµ thσ desireΣ toggle≤á startinτá onσ ì spacσ o≥ morσ afte≥ thσ prograφ namσ oε thσ commanΣ line« Toggle≤ ma∙ onl∙ ì be set for the compiler. Examples of compiler toggles and invocation forms are -- CBAS2 INVENTRY $BGF B:CBAS2 A:COMPARE $GEC CBAS2 PAYROLL $B CBAS2 B:VALIDATE $E CBASIC Compiler Toggles TOGGL┼ B║ Suppresse≤ thσ listinτ oµ thσ prograφ oε thσ consolσ durinτ ì compilation«á Iµ aε erro≥ i≤ detected¼á thσ sourcσ linσ witΦ thσ erro≥ anΣ ì thσá erro≥ messagσ wil∞ bσ printeΣ eveε iµ Togglσ ┬ i≤ set«á Togglσ ┬ doe≤ ì not affect listing to the printer (Toggle F) or disk file (Toggle G). Toggle B is initially off. TOGGL┼á C║á Suppresse≤ thσ generatioε oµ aε IN╘ file«á Engaginτá thi≤ ì togglσá wil∞á providσ ß synta° checδ withou⌠ thσ overheaΣá oµá writinτá thσ ì intermediatσ file. Toggle C is initially off. TOGGL┼ D║ Suppresse≤ translatioε oµ lower-casσ letter≤ t∩ upper-case« ì Fo≥ example¼á iµ Togglσ ─ i≤ on¼á 'AMTº wil∞ no⌠ refe≥ t∩ thσ samσ variablσ ì as 'amt'. Toggle D is initially off. TOGGL┼á E║ Cause≤ thσ run-timσ prograφ (CRUN2⌐ t∩ accompan∙ an∙ erro≥ ì message≤ witΦ thσ CBASI├ linσ numbe≥ iε whicΦ thσ erro≥ occurred« Togglσ ┼ ì mus⌠ bσ se⌠ iε orde≥ fo≥ thσ TRAC┼ optioε (seσ sectioε 13.┤ oµ thσá manual⌐ ì t∩ work. Toggle E is initially off. TOGGL┼á F║á Cause≤ thσ compile≥ outpu⌠ listinτ t∩ bσ printeΣá oεá thσ ì LST: device in addition to the system console. Toggle F is initially off. TOGGL┼á G║á Cause≤á thσá compile≥ outpu⌠ listinτá t∩á bσá writteεá t∩ ì diskette«á Thσá filσ containinτ thσ compile≥ listinτ ha≤ thσ samσ namσá a≤ ì the .BAS file, but its type is .LST. Normall∙á thσ disδ listinτ wil∞ bσ placeΣ oε thσ samσ sourcσ drivσá a≤ ì thσá sourcσ file«á Thσ operato≥ ma∙ selec⌠ anothe≥ drivσ b∙ specifyinτ thσ ì desired drive, enclosed in parens, following the G toggle; for example, CBAS2 B:TAX $G(A:) extracts the source from drive B: and sends the listing to drive A:. Toggle G is initially off. :CBASIC2: XREF Cross Reference Facility Thσá XREF.CO═á Cros≤ Referencσ utilit∙ prograφ produce≤ ßá filσá whicΦ ì contain≤ aε alphabetizeΣ lis⌠ oµ al∞ identifier≤ useΣ iε ß CBASI├á program« ì Thσ usagσ oµ thσ identifie≥ (function¼á parameter¼á o≥ global⌐ i≤ provided¼ ì a≤ wel∞ a≤ ß lis⌠ oµ eacΦ linσ iε whicΦ tha⌠ identifie≥ i≤ used«á Thσ filσ ì createΣá ha≤á thσ samσ namσ a≤ thσ CBASI├ sourcσ filσ anΣ i≤ oµá typσá XRF« ì The standard output is 132 columns wide. The following command is used to invoke XREF -- XREF <filename> [disk ref] [$<toggles>] ['title'] Iµ thσ disδ referencσ i≤ specified¼á i⌠ instruct≤ XRE╞ a≤ t∩ wha⌠ disδ ì to place the output on. The toggles are described on the next display. Thσá optiona∞ titlσ fielΣ mus⌠ bσ thσ las⌠ fielΣ iε thσ commanΣá line« ì Al∞ character≤ followinτ thσ firs⌠ apostrophσ oε thσ commanΣ linσ u≡ t∩ thσ ì seconΣá apostrophσ o≥ unti∞ thσ enΣ oµ thσ commanΣ linσ becomσá thσá title« ì Thσá titlσ i≤ truncateΣ t∩ 3░ character≤ iµ thσ listinτ i≤ 13▓ column≤ widσ ì and 20 characters if the D toggle (80 column listing) is specified. XREF Toggles Togglσá A║ Cause≤ thσ listinτ t∩ bσ otpu⌠ t∩ thσ lis⌠ devicσ a≤á wel∞ ì as the disk file. Togglσá B║á Suppresse≤ outpu⌠ t∩ thσ disk«á Iµ onl∙ thσ ┬ togglσá i≤ ì specified, no output is produced. Togglσá C║á Suppresse≤ outpu⌠ t∩ thσ disδ anΣ permit≤ outpu⌠á t∩á thσ ì list device; same as A and B combined. Toggle D: Causes output to be 80 columns wide instead of 132. Toggle E: Produces output with only the identifiers and their usage. Fo≥ example¼á thσ followinτ commanΣ produce≤ ß cros≤ referencσ listinτ ì on the list device which is 80 columns wide -- XREF PROG $CD :CBASIC: Compiler Error Messages Text Messages NO SOURCE FILE: <FILENAME>.BAS Thσá compile≥ coulΣ no⌠ locatσ ß sourcσ filσ useΣ iε eithe≥á ßá CBASI├ ì command or an INCLUDE directive. PROGRAM CONTAINS n UNMATCHED FOR STATEMENT(S) There are n FOR statements for which a NEXT could not be found. PROGRAM CONTAINS n UNMATCHED WHILE STATEMENT(S) There are n WHILE statements for which a WEND could not be found. WARNING: INVALID CHARACTER IGNORED Thσ previou≤ linσ contain≤ aε invaliΣ ASCI╔ character╗á thi≤ characte≥ ì is ignored by the compiler, and a question mark is printed in its place. OUT OF DISK SPACE Thσá compile≥á ha≤á ruε ou⌠ oµ disδ spacσ whilσá attemptinτá t∩á writσ ì either the INT or LST files. Text Messages (Con't) OUT OF DIRECTORY SPACE Thσá compile≥á ha≤ ruε ou⌠ oµ director∙ entrie≤á whilσá attemptinτá t∩ ì create or extend a file. DISK ERROR A disk error occurred while trying to read or write to a disk file. INCLUDE NESTING TOO DEEP NEAR LINE n Aεá includσá statemen⌠ nea≥ linσ ε iε thσ sourcσ prograφá exceed≤á thσ ì maximum level of nesting of source files. 2-Letter Error Codes BF -- Branch into Function A branch into a multiple line function from outside was attempted. BN -- Bad Number An invalid numeric constant was encountered. CE -- Close Error The intermediate (.INT) file could not be closed. CI -- Close Include An invalid file name in an %INCLUDE statement. CS -- COMMON Statement error ┴á COMMO╬ statemen⌠ whicΦ wa≤ no⌠ thσ firs⌠ statemen⌠ iεá thσá prograφ ì wa≤ detected. CV -- COMMON Variable error An improper reference to a subscripte variable in a COMMON statement. DE -- Disk Error A disk error occurred while trying to read the .BAS file. DF -- Disk Full Therσá wa≤ n∩ spacσ oε thσ disδ o≥ thσ disδ director∙ wa≤á full«á Thσ ì .INT file was not created. DL -- Duplicate Line number Thσ samσ linσ numbe≥ wa≤ useΣ oε tw∩ differen⌠ lines«á Othe≥ compile≥ ì error≤á ma∙á causσ ß D╠ erro≥ messagσ t∩ bσ printeΣ eveε iµ duplicatσá linσ ì numbers do not exist. DP -- Defined Previously A variable in a DIM statement was previously defined. EF -- Exponential Format ┴ numbe≥ iε exponentia∞ forma⌠ wa≤ inpu⌠ witΦ n∩ digit≤ followinτá thσ ì E. FA -- Function Attribute ┴á functioεá namσ appear≤ oε thσ lef⌠ sidσ oµ aε assignmen⌠á statemen⌠ ì but is not within that function. FD -- Function Definition ┴ functioε namσ tha⌠ ha≤ beeε previousl∙ defineΣ i≤ beinτ redefineΣ iε ì a DEF statement. FE -- FOR Error ┴á mixeΣ modσ expressioε exist≤ iε ß FO╥ statemen⌠ whicΦ thσá compile≥ ì cannot correct. FI -- FOR Index Aεá expressioε whicΦ i≤ no⌠ aε unsubscripteΣ numeriπ variablσ i≤ beinτ ì used as a FOR loop index. FN -- Function parameter Number A function reference contains an incorrect number of parameters. FP -- Function Parameter type ┴ functioε referencσ paramete≥ typσ doe≤ no⌠ matcΦ thσ paramete≥á typσ ì used in the function's DEF statement. FU -- Function Undefined A function has been referenced before it has been defined. IE -- IF Expression Aεá expressioεá useΣá immediatel∙ followinτ aε I╞á evaluate≤á t∩á typσ ì string. Only type numeric is permitted. IF -- In File ┴á variablσá useΣá iε ß FIL┼ statemen⌠ i≤ oµ typσ numeriπá wherσá typσ ì string is required. IP -- Input Prompt An input prompt string is not surrounded by quotes. IS -- Invalid Subscript A subscripted variable was referenced before it was dimensioned. IT -- Invalid Toggle An invalid compiler directive was encountered. IU -- Invalid Use A variable defined as an array is used with no subscripts. MF -- Mixed Format An expression evaluates to type string when type numeric is required. MM -- Mixed Mode Variable≤á oµá typσ strinτ anΣ typσ numeriπ arσ combineΣ iεá thσá samσ ì expression. MS -- Mixed String A numeric expression was used where a string expression is required. ND -- No DEFFN A FEND statement was encountered without a corresponding DEF. NI -- NEXT Index ┴ variablσ referenceΣ b∙ ß NEX╘ statemen⌠ doe≤ no⌠ matcΦ thσá variablσ ì referenced by the associated FOR statement. NU -- NEXT Unexpected A NEXT statement occurs without an associated FOR statement. OF -- Out of Function ┴ brancΦ ou⌠ oµ ß multiplσ linσ functioε froφ insidσ thσ functioεá wa≤ ì attempted. OO -- ON Overflow More than 25 ON statements were used in the program. PM -- ?? ┴á DE╞ statemen⌠ appeareΣ withiε ß multiplσ linσ function«á Function≤ ì may not be nested. SE -- Syntax Error The source line contains a syntax error. SF -- SAVEMEM File ┴ SAVEME═ statemen⌠ use≤ aε expressioε oµ typσ numeriπ t∩ specif∙á thσ ì filσá t∩á bσá loaded«á Thi≤ expressioε mus⌠ bσá ßá string«á Possibl∙á thσ ì quotation marks were left off a string constant. SN -- Subscript Number A subscripted variable contains an incorrect number of subscripts. SO -- Syntax Overflow Thσá expressioε i≤ to∩ comple° anΣ shoulΣ bσ simplifieΣ anΣ placeΣá oε ì more than one line. TO -- Table Overflow Thσá prograφá i≤á to∩á largσ fo≥ thσá system«á Thσá prograφá mus⌠á bσ ì simplified or the system size increased. UL -- Undefined Line number A line number that does not exist has been referenced. US -- Undefined String A string has been terminated by a carriage return rather than quotes. VO -- Variable Overflow Variable names are too long for one statement. This should not occur. WE -- WHILE Error The expression immediately following a WHILE statement is not numeric. WU -- WHILE Undefined A WEND statement occurs without an associated WHILE statement. :CBASIC: Run-Time Error Messages -- Warnings Tw∩ textua∞ run-timσ erro≥ message≤ arσ presenteΣ b∙ CRUN: NO INTERMEDIATE FILE ┴á filσ namσ wa≤ no⌠ specifieΣ witΦ thσ CRU╬ command¼á o≥ n∩á filσá oµ ì typσ .IN╘ anΣ thσ specifieΣ filσ namσ wa≤ founΣ oε disk. IMPROPER INPUT - REENTER Thi≤á messagσá occur≤ wheε thσ field≤ entereΣ froφ thσ consolσ d∩á no⌠ ì matcΦá thσá fielΣ specifieΣ iε thσ INPU╘ statement«á Thi≤ caεá occu≥á wheε ì fielΣ type≤ d∩ no⌠ matcΦ o≥ thσ numbe≥ oµ field≤ entereΣ i≤ differen⌠á froφ ì thσá numbe≥á oµá field≤á specified«á Al∞ field≤á specifieΣá b∙á thσá INPU╘ ì statemen⌠ mus⌠ bσ reentered. 2-Letter Warning Codes DZ -- Divide by Zero ┴ numbe≥ wa≤ divideΣ b∙ zero«á Thσ resul⌠ i≤ se⌠ t∩ thσ larges⌠ valiΣ ì CBASI├ number. FL -- Field Length ┴á fielΣá lengtΦ greate≥ thaε 25╡ byte≤ wa≤ encountereΣ durinτ ßá REA─ ì LINE« Onl∙ thσ firs⌠ 25╡ character≤ oµ thσ recorΣ arσ retained. LN -- Logarithm error Thσá argumen⌠á giveε iε thσ LO╟ functioε wa≤ zer∩á o≥á negative«á Thσ ì valuσ oµ thσ argumen⌠ i≤ returned. NE -- NEgative number ┴á negativσá numbe≥á wa≤á specifieΣ followinτ thσá raisσá t∩á ßá powe≥ ì operato≥ (^)« Thσ absolutσ valuσ i≤ useΣ iε thσ calculation. OF -- OverFlow ┴ calculatioε produceΣ ß numbe≥ to∩ large«á Thσ resul⌠ i≤ se⌠ o⌠á thσ ì larges⌠ valiΣ CBASI├ number. SQ -- SQuare root error ┴á negativσá numbe≥ wa≤ specifieΣ iε thσ SQ╥ function«á Thσá absolutσ ì valuσ i≤ used. :CBASIC: Run-Time Error Messages -- Error Codes AC -- AsCii error Thσ strinτ useΣ a≤ thσ argumen⌠ iε aε AS├ functioε evaluateΣ t∩ ß nul∞ ì string. BN -- BUFF Number Thσá valuσ followinτ thσ BUF╞ optioε iε aε OPE╬ o≥ CREAT┼ statemen⌠ i≤ ì less than 1 or greater than 52. CC -- Chain Code ┴á chaineΣ program'≤ codσ areß i≤ large≥ thaε thσ maiε program'≤á codσ ì area. CD -- Chain Data ┴á chaineΣ program'≤ datß areß i≤ large≥ thaε thσ maiε program'≤á datß ì area. CE -- Close Error An error occurred upon closing a file. CF -- Chain Function ┴á chaineΣ program'≤ constan⌠ areß i≤ large≥ thaε thσá maiεá program'≤ ì constant area. CP -- Chain Var Storage ┴á chaineΣá program'≤á variablσ storagσ areß i≤ large≥ thaεá thσá maiε ì program's variable storage area. CS -- Chain SAVEMEM ┴ chaineΣ progrß reserveΣ ß differencσ amoun⌠ oµ memor∙ witΦ ß SAVEME═ ì statement than the main program. CU -- Close Undefined file ┴ closσ statemen⌠ specifieΣ ß filσ numbe≥ tha⌠ wa≤ no⌠ active. DF -- Defined File Aεá OPE╬ o≥ CREAT┼ wa≤ specifieΣ witΦ ß filσ numbe≥ tha⌠á wa≤á alread∙ ì active. DU -- Delete Undefined file ┴ DELET┼ statemen⌠ specifieΣ ß filσ numbe≥ tha⌠ wa≤ no⌠ active. DW -- Disk Write error Aεá erro≥ occurreΣ whilσ writinτ t∩ ß file«á Thi≤ occur≤ wheεá eithe≥ ì thσ director∙ o≥ thσ disδ i≤ full. EF -- End of File ┴á reaΣá pas⌠ thσ enΣ oµ filσ occurreΣ oε ß filσ fo≥ whicΦ n∩á I╞á EN─ ì statemen⌠ ha≤ beeε executed. ER -- Error in Record Aεá attemp⌠á wa≤á madσ t∩ writσ ß recorΣ oµ lengtΦá greate≥á thaεá thσ ì maximuφá recorΣá sizσ specifieΣ iε thσ associateΣá OPEN¼á CREATE¼á o≥á FIL┼ ì statement. FR -- File Rename Aε attemp⌠ wa≤ madσ t∩ renamσ ß filσ t∩ aε existinτ filσ name. FT -- File Toggle A FILE statement was executed when 20 files were already active. FU -- File Undefined Aε attemp⌠ wa≤ madσ t∩ reaΣ o≥ writσ t∩ ß filσ tha⌠ wa≤ no⌠ active. IF -- Invalid File name A file name was invalid. IR -- Invalid Record number A record number less than one was specified. IV -- Invalid Version Aεá attemp⌠á wa≤ madσ t∩ executσ aε IN╘ filσ createΣ b∙á ßá Versioεá ▒ ì Compiler. IX -- ?? ┴áá FEN─á statemen⌠á wa≤á encountereΣá prio≥á t∩á executinτá ßá RETUR╬ ì statement. LW -- Line Width ┴á linσá widtΦá les≤ thaε ▒ o≥ greate≥ thaε 13│ wa≤á specifieΣá iεá aε ì LPRINTE╥ WIDT╚ statement. ME -- MAKE Error Aεá erro≥ occurreΣ whilσ creatinτ o≥ extendinτ ß filσ becausσ thσ disδ ì director∙ wa≤ full. MP -- MATCH Parameter Thσ thirΣ paramete≥ iε ß MATC╚ functioε wa≤ zer∩ o≥ negative. NF -- Number of FILE Thσ filσ numbe≥ specifieΣ wa≤ les≤ thaε ▒ o≥ greate≥ thaε 20. NM -- No Memory There was insufficient memory to load the program. NN -- No Number field Aε attemp⌠ wa≤ madσ t∩ prin⌠ ß numbe≥ witΦ ß PRIN╘ USIN╟ statemen⌠ bu⌠ ì therσ wa≤ no⌠ ß numeriπ datß fielΣ iε thσ USIN╟ string. NS -- No String field Aε attemp⌠ wa≤ madσ t∩ prin⌠ ß strinτ witΦ ß PRIN╘ USIN╟ statemen⌠ bu⌠ ì therσ wa≤ no⌠ ß strinτ fielΣ iε thσ USIN╟ string. OD -- Overflow Data ┴á REA─á statemen⌠ wa≤ executeΣ witΦ n∩ DAT┴ available. OE -- OPEN Error Aε attemp⌠ wa≤ madσ t∩ OPE╬ ß filσ tha⌠ didn'⌠ exis⌠ anΣ fo≥ whicΦá n∩ ì I╞ EN─ statemen⌠ haΣ beeε previousl∙ executed. OI -- ON Index Thσá expressioεá specifieΣá iεá aε O╬ ..«á GOSU┬ o≥á aεá O╬á ..«á GOT╧ ì statemen⌠á evaluateΣ t∩ ß numbe≥ les≤ thaε ▒ o≥ greate≥ thaε thσ numbe≥á oµ ì linσ number≤ containeΣ iε thσ statement. OM -- Overflow Memory The program ran out of memory during execution. QE -- Quote Error Aε attemp⌠ wa≤ madσ t∩ PRIN╘ t∩ ß filσ ß strinτ containinτ ß quotatioε ì mark. RB -- Random BUFF Randoφá acces≤ wa≤ attempteΣ t∩ ß filσ activateΣ witΦ thσ BUF╞á optioε ì specifying more than 1 buffer. RE -- READ Error Aε attemp⌠ wa≤ madσ t∩ reaΣ pas⌠ thσ enΣ oµ ß recorΣ iε ß fixeΣ file. RG -- RETURN with no GOSUB A RETURN occurred for which there was no GOSUB. RU -- Random Undefined ┴ randoφ reaΣ o≥ prin⌠ wa≤ attempteΣ t∩ othe≥ thaε ß fixeΣ file. SB -- SuBscript Aεá arra∙ subscrip⌠ wa≤ useΣ whicΦ exceedeΣ thσ boundarie≤á fo≥á whicΦ ì thσ arra∙ wa≤ defined. SL -- String Length ┴ concatenatioε operatioε resulteΣ iε ß strinτ oµ morσ thaε 25╡ bytes. SO -- SAVEMEM Thσ filσ specifieΣ iε ß SAVEME═ statemen⌠ coulΣ no⌠ bσ locateΣ oεá thσ ì referenced disk. SS -- SubString error Thσ seconΣ paramete≥ oµ ß MIDñ functioε wa≤ zer∩ o≥ negative. TF -- Too many Files Aε attemp⌠ wa≤ madσ t∩ havσ morσ thaε 2░ activσ file≤ simultaneously. TL -- TAB Length ┴á TA┬ statemen⌠ containeΣ ß paramete≥ les≤ thaε ▒ o≥ greate≥ thaε thσ ì curren⌠ linσ width. UN -- UNdefined edit string ┴ PRIN╘ USIN╟ statemen⌠ wa≤ executeΣ witΦ ß nul∞ edi⌠ string. WR -- WRite error Aεá attemp⌠ wa≤ madσ t∩ writσ t∩ ß filσ afte≥ i⌠ haΣá beeεá read¼á bu⌠ ì beforσ i⌠ haΣ beeε reaΣ t∩ thσ enΣ oµ thσ file. :CBASIC: CBASIC Reserved Words ABS AND AS ASC ATN BUFF CALL CHAIN CHR$ CLOSE COMMAND$ COMMON CONCHAR% CONSOLE CONSTAT% COS CREATE DATA DEF DELETE DIM ELSE END EQ EXP FEND FILE FOR FRE GE GO GOSUB GOTO GT IF INITIALIZE INP INPUT INT INT% LE LEFT$ LEN LET LINE LOG LPRINTER LT MATCH MID$ NE NEXT NOT ON OPEN OR OUT PEEK POKE POS PRINT RANDOMIZE READ RECL RECS REM REMARK RENAME RESTORE RETURN RIGHT$ RND SADD SGN SIN SIZE SQR STEP STOP STR$ SUB TAB TAN THEN TO UCASE$ USING VAL WEND WHILE WIDTH XOR :CBASIC2: Expression Hierarchy The Hierarchy for expression evaluation is a follows -- 1. nested parentheses () 2. power operator ^ 3. * / 4. + - concatenation[+] unary[+ -] 5. relational operators: < <= > >= = <> LT LE GT GE EQ NE 6. NOT 7. AND 8. OR XOR :CBASIC2: Predefined Functions I/O Functions CONSTATÑ - Return≤ thσ consolσ statu≤ a≤ aε integer«á Iµ ready¼ ß logica∞ ì TRUE is returned. èCONCHAR% - Reads one character from the console device. Machine-Language Functions PEEK (<exp>) - Return≤á thσá content≤á oµá thσ memor∙ locatioεá giveεá b∙á thσ ì expression. POKE <exp>, <exp> - Low-orde≥ eigh⌠ bit≤ oµ seconΣ expressioε arσ storeΣ iεá memor∙ ì location selected by first expression. CALL <exp> - CALL a machine language program at address specified. SAVEMEM <constant>, <exp> - Reservσá <constant╛ numbe≥ oµ byte≤ anΣ loaΣ thσ filσ specifieΣ ì by the string <exp> into the reserved area. Numeric Functions FRE ABS(x) INT(x) INT%(x) FLOAT(i%) RND SGN(x) ATN(x) COS(x) EXP(x) LOG(x) [e] SIN(x) SQR(x) TAN(x) String Functions ASC(a$) CHR$(i%) LEFT$(a$,i%) LEN(a$) UCASE$(a$) MATCH(a$,b$,i%) MID$(a$,i%,j%) RIGHT$(a$,i%) STR$(x) VAL(a$) COMMAND$ SADD(a$) Disk Functions RENAME(a$,b$) SIZE(a$) User-Defined Functions The general forms are -- [<line number>] DEF <function name> [<dummy arg list>] = <expression> and [<line number>] DEF <function name> [<dummy arg list>] . . . [<line number>] FEND