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- THAT WONDERFUL WRITING MACHINE
-
- The first typewriter appeared on the market in 1874, a
- product of the American inventor Christopher Latham Sholes.
- Called the "Remington" after its manufacturer, E. Remington and
- Sons, gunsmiths of Ilion, New York, it possessed many features
- that have remained standard on typewriters for over a century,
- including: levered keys, an inked ribbon, logical keyboard
- arrangement, and a rotating cylinder that controlled line feed,
- carriage return, and spacing of characters.
-
- The Remington Model 2, which appeared in 1878, featured a
- "shift key" which made possible printing both upper and lowercase
- letters. For many years this model competed with another popular
- typewriter having a double keyboard that contained a separate key
- for every character, both upper or lowercase. However, a scheme
- of typewriter operation called "touch typing," which required a
- compact keyboard of the kind offered by the Remington Model 2,
- eventually determined that only the Remington and like models
- would survive.
-
- Early typewriters did not allow the operator to view the
- words being typed, since the keys struck the paper at a point on
- the underside of the platten. In 1883 the first
- "visible-writing" typewriters appeared. In these machines the
- keys struck the top of the cylinder. Although an improvement, it
- was still an awkward configuration, and in 1890 an American
- inventor named John N. Williams finally produced a typewriter in
- which the keys struck the front of the cylinder.
-
- From these early beginnings to well past the middle of the
- 20th century, the typewriter underwent few significant changes.
- It did, of course, become quieter and more fashionably
- streamlined, and certain compact models appeared answering the
- need for portability. One notable advance came in 1920 when an
- inventor named John Smathers produced an electric typewriter, and
- again, in 1961 when a company called IBM introduced a model on
- which the typefont was held not on permanently mounted keybars,
- but on a removeable ball, that allowed the operator to change
- typefaces.
-
- In the late 1970's an invention appeared that presented the
- first serious challenge to the typewriter as the most widely used,
- manually operated printing device. This was the "word processor,"
- a text editing program for home and business microcomputers.
-
- The first word processing systems were, for the most part,
- awkward and inefficient, with complicated command structures that
- baffled and frustrated their users. Nevertheless, they were
- accepted, even embraced, by many practical persons who recognized
- their advance over the typewriter.
-
- The early 1980's saw the first major breakthrough in the
- evolution of word processors, one which marked the doom of the
- typewriter as an efficient means of producing typewritten
- documents. This was "Perfect Writer," a word processing program
- possessing several remarkable and distinguishing features, among
- them: `pop-up' command menus, multiple document handling,
- two-window display, and automatic formatting.
-
- Throughout the 1980's Perfect Writer dominated the market in
- word processing, consistently outperforming other word
- processors, presenting innovations that astounded competitors as
- much as they delighted users. In all, by the early 1990's
- Perfect Writer had become so widely known and respected for its
- quality, ease of use, and reliability, as to be regarded as the
- standard in the field.
-
- In all of this the lowly typewriter, which had served
- mankind so loyally for so long, passed quickly into oblivion.
- Within a few short years, even the most sophisticated electric
- typewriters, possessing such gadgetry as ear phones, line memory,
- automatic erasers, detachable keyboards, associated file drawers,
- held value only as collector's items. Many found their way into
- museums or into the hands of private collectors. By the
- beginning of the 21st century the only persons reportedly still
- using a typewriter to produce typed copy were tribesmen in remote
- islands of the South Pacific.
-
- That "Wonderful Writing Machine" had gone the way of Rock n'
- Roll music, gasoline powered cars, and paper money!