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- >a3:" LESSON6 -- Setting Up the Spreadsheet As You Like It
- >a5:" In this lesson we will examine some command procedures that you
- >a6:" are sure to appreciate: justifying entries within their columns;
- >a7:" changing column widths to accommodate large or small data elements;
- >a8:" and changing the display format (Perfect Calc allows you to display
- >a9:" numeric values as whole numbers, decimals, dollars & cents, as well
- >a10:" as graphically).
- >a12:" For this lesson, we will be creating a spreadsheet from scratch.
- >a13:" Our first step is to split the screen horizontally and move the cursor
- >a14:" to the top window. To do this position the cursor at 'a11' and give
- >a15:" the following commands:
- >a17:" Control--x 2 CREATE TWO WINDOWS Command
- >a19:" Control--x o Switch to OTHER WINDOW Command
- >a22:" In the top window create a new file by giving the FIND FILE
- >a23:" command: (Control--X Control--F) .
- >a25:" Ask to find the new file 'b:sales.pc' .
- >a27:" Perfect Calc displays an empty spreadsheet. We will build this
- >a28:" spreadsheet showing monthly sales figures for a business. It will look
- >a29:" like this:
- >a31:" | a || b ||c|| d || e
- >a32:" 1 Month Sales Graph
- >a33:" 2 ----- ----- -----
- >a34:" 3 January 152,000.00
- >a35:" 4 February 133,854.00
- >a36:" 5 March 141,000.59 {NOTE: This is a text file, it
- >a37:" 6 April 82,000.00 contains no data that can be
- >a38:" 7 May 198,000.00 copied. Also, when copying
- >a39:" 8 June 305,000.00 be sure NOT to enter the commas,
- >a40:" 10 TOTAL SALES: sum(b3:b8) Perfect Calc supplies these.}
- >a42:" However, before we begin entering these figures, let us modify
- >a43:" the blank spreadsheet so that it will accommodate this data.
- >a45:" CHANGING THE COLUMN WIDTH
- >a46:" First, let us change the column width of 'a' from its default
- >a47:" width of 9 characters to 15 characters. With the cursor anywhere in
- >a48:" column 'a', type the CHANGE COLUMN WIDTH Command: Control--x w
- >a49:" Perfect Calc responds with the message: "Global or Column?"
- >a50:" Since "global" applies to the entire spreadsheet, type a 'c' to indi-
- >a51:" cate the change only applies to the column which the cursor is current-
- >a52:" ly occupying. Perfect Calc echoes this response with the message:
- >a53:" "Column a: "
- >a55:" Type the new column width of '15' followed by a carriage return.
- >a56:" Perfect Calc immediately enlarges column 'a' to 15 characters.
- >a58:" In the same way change columns 'b' and 'd' to 12 characters, and 'c'
- >a59:" to 2 characters. Following this you are ready to begin entering data.
- >a61:" In position 'a1', 'b1', and 'd1' enter the labels "MONTH",
- >a62:" "SALES", and "GRAPH" respectively. Unless told otherwise, Perfect
- >a63:" Calc will place these labels against the left margin of their entry
- >a64:" boxes. Since column headings look better 'centered', let us center
- >a65:" these headings in their respective columns.
- >a66:" With the cursor anywhere in line 1 type the JUSTIFY ENTRY Command:
- >a67:" Control--x j
- >a68:" Perfect Calc responds with the message:
- >a69:" "Justify: Global, Line, or Column?"
- >a70:" Enter 'l' for line. Perfect Calc responds: "Line 1:"
- >a71:" Here you can respond in one of several ways. Type a question
- >a72:" mark to see what your choices are: " ? ". The appropriate choice is
- >a73:" is 'c' for 'center'. Perfect Calc centers all entries in line 1.
- >a74:" As you can see Perfect Calc also lets you 'left justify' and
- >a75:" 'right justify' entries (Left and Right).
- >a77:" In line 2 enter as labels the three short rows of five hyphens
- >a78:" in columns 'a', 'b', and 'd'. REMEMBER: A hyphen is really a 'minus'
- >a79:" sign and will signal a number if not preceded by a double quote ( " ).
- >a81:" The rows of hyphens (which will serve as underlines) should be as
- >a82:" long as the characters in the heading of the column.
- >a84:" Afterwards center these labels using the JUSTIFY ENTRY Command:
- >a85:" Control--x j
- >a87:" Now, enter the first six months and their respective numeric values
- >a88:" into lines 3 to 8. Indent each month 2 spaces from the left margin by
- >a89:" padding each label with two leading blanks. Scroll these instructions
- >a90:" backwards and copy the data from the sample screen previously shown.
- >a91:" REMEMBER TO RETURN HERE AFTER ENTERING THE DATA!
- >a94:" Be sure to enter in position 'b9' the formula:
- >a96:" FORMULA: b9=sum(b3:b8)
- >a98:" As soon as you enter this formula Perfect Calc will perform a
- >a99:" recalculation and display a value for 'Total Sales'. As you can see
- >a100:" Perfect Calc normally displays all numeric values showing two decimal
- >a101:" places. However, this 'display format' can be changed.
- >a103:" Type the CHANGE DISPLAY FORMAT Command:
- >a104:" Control--x d
- >a105:" Perfect Calc responds: "Display: Global, Line, or Column?"
- >a106:" Select 'g' for 'global'. Perfect Calc echoes: "Global: "
- >a107:" As with similar commands, to see the options you now have, press
- >a108:" a question mark, ' ? '. Perfect Calc responds with the choices:
- >a109:" " 0 to 13, Sci, * , $ , Formula, or <CR> "
- >a110:" These are the numeric display options available. Typing a number
- >a111:" between 0 and 13 produces a display that many decimal places for each
- >a112:" number. However, type a ' 0 '.
- >a114:" Perfect Calc displays the numbers as integers, showing no decimal
- >a115:" places.
- >a117:" Type the CHANGE DISPLAY FORMAT again, this time selecting 's' for
- >a118:" 'Sci' (or scientific notation). In this format all values are
- >a119:" displayed showing two places after the exponent 'E'.
- >a120:" This display notation is commonly used for displaying very large or
- >a121:" very small numbers. Perfect Calc will use it automatically for any
- >a122:" number which is too large or too small to fit into the entry box.
- >a123:" Type the command again, selecting 'f' for 'formula display'.
- >a124:" This option causes all formulas in the line, column, or spreadsheet
- >a125:" to display at their entry position. The formula computing 'Total
- >a126:" Sales' should be displaying at location 'b9'.
- >a128:" Type the command again, selecting ' $ ' for 'dollars and cents'.
- >a129:" (If you work with financial figures this is a display format which you
- >a130:" may want to use frequently.) Answering 'no' to "Display cents?"
- >a131:" causes Perfect Calc to round all figures to the nearest dollar. Notice
- >a132:" that commas are inserted for extra readability.
- >a135:" Finally, typing a carriage return in response to the display
- >a136:" format request, causes the default value of two decimal places to
- >a137:" be restored.
- >a139:" Selecting a star ( * ) causes numeric values to display in
- >a140:" graphic notation. This option is useful for constructing bar graphs,
- >a141:" which is what we are going to do now.
- >a143:" CONSTRUCTING A BAR GRAPH
- >a145:" Suppose that we wish to represent each of our monthly sales
- >a146:" figures graphically in order to get a better idea of their relation-
- >a147:" ship to each other. Position the cursor in column 'd', which we
- >a148:" have purposely enlarged to accommodate a bar graph.
- >a150:" In a bar graph, numeric values are displayed using stars or
- >a151:" asterisks ' * ' . A number will be represented by as many stars
- >a152:" as its value warrants. Stars will be inserted in the entry position
- >a154:" starting at the lefthand edge of the column. If the numeric value
- >a155:" is zero or less, nothing will be displayed. If the value is greater
- >a156:" than the column width, the entire column will be filled with stars.
- >a158:" The numeric values in column 'b' are so large that even the
- >a159:" smallest one will completely fill its entry position. The figures
- >a160:" need to be proportionally 'scaled' so that they will fit in the
- >a161:" column while still maintaining a correct relation to each other.
- >a163:" To generate a 'normalized' bar graph in column 'd', move the
- >a164:" cursor to position 'd3' and type the CHANGE DISPLAY FORMAT Command
- >a165:" (Control--x d ), followed by 'c' for column, and ' * " for graphic
- >a166:" notation format. Column 'd' is now ready to display numeric values
- >a167:" in graphic notation.
- >a168:" Next, 'scale' the numeric data that will go into column 'd'
- >a169:" using a formula of the form:
- >a170:" "dx = <width of column 'd'> * bx / max(bx:bn) "
- >a171:" where 'x' and 'n' are the line numbers of the first and last entries
- >a172:" in column 'b' respectively.
- >a174:" This formula will produce a scaled numeric constant to represent
- >a175:" each sales figure in column 'b'. Replicated to each entry box in
- >a176:" column 'd' it will produce a series of such constants each proportional
- >a177:" to the largest sales value of column 'b'. As such they will display
- >a178:" accurately as stars in column 'd'.
- >a180:" For position 'd3' this formula becomes:
- >a182:" d3 = 12 * b3 / max(b3:b8)
- >a183:" Copy this formula using the COPY ENTRY Command: Control--w
- >a184:" Perfect Calc copies the formula into the Save Buffer.
- >a185:" Set a mark at 'd3' using the SET MARK Command: Escape...<space bar>
- >a186:" afterwards moving the cursor to position 'd8'. Replicate the formula
- >a187:" to every position in column 'd' by hitting the YANKBACK Command:
- >a188:" Escape...y
- >a189:" Perfect Calc asks you to identify the 'relative' variables in the
- >a190:" formula. The first variable 'b3' is 'relative' {answer 'y'}. The
- >a191:" second two variables contained within the 'max' function are 'absolute'
- >a192:" {thus answer 'n'}.
- >a194:" Perfect Calc enters the formula into positions 'd3' to 'd8', thereby
- >a195:" constructing the bar graph.
- >a197:" Enlarging the width of column 'd' will necessarily increase the
- >a198:" resolution of the bar graph. Do that now. Change the column width
- >a199:" of 'd' from 12 characters to 25 characters, using the CHANGE COLUMN
- >a200:" WIDTH Command, Control--x w . Besides changing the actual
- >a201:" width of the column, you must also edit and re-replicate the formula.
- >a204:" This concludes Lesson 6. The next lesson introduces the power of
- >a205:" 'associated files'.
- >a208:" If you want to proceed to the next lesson use the CLEAR ENTIRE
- >a209:" MEMORY Command and then call up 'b:lesson7.pc' with the FIND FILE
- >a210:" command.
- >a214:" If you do not wish to continue, type the QUIT Command:
- >a216:" Control--x Control--c
- >a218:" Answer 'yes' to Perfect Calc's message "Ignore changes this
- >a219:" session?"
- >a220:" END OF LESSON 6
- >a1