CP/M/CPM_CDROM.iso/enterprs/cpm/utils/a/expres11.arc/EXPRESS1.DOC

Text File | 1985-12-31 | 99.0 KB | 2,324 lines

Dear Computer Abuser.. ..er, I mean User:

The EXPRESS 1.0 full screen editor on this disk is NOT A TOY. It is a full
featured screen editor with all the commands the 'big boys' have, plus
several unique features that make it a must on everybody's system disk.

SPECIAL FEATURES

Just to get your attention in the first 100 words: EXPRESS includes a
built in macro key translator and editor for reducing long tedious
operations to a single key. Macro definitions can be saved to a disk
file for later use.

EXPRESS also can access files in any user area (can your current editor
be executed from A12: to edit a file in B2: and include into the text a
file from A15:???) Other features include a built in DIR command that
shows disk capacity and file sizes (of files in any user area, of
course), a built in TYPE command (that TYPEs files in any user area, get
the picture?)

EXPRESS can be installed on any CP/M 2.2 system with at least 48k of
memory and a terminal with direct cursor addressing. Installation for
different systems is as simple as picking a name from a menu (or adding
your own entry to the menu if you have something really obscure.)



EXPRESS is not a word processor; it was not written for secretaries
(although they could grow just as fond of it if given the chance).
EXPRESS was written BY programmers FOR programmers and it shows. Extra
effort was taken to assure fast operation, efficient use of memory,
flexibility, configurablity, and of course power.

The Search routines, for instance, went through several different ideas
and implementations before we finally settled on the fastest. The
standard BYTE searching benchmark now runs faster with EXPRESS on a 4Mhz
Z80 than it runs with the Turbo Pascal(tm) editor running on an 8 Mhz
80186!! The scrolling has been optimized as well; while it is not up to
the memory mapped speeds of some 'hardware specific' editors  on the
market, it is much faster than Turbo or WordStar(tm).



EXPRESS Version 1.0 is a preliminary and limited implementation
of the EXPRESS full screen editor and is distributed without
charge, as a sample intended to introduce users to the power and
potential of the EXPRESS full screen editor. Version 1.0 does not
contain all the enhancements of Version 2.0. Those functions which
were not implemented in Version 1.0 are indicated on the command page
with a (#). A brief list of the version 2.0 enhancements follows:

        * Full use  of 32 user areas

        * Edit files any size (not just limited to memory size)

        * ERASE, COPY and RENAME implemented

        * unlimited number of macro key definitions

        * size of marked text block limited only by memory size

        * full, dynamic (as you type) wordwrap

        * fully definable tab stops

        * Literal or "case ignoring" search

        * Sorted Directory

        * Full 91 page manual included

You are authorized and encouraged to freely copy and distribute copies
of EXPRESS Version 1.0 to friends and bulletin boards. We believe that
you should be allowed to use and appreciate a software package before
having to spend any of your hard-earned money. We ask only that this
full documentation be included in copies you distribute.


WE MUST INSIST THAT EXPRESS 1.0 NOT BE DISTRIBUTED FOR FINANCIAL GAIN.


As software users ourselves, we also believe that current software
prices are much too high for the average computer user. Because of
this, we are selling EXPRESS version 2.0 for only $34.95, POSTAGE AND
HANDLING INCLUDED (in USA).

EXPRESS Version 2.0 may be purchased by sending a check or money order
for $34.95  (postage and handling included) to the address listed
below. In return, you will receive a disk containing Version 2.0 (or
the latest version), the full printed documentation and any recent
user news. You will also be placed on our list of registered users.
Further information may be obtained from:


        TCI
        17733 205th Ave. NE
        Woodinville, Washington 98072


      EXPRESS (c) Copyright 1984, 1985 TCI  All rights reserved.



*******************************************************************************
*                                                                             *
*                EXPRESS 2.0 Full Screen Editor Overview                      *
*                                                                             *
*                                                                             *
*       * FULL Access to all   32 USER AREAS   with ALL editor commands.      *
*                                                                             *
*       * EASILY CONFIGURED   for any Terminal / computer                     *
*                                                                             *
*       * Terminal data base for   QUICK and EASY SETUP   for your            *
*         computer or terminal (over 50 terminals pre-defined)                *
*                                                                             *
*       * Flexible terminal definition to easily accomodate a wide range      *
*         of terminals (even ANSI standard and different screen sizes)        *
*                                                                             *
*       * DEFAULT tab stops and MODE SETTINGS   can be setup by the user      *
*                                                                             *
*       * USER DEFINABLE   Keyboard command layout                            *
*         (emulate function and control keys of other editor                  *
*                                                                             *
*       * Takes advantage of the POWERFUL string handling                     *
*         instructions of the Z-80                                            *
*                                                                             *
*       * NO LIMIT ON FILE SIZE                                               *
*                                                                             *
*       * Easily accomodates lines longer than 80 characters                  *
*                                                                             *
*       * FULL RECOVERY FROM DISK FULL   conditions                           *
*                                                                             *
*       * FULL CURSOR CONTROL   (and then some!)                              *
*         (character, word, line, etc)                                        *
*                                                                             *
*       * Variable Speed   (FAST!!)  , bidirectional   Auto-Scroll            *
*                                                                             *
*       * UNDELETE   word/line/end of line                                    *
*                                                                             *
*       * Full complement of   TEXT BLOCK   functions                         *
*                                                                             *
*               Block Copy                                                    *
*               Block Move                                                    *
*               Block Delete                                                  *
*               Block Kill                                                    *
*               Block Save to disk                                            *
*               Include block from disk                                       *
*               Block Print                                                   *
*                                                                             *
*       * All block functions directly callable from Edit                     *
*         or Command mode.                                                    *
*                                                                             *
*       * CPM functions "outer shell". While editing, you can:                *
*                                                                             *
*                 TYPE   any file from any disk/user area                     *
*                 COPY   any file from/to any disk/user area                  *
*                 ERASE   any file from any disk/user area                    *
*                 RENAME   any file in any disk/user area                     *
*                 DIR  ectory includes file sizes and disk usage for          *
*                         any disk/user area                                  *
*                 LOG   any disk/user area as the default                     *
*                                                                             *
*******************************************************************************

*******************************************************************************
*                                                                             *
*     Built in   MACRO KEY TRANSLATOR                                         *
*                                                                             *
*               Any number of input keys translated to any length output      *
*               (up to 256 characters per macro key)                          *
*                                                                             *
*               Errors while defining macro keys can be corrected with        *
*               a backspace key.                                              *
*                                                                             *
*                 UNLIMITED NUMBER   of translations available                *
*                                                                             *
*                 SAVE   your definitions on disk for later use               *
*                                                                             *
*                 READ   pre-defined keyboard macros from disk                *
*                                                                             *
*               Macro key table can be cleared at any time to                 *
*               reclaim use of memory                                         *
*                                                                             *
*       * SEARCH and REPLACE   Commands                                       *
*                                                                             *
*                 FAST !!!   We use the power of the Z-80 instruction set     *
*                                                                             *
*               Global or selective replace                                   *
*                                                                             *
*               Literal or "Ignore Case" search                               *
*                                                                             *
*               Goto   PAGE   "N" command                                     *
*                                                                             *
*               Goto   LINE   "N" command                                     *
*                                                                             *
*       * WORD WRAP   mode functions                                          *
*                                                                             *
*               Dynamic   WRAP/UNWRAP mode   while you type  , as well as     *
*               an Explicit reformat command                                  *
*                                                                             *
*               SET LEFT AND RIGHT MARGINS   to any column                    *
*                                                                             *
*                                                                             *
*       * TAB   functions                                                     *
*                                                                             *
*               Tabs are easy to setup,   explicit columns or incremental     *
*                                                                             *
*               Tab characters can actually be inserted in file               *
*               or spaces used instead (ala Turbo)                            *
*                                                                             *
*       * Without exiting the editor   you can:                               *
*                                                                             *
*               END  - edit of current file to edit another (NEW)             *
*               QNEW - Abort edit of this file and edit another               *
*               SAVE a copy of your current work on disk and be               *
*                    returned to the   exact place you left off               *
*               Goto the   "HEAD"   of the file (multiple buffers)            *
*                                                                             *
*       * INEXPENSIVE   - $34.95   including   shipping and handling.         *
*                                                                             *
*                                                                             *
*                           TCI                                               *
*                           17733 205th Ave. NE                               *
*                           Woodinville, WA  98072                            *
*                                                                             *
*******************************************************************************

                 EDITING_COMMANDS_QUICK_REFERENCE

    CURSOR_MOVEMENT

    Cursor Left.........^H (______)     Next Tab............^I (______)
    Cursor Right........^L (______)     Previous Tab......  ^I (______)
    Cursor Up...........^K (______)
    Cursor Down.........^J (______)     Next Word...........^W (______)
                                        Previous Word.......^A (______)
    Indent............^U^W (______)
    Undent............^U^A (______)

    Start of Line.....^U^H (______)     End of Line.......^U^L (______)
    Top of Screen.....^U^K (______)     Bottom of Line....^U^J (______)
    Top of Buffer.....^U^R (______)     Bottom of Buffer..^U^T (______)

    Start of Line/Screen/Buffer.....^^ <HOME> (______)
    End of Line/Screen/Buffer.......^N        (______)
    Carriage Return.................^M <CR>   (______)

    SCROLLING

    Scroll Down One Line..^F (______)  Down Continuously..^U^F (______)
    Scroll Up One Line....^G (______)  Up Continuously....^U^G (______)

    Next Page.............^T (______)  Center Cursor Line...^] (______)
    Previous Page.........^R (______)

    EDITING_COMMANDS

    Rubout.............<RUB> (______)  Delete Word..........^V (______)
    Delete Character......^D (______)  UNdelete Word......^U^V (______)

    Insert Single Space...^E (______)  Delete End of Line...^Y (______)
    Partial Insert Mode...^Q (______)  UNdel End of Line..^U^Y (______)
    Toggle Full Insert..^U^Q (______)

    Insert Line...........^X (______)  Delete Line..........^Z (______)
    Toggle Entry Mode.....^\ (______)  UNdelete Line......^U^Z (______)

    Break Line............^B (______)
    Concatenate Lines.....^O (______)  Reformat Paragraph.^U^O (______)

    SPECIAL_COMMANDS

    Enter/Leave Command Mode..^[ <ESC> (______)

    Cont. Search/Replace..^S (______)  Literal Next Char....^C (______)
                                       'Bit7' Next Char...^U^C (______)

    BLOCK_COMMANDS

    Set Block Marker....^P^P (______)  Block Copy.........^P^C (______)
    Clear Block Marker..^P^B (______)  Block Move.........^P^M (______)
    Clear all Markers...^P^K (______)  Block Delete.......^P^D (______)

    REPLACE_MODE_COMMANDS

    Continue, No Replace..^S (______)  Replace and Stay...<LF> (______)
    Replace and Cont....<CR> (______)  Center on Screen.....^] (______)

    Begin Editing.............(Any other Key)
Hardware Requirements

EXPRESS requires a Z-80 microprocessor with a minimum of 48K bytes of
memory and the CP/M 2.2 operating system. The video display terminal
should have at least 64 columns (characters per line) and direct cursor
addressing.

   Overview

EXPRESS will edit any ASCII file created under the standard CP/M text
storage format used by ED and most other editors; i.e., every line is
followed by a carriage return/linefeed and the end of the file is marked
with a ^Z. EXPRESS performs simple formatting automatically during
editing by providing the user with dynamic word wrap and unwrap. When
a more sophisticated output is desired, (such as footnotes, page
numbering, right justification, etc.), the output file can be sent to a
text formatter such as ROFF4, a very complete public domain program
available on SIG/M volume 174.

EXPRESS was written to be fast, powerful, and flexible. The editing
commands can be configured to look exactly like any other editor with
which you are familiar. This lets you switch over from another system
painlessly while gaining the advantages of EXPRESS (such as fast
operation, full use of CP/M user areas, etc.).

EXPRESS has two distinct modes of operation - "COMMAND" mode and "EDIT"
mode. Edit mode is used for entering and editing text. Command mode
performs more complex operations that involve blocks of text or the
whole file. When in Edit mode, the screen is filled with text (or blank
if creating a new file). When in Command mode, a special menu is
displayed and the cursor is placed on a command input line.

Required Files

The only files needed to use EXPRESS are E.COM and EXPRESS.OVL.
EXPRESS.OVL contains overlays for some of the extended commands
available from command mode. Both files together take about 24k bytes of
disk space.

Naming the command file E.COM is more evidence of our commitment to fast
operation. We found that no matter what name we gave our editor (and the
name was changed many times since its inception), we always renamed the
command file to "E.COM" anyway. Although "E" isn't as descriptive as
some multi-character name, it is much faster to type. When you are as
impatient as we are, any unnecessary keystroke gets in your way.

E.COM will find EXPRESS.OVL if it is in any user area on CP/M's current
"default drive" (as indicated by the CP/M ?> prompt) or in any user area
on drive A. This means you need only one copy of EXPRESS.OVL on the
system. You can actually edit files without having EXPRESS.OVL on any
disk at all. If EXPRESS cannot find EXPRESS.OVL anywhere, you will lose
only the use of Block Commands, Macro Key Commands, and System Commands,
but no other functions will be affected.

Getting Started

Run ECONFIG on the working disk and select the <T>erminal Installation
command to install EXPRESS for your system. If you don't want to install
different command keys than those we have provided or set up different
default parameters, you can skip the next two paragraphs and get right
down to brass tacks. Otherwise...

While running ECONFIG, if you are extremely familiar with the control
characters for some other full screen editor and would like to stick
with them instead of using ours, they can be changed using the <C>ommand
Installation command in ECONFIG.

Since EXPRESS uses so little disk space, you may want to keep a copy on
each of your working disks. These can each be set up with different
tabs, margins, and other default parameters that are appropriate for the
files on that disk (ie. FORTRAN, PASCAL, ASSEMBLER, text files). The
default parameters are set up using the <D>efault Parameter Selection
command in ECONFIG.

You are now ready to take advantage of the speed and power of EXPRESS.

To edit an existing file with EXPRESS, type the following command at the
operating system prompt:

A>e d:fid.ext

where 'fid.ext' is the name of the file you wish to edit and 'd:' is the
drive where the file is located. EXPRESS will load the requested file
into memory and place you in Command Mode (or Edit Mode if you told it
to do so with ECONFIG).

To create a new file, the command is the same. When EXPRESS discovers
that the file does not exist, it will ask the question:

Create New File D:FID.EXT? (Y/N)

Responding 'N' will allow you to correct the file name if in error,
responding 'Y' will create the file and allow you to enter and edit
text.

If you type 'e' with no filename following, you will be prompted for a
'File to Edit'. While entering and editing at this prompt, all of the
normal EXPRESS editing commands are available, such as cursor movement,
character insertion and deletion, etc.

Memory Overflow Handling

When you are close to overflowing the edit buffer, EXPRESS will
automatically write out one page (screen) of the buffer to the disk.
This will take a second or so and after it is done, you may continue
editing. If you were editing in the first page of the buffer at the time
the overflow occurred, you will have to go to command mode and execute
the HEAD command to get back to where you were; otherwise, you will be
left exactly where you were before the overflow.

If you find that you are overflowing memory often, you will probably
want to raise the amount of free memory left after a disk read. This can
be done with the <D>efault parameters option of the ECONFIG program that
comes on the distribution disk.

Disk Full Error Handling

If at any time during a disk operation, the disk becomes full, the
operation will be stopped and the message 'The Disk is Full!' will be
printed on the error line. You cannot write any more to disk until you
remedy the problem.

You have several options at this point, the most undesirable one being
to QUIT out of the edit. If you really would like to save what you have
just entered (most likely you would) you can use the DIR command to
check the disk you are working on to see if any files can be deleted.
Good candidates for this are files with a .BAK extension. If there are
any files that are not needed, erase them with the ERASE command. Now,
re-execute the command that caused the disk full error.

If there aren't any files on the disk that can be deleted, don't get
excited yet. There's still another option. COPY files that you need to
save to another disk and ERASE them from the original. This will free up
disk space that can be used to save the file you are editing. Make sure
you don't change the disks that are already in the drives. If you do,
you may find yourself with an ugly error message from the operating
system.

If you are anything short of totally careless, you should always be able
to come away from a disk full error with a smile on your face.
COMMAND_MODE

Command Mode is used for tasks too involved and complicated to be
handled while in Edit Mode. For instance, if a command needs a file
name, it would be most inconvenient to have to type the file name
without being able to go back and edit it as you typed.

Command Mode is entered from edit mode by pressing the <ESC> key (^[),
(______). When you do this, the screen will be cleared and a header
of information will be displayed at the top of the screen, like
this:

The Command Line Prompt

EXPRESS 1.0 Full Screen Editor  Purchaser:
(c) copyright TCI 1984, 1985     Terminal: Snipe-13
A0:Editing B7:JUNK.TXT
>

The letter and number at the beginning of the third line is the current
'default' drive and user area. This is the drive and user area that will
be assumed whenever you type a filename for a command and don't enter a
drive name or user area. The file displayed after 'Editing' is the file
that is currently being edited. If the file is larger than the available
memory (RAM) in your system and the entire file has not yet passed
through the memory buffer, the message 'More of File Still on Disk' will
be displayed following the file name.

The fourth line is the command input line. It contains the prompt '>'
and the cursor is placed immediately after the prompt. This is where all
commands will be input. All of the single line editing commands can be
used when inputting the command line, including cursor movement,
character insertion and deletion, etc.

The line immediately below the prompt line is the 'auxiliary input' line
(for short yes/no questions) and the line below that is the 'error
line'. Any time there is a mistake made in command input (for instance,
if a file doesn't exist) the message telling you so will be printed on
this line.

While in command mode you have access to a variety of useful
functions including: ENDing the editing session, setting the TABS,
SEARCHing for a string of characters, TYPING, RENAMING, COPYing, and
ERAsing files, and many others.

NOTE: (Not all commands are available in EXPRESS version 1.0.)
      (Unavailable commands are denoted with a # on the command page)

COMMANDS

The following is a list of commands executable from the command mode of
EXPRESS. These commands are executed by typing the command and any
arguments that are needed followed by a carriage return, <CR>, which
begins execution of the given command.

The entire word for a command may be entered if you wish to make it
easy to remember, but you are only required to enter the letters
that are shown in upper case in the discussion below. The actual
command which you type in may be in either upper or lower case.

Syntax Conventions

The following descriptions will use these rules of grammer:

[ ] - anything enclosed in brackets is an optional part of the command
      and may be omitted (do not enter the brackets themselves as part
      of the command line).

| -   when there is a choice between two or more arguments, they will be
      separated by a vertical bar.

n -   any positive number less than 32767 (for most commands the highest
      number that will be recognized is much smaller than this)

ccc - any string of characters

du:fid.ext - this is any file, on any disk, in any user area of your
             system where:

         du      - specifies disc and user area
         fid.ext - specified filename and extension

EXPRESS 2.0 recognizes 32 user areas numbered 0-31
EXPRESS 1.0 recognizes only 16 user areas.


Command Groups

The Command Mode commands are logically separated into 6 major groups:

SEARCH -  find a specific string, line, or page in the file replace
          occurrences of one string with another string

EDITING - set parameters that directly affect how text is entered (tabs,
          margins, word wrap)

BLOCK   - perform operations on large "blocks" of text (move, copy,
          delete, include from or save to a file)

MACRO KEY - define macro keys and maintain files of macro key definitions

BUFFER  - change the contents of the edit buffer, end the edit session,
          switch to a new work file.

SYSTEM  - provide CP/M-like commands without having to exit to CP/M.

For convenience, the commands are separated into these categories on the
Command Mode menu and in this manual.

SEARCH COMMANDS

The search and replace strings may be composed of anything that can be
typed in Edit Mode, including control characters and block marker
characters. They are entered the same way you would enter them in Edit
Mode (precede the control character with ^C, (______) and use the 'Set
Block Marker' command ^P^P , (______) to search for a block marker).

The search string begins immediately after the delimiter character
following the 'SEARCH' command on the command line and ends at the next
occurrence of the delimiter. So, if you want to search for the string
'this is it' you could type

    se/this is it/
    s'this is it'
    sea?this is it?

or any other similar entry. The only limitation is that the delimiter
character cannot be an alphabetic character('a'-'z' or 'A'-'Z').

The rules are the same for the replace string, except that the beginning
of the replace string is the first character after the second delimiter
on the line.

      rep/this/that/
             ^ the replace string begins here

Search/ccc/

This command finds the first occurrence of the string 'ccc' following the
current cursor location in the edit buffer. The string to be searched
for can be any length from 1 to 40 characters If the string is found, you
are placed in edit mode with the cursor on the top line of the screen,
directly over the first character of the matching string.

If no occurrences of the string are found, you are told so and remain in
command mode. If this happens, the entire command line that you entered
is left on the command line. All the standard editing commands can be used
on the command input line to change the search string and try again without
having to retype the entire command.

Once the first occurrence of a string is found and you are in edit mode,
you may use the 'continue search' key, ^S (______) to find all other
occurrences of the string.

Replace/this/that/[N]

This command attempts to find the string between the first two
delimiters and, if the string is found, replaces it with the string
between the second and third delimiters.

If you follow the command with 'N' (No-verify) all occurrences of the
search string after the current cursor location in the buffer will be
immediately replaced with the replace string.

If you do not follow the command with 'N' you will be able to
selectively replace some of the occurrences of the string and bypass
others.

In selective replace mode, if the specified string is found anywhere
following the current cursor location in the edit buffer, the cursor is
moved to the first character of the string, just as when you are
searching. At this time you are in edit mode and may begin editing
normally, except that 4 keys temporarily have different actions:

1.  Type ^] (______) to place the line the string was found on
    in the middle of the screen.

2.  Type ^S (______) to find the next occurrence of the string
    without replacing this one.

3.  Type <CR> (^M) to replace this occurrence of the string
    and immediately find the next occurrence.

4.  Type a cursor down or linefeed (^J) (______) to replace
    this occurrence and remain here to do more editing.

After any key (except ^], (______) ) has been typed, these four keys
regain their original meaning and you are completely in Edit Mode.

If you begin editing here or choose option 4, you may still continue the
selective replace operation at any time by pressing ^S (______). This
allows you to do things such as replacing a string and putting a comment
about the replacement at the end of the line before going on to replace
the next occurrence. Once you return to command mode (by typing <ESC>,
(______) ), replace mode is turned off and you will have to execute the
command again to replace any more occurrences. The first time you return
to command mode after starting a 'selective' replace, a message will be
printed below the command line telling how many occurrences of the string
were replaced.

LITeral [On|OFf|True|False] (Literal mode only on EXPRESS 1.0)

This command is used for switching between two modes of searching. If
literal mode is on, you will only find occurrences of exactly what you
typed, (e.g 'se/ONE/' will find 'ONE', but it will not find 'One' or
'one'); if literal mode is off then the same command will find all three
strings, assuming that they occur. Basically, if literal mode is off,
SEARCH and REPLACE does not distinguish between upper and lower case
letters; if literal mode is on then they do distinguish between upper
and lower case.

It should also be pointed out that, when in non-literal mode, a single
space (or tab) in a search string can be matched by any number of spaces
(or tabs, or a combination of tabs and spaces). This means that if you
search for 'I am', you will also find 'I  am' and 'I<tab>am', etc.


Line n

Looks for line number n in the buffer and, if it is there, the edit mode
cursor is positioned to the first column of the desired line. You will
remain in command mode, but next time you go to edit mode ( by typing
<ESC>, (______) ), the cursor will be positioned at the new location.

If the specified line is not currently in the buffer, the message 'Not
in Buffer' is displayed and the edit mode cursor remains in its original
position. If this happens, the line may either be in an as yet unread
portion of the file, or you may have typed in a line number such as '-1'
or '0' (Lines are numbered 1-n).

If no line is specified, the LINE command simply displays the current
line number, along with the tab stops, etc.


Page n

Looks for the nth screenful of lines in the buffer and, if there are
that many 'pages' in the buffer, the edit mode cursor is placed at the
beginning of the desired page. The next time you enter edit mode, you
will be positioned at the new location.

This command is similar to the LINE command except that it only counts
the lines currently in the buffer; it does not keep track of absolute
position in the entire file. It is useful for moving quickly to the
approximate location in the file that you wish to be.

If the specified page is not in the buffer, the message 'Not in Buffer'
is printed and the edit mode cursor remains in its original position.

(For reference - page 1 is the beginning of the buffer (BOB), page two
starts at BOB + (number of lines in display), etc.)


EDITING COMMANDS

Editing commands are used to set certain parameters that affect the way
text is entered and displayed. Commands are included for setting tab
stops, left and right margins, and word wrap mode.

All values of n in these commands should be in the range 1-(no. of
columns on the screen).

Wrap [n]|[On|OFf|True|False] (Dynamic Wrap available only on EXPRESS 2.0)

The Wrap command switches between the two modes of entering and editing
text. When wrap mode is on, the editor will perform automatic word wrap
(without right justification). If any word is overflowing the current
right margin, it will be moved to the beginning of the following line.
When Wrap mode is off, all lines are left as they are and no attention
is paid to the right margin.

When in wrap mode, everything will be wrapped down to the end of the
current paragraph. If a new line is needed at the end of the
paragraph, one will be inserted. Conversely, if words are 'unwrapped'
following a deletion and a line at the end of the paragraph is no longer
needed, it will be deleted. This is all done in real time while you
type. If you use the same margin settings for EXPRESS that you will
be using for your text formatter program, the lines on the screen
will always contain the same words that they will contain when the
file is printed out by the text formatter. They will not however be
right justified on the screen.

For the purposes of word wrapping, a new paragraph is signaled by
one of three circumstances; (1) a blank line, (2) a line with a
space in the column that the INDENT is set to, or (3) a line that
begins with the user specified formatter command character, (.)
(______). This character can be set in the <D>efault settings
section of CONFIG.

Indent [n]

Sets the left margin, or amount of indent, to the specified value. This
margin is respected in wrap mode and in standard mode. The amount of
indent may be changed from within the edit mode by using the indent,
^U^W (______), and undent, ^U^A (______), commands. Refer to the
Edit Mode section for more information on these.

If no value for n is given then the number 1 (the extreme left of the
screen, i.e. no indent) is assumed.

Tabs [i]|[n1,n2,n3,...][,i]|[ON|OFf] (Fixed tab stops only with EXPRESS 1.0)

This command sets the tab stops and allows turning the tabs 'on' (actual
tab characters are inserted) and 'off' (tabs are expanded as spaces).
Tabs are used for columnarizing data and indenting sections of a
computer program, among other things.

Tabs are actually special characters stored in the file that cause
the remainder of the current line to be moved out to the column of
the next tab stop. You will notice that if you move the cursor over
a tab character it will 'jump' from one end of the tab to the other;
this indicates to you that it is really a single character and not
merely a group of spaces.

You can set the tabs at a certain interval by giving a single number on
the command line:

    TABS 8
    t8

sets tabs at 9,17,25,33,41,49,57,65,73... up to the width of the screen
or twenty stops, whichever is less.

It is also possible to set the tabs at individual locations such as:

ta 6,12,20,22,28,46,51,70

which set tabs at exactly the locations specified and no others.
You can combine these two methods if you like, simply by making the last
number you enter smaller than the one preceding it:

T 4 9 22 5

This sets tabs at columns 4, 9, and 22, and every 5 columns afterward.

Using tab characters instead of spaces will give you a much more
compact file; saving you space in memory and on your disk.
Unfortunately, certain programs (such as TURBO PASCAL) will not
handle tabs. If you want tabs to be expanded with spaces instead of
inserting actual tab characters, you can use the command:

TABS OFF

The tab key will still move the cursor to the same positions on the
line, it will just insert a proper number of spaces instead of a single
tab character.

When tabs are ON and you change the TABS setting, you will change the
way that previously entered tab characters are displayed on the screen.
This allows you to look at the same information in several formats
without retyping it. The tabs are also expanded to these columns when
sending text to the printer with the BPRINT command. This allows you to
do things such as narrowing up the tabs before printing to allow wide
lines to fit on narrow paper, etc.

If no numbers are given after the TABS command the current tab table is
printed on the screen along with the INDENT value and the state of wrap
and literal mode, etc.

BLOCK_COMMANDS

These commands all deal with a 'block' of text defined by placing 'block
markers' at either end of the desired text with the 'set block marker'
control command ^P^P (______), in the edit mode. Only one block may be
specified at any time; if there are more (or less) than two block
markers, an error message will be printed whenever a block operation is
attempted. Many of the Block commands can be executed directly from edit
mode. See the Block Commands description in the Edit Mode section of the
manual.

A block of text can be anywhere from a single line to the entire
contents of the edit buffer; it can be composed only of complete lines;
if you want part of a line in a block, you can break it from the rest of
the line with ^B (______) and then put markers around it.

( EXPRESS 1.0 block size is limited to 1024 bytes )

Marking Blocks

To mark a block of text, the first block marker must be on the first
line that you wish to be in the block, and the end marker must be on the
last line to be included in the block. If the entire block is one line,
then put two block markers on it. Block markers are automatically placed
at the beginning of the line regardless of where you are when you type
the ^P^P (______) command, so you will never have to worry about doing
this yourself.

Finding Block Markers

To find the beginning of a block, use the search command to search for
the block marker with:

search ^P^P  (actually type ctrl+P, ctrl+P)

BMove

Finds the currently active block of text and moves it from its present
location  to the area immediately preceding the cursor line in the edit
buffer.

BCopy

Finds the currently active block of text and places a copy of it
immediately preceding the current cursor line.

BDelete

Deletes the current block from the edit buffer. After this command is
issued you will be told how large the block is and asked if you really
want to delete the block. Typing a 'Y' or 'y' will allow the operation
to continue, any other character causes the command to be ignored.

BKill

Clears (kills) ALL block markers from the edit buffer. This operation is
automatically executed whenever a SAVE, HEAD, or END command is given.
It is also executed after a BMOVE or BDELETE.

BPrint

Sends the current block of text to the CP/M list device, LST:, (usually
the printer). Tabs are expanded according to the user's current tab
settings. Printing can be cancelled at any time by typing an <ESC>,
(______).

If your ListStatus does not work properly (or if you are not even sure what
ListStatus is), then the BIOS of your version of CP/M is not implementing
the LSTST: routine properly so you will have to make sure the printer is
ready yourself.

BSave du:fid.ext

Saves the current block of text to disk in the file du:fid.ext. Notice that
you can save the block to any user area (0-31) of any disk on your system.

The block of text is NOT deleted from the edit buffer and the block markers
remain around the text.

If the named file already exists, an error message will be printed and
the operation will not be allowed to occur. If you really want to write
over the file you can ERASE it first and then do the BSAVE.

INClude du:fid.ext

Places a copy of the named file in the edit buffer preceding the current
cursor line. When you return to edit mode after this command, the cursor
will be on the first line of the included file. Again, the included file can
be from any user area on any disk.

Wildcarded file names are not allowed for this command.


MACRO KEY COMMANDS    (limited number of definitions on EXPRESS 1.0)

The Macro Key Commands allow you to redefine any sequence of typed keys
to output a sequence of characters or commands, and to save these key
redefinitions in a disk file for later recall. Macro keys can
dramatically increase productivity and decrease boredom and frustration
(and besides that, they're just plain fun.)

After a macro key has been defined, typing that key (or sequence of
keys) will have the same results as typing the characters or commands
to which the key was redefined. For instance, if the <LF> (^J) key
has been redefined to type 'this is the linefeed key', then typing
<LF> will cause 'this is the linefeed key' to be entered on the
screen (and in the file) just as if you had typed the entire string
yourself. This can be handy in many obvious ways (like defining
macro keys for common words like 'write', 'read', 'begin', etc.) and
in many not-so-obvious ways. Any repetative series of keystrokes is a good
candidate for a macro key.

When you are done using a macro key, you can 'undefine' the key (by
redefining it to a blank string) and it will regain its original meaning.

You can also enter the original value of a key into the file without
'undefining` it by using the 'Literal Next Character' command ^C (______)
followed by the key; you can redefine normal printable characters
without losing the ability to enter them into the text.

A macro key can be any character, or sequence of characters, that you
can type on the keyboard; each macro 'key' can be up to 10 keystrokes
long. For instance, the following could be redefined as macro keys:

^U^B          (control+U followed by control+B)
t             (the letter 't')
T             (the letter 'T', separate from the letter 't')
<ESC>BGG      (the <ESC> key followed by 'BGG'

The redefinition of a macro key can be any mixture of characters and
commands entered just as you would type them at the keyboard; each macro
'redefinition' can be up to 256 keystrokes in length. Macro
redefinitions can be used to execute any command you can execute from
the keyboard. For instance, a macro key to go to Command Mode and save
the current text block to the file 'TEMP.$$$', then return to Edit Mode
is defined as:

<ESC>bs temp.$$$<CR><ESC>

assuming that you are using the command keys originally installed in
EXPRESS. Notice that when the macro redefinition is typed in, you
actually type the <ESC> key, not the sequence of characters '<ESC>'.
Another example is the following command that will move to the beginning
of the last word on the current line and place you in partial insert
mode:

^U^L^A^Q    (end of line, prev word, partial insert on)

again, this is assuming you have not reinstalled the command keys with
CONFIG; if you have, just use the commands you have defined as 'end of
line', 'prev word', and 'partial insert on' when entering the
redefinition string.

MDefine

After you enter the MDefine command, EXPRESS prompts for 'input keys'
(the key sequence you will type to execute the macro). Type the exact
key sequence you want to use followed by a <CR>. Then EXPRESS asks for
the 'redefinition'; type the characters and editing commands that you
want to be executed when you type the 'input keys' followed by <CR>. If
you make a mistake while defining either the input keys or the
redefinition string, use the <RUB> (DEL) key to correct the line (all
other editing keys are disabled so they can be part of macro
definitions).

To 'UnDefine' a macro command, enter the input keys that you wish to be
undefined, then enter a blank line for the redefinition. You can 'redefine'
an existing key without worrying about undefining it first.

If you want to use <CR> and <RUB> in macro definitions, you can either avoid
the problem by using 'NextLine, Start of Line' for <CR> and 'Backspace,
Delete Character' for <RUB> or you can follow the MD on the command line
with the keys you wish to use for <RUB> and <CR>. For instance, the command:

MD:-

lets you define a new macro key using ':' as the <RUB> key and '-' as
the <CR> key.

MClear
MClear is a quick way to clear out the entire macro table. All previously
defined macro keys will be 'forgotten'.

MSave du:fid.ext

Saves all current macro definitions to the named file. The definitions
are not cleared from the macro table.

MRestore du:fid.ext

Loads the named macro key file into the macro table. A check is made to see
if the file actually does contain macro definitions.

The new macro definitions are added to the current definitions (the current
ones are not deleted). You can concatenate two (or several) macro files by
MRestoring them all and then MSaving them all at once.

BUFFER_COMMANDS

Buffer commands operate directly on the file that is being edited and on
the contents of the edit buffer.

Managing`Files`Larger`Than`Memory (EXPRESS 2.0 ONLY)

PRead [n]

Writes n screens full (if n is not specified then it writes one screen
full) of the current edit buffer to the disk and reads as many more as
will fit in the buffer, if any of the file is left on the disk.

BRead

If there is still a portion of the file remaining on the disk, this
command writes the current edit buffer contents to disk and reads in
more until the buffer is full or the end of the file is reached.

End

This command saves the updated file on the disk and returns to the
operating system. If the file is larger than memory and has not all
been read yet, the remainder of the original file will be
automatically read and then written to the new file. After all the
file is successfully written to the disk, the old d:fid.BAK file
will be deleted and the original file renamed to d:fid.BAK. Then,
the new file (named d:fid.$$$ during editing) will be renamed to
d:fid.ext.

Quit

Use this command to terminate the editing session without saving the
changes that have just been made to the file.

SAve

Use this command if you have a system prone to memory errors or power
failures, or if you just happen to have common sense. It saves all
changes that have been made to the file and then places you back EXACTLY
where you were in the file at the time you issued the save command.

Head

This is the same as the SAve command except that it places you at the
beginning of the file instead of where you were when the command was
given. It is functionally the same as Ending and then calling up EXPRESS
again to edit the same file, it is just faster.


SYSTEM_COMMANDS

The System commands operate on ANY file in ANY user area on ANY disk
currently on the computer system. They provide you with most of the
commands of the CP/M Console Command Processor and PIP without requiring
you to end the edit and exit to the operating system.

Remember that anywhere a filename is requested, you can optionally
specify a disk and user area different from the current defaults
(displayed on the command screen immediately preceding 'Editing').

Dir [du:fid.ext]      (Directory sorted on EXPRESS 2.0 only)

Displays a listing with filesizes (in kilobytes) of the directory of the
given disk or files matching the filename given. '?' (single character)
and '*' (multiple letters) wildcards are allowed in the file name.

TYpe du:fid.ext

This command is used to display a file on the screen, similar to CP/M's
TYPE command (with a few enhancements).

The speed at which the file scrolls past the screen may be controlled
with the number keys in the same fashion as auto-scroll, with the
exception of the '-' key (you cannot scroll backwards with the TYPE
command). See the Continuous Scroll commands in the Edit Mode section
for more details.

Typing any character other than a number suspends output until another
character is typed; typing <ESC> (______) stops the display and
immediately returns you to Command Mode.

When the entire file has been displayed, the message:

[EOF] Type <ESC> to Continue

is displayed at the bottom of the screen. At this time you must type
<ESC> (______) to return to the command screen.


ERase du:fid.ext      (Available on EXPRESS 2.0 only)

Functionally the same as the CP/M ERA command. This command erases the
named file if it exists, or prints an error message if it doesn't.

The '?' (single character) wildcard character and the '*' (multiple
character) wildcard are both allowed when specifying the file to ERASE.

As a rule, any selected group of files that would include the file being
edited (source.ext) or the temporary file used by EXPRESS during the
editing session (source.$$$) cannot be operated on by this command (to
avoid lawsuits and suicides).



REName du:fid.ext > du:fid.ext   (available on EXPRESS 2.0 only)

This is identical to CP/M's REN command except that it recognizes the
'>' character (ala UNIX) as well as the '=' (like PIP). You may also use
the '<' redirection symbol (more UNIX) or simply a space (MSDOS, VMS).
This way, no matter what operating system you are used to, the command
will execute and you won't get frustrated trying to remember 25
different types of command lines. So there is no confusion, the
following command lines all have the same effect, they RENAME a file
called 'OLDNAME' to 'NEWNAME':

ren newname=oldname
ren newname < oldname
ren oldname > newname
ren oldname newname

Note that blanks between filenames and the 'director' characters are
ignored (except in the case where the 'director' IS a blank).

If the file to be RENAMED is in a different drive/user than the current
default, you only need to include it in the first filename on the line.
For example, all of the following commands rename 'B21:OLD' to
'B21:NEW':

rename b21:new=old
rename b21:new <old
rename b21:old >b21:new
rename b21:old new

Remember: when in doubt, just type the same command you would use in
CP/M (or MSDOS, or whatever you are used to).

Wildcarded file names are NOT allowed for this command and it is not
allowed to operate on the file which you are currently editing.


Copy du:fid.ext > du:fid.ext   (available on EXPRESS 2.0 only)

This command copies the contents of a file into a new file. Both files
can be on any drive in any user area. The same flexible command
interpretation used for the rename command is used for COPY. To
illustrate:

copy exist > new
copy new = exist
copy exist new
copy new < exist

all copy the contents of the file 'EXIST' into the new file called
'NEW'. The '>' form of the command becomes very understandable when
the '>' is thought of as the word 'to'; this way the command would read
as 'COPY exist TO new'.

Wildcarded file names are NOT allowed for this command.

If you wish to copy over an existing file, you must ERASE the existing file
first.

LOg du:

This command allows you to change the current 'default' drive and user
area (displayed on the third line of the Command Screen, preceding
'Editing'). This is handy if you entered the editor in one area and then
decided to work on something in another area. While you could just type
the new drive and user area preceding all the file names you enter, it
is much more convenient to LOG into the new area and just type the file
names from then on, letting EXPRESS figure out the drive and user for
you.

After this command is entered, the new 'default' will be displayed at
the beginning of the third line on the screen:

B2:Editing B3:THIS.FIL
^-- new default drive/user area

This new default is in effect until you return to CP/M.

You MUST type the colon ":" at the end of the drive/user area or you
will receive an error message. Remember that you can specify a drive
without a user area, but you cannot give a user area without a drive.
EDIT_MODE

EXPRESS's "Edit Mode" is used for entering and modifying text. Edit Mode
is sometimes referred to as "Visual Mode" on some other editors. When in
Edit Mode, any characters you type are entered into the file. "Control
keys" execute editing commands when in Edit Mode.

Any time a specific control character is mentioned, it will be preceded
by a '^'; thus, ^N means 'control+N'. You should remember that the
<CONTROL> key is similar to the <SHIFT> key; you must hold it down WHILE
YOU TYPE THE OTHER KEY.

For people who have chosen to customize their control character layout
to achieve compatibility with other editors, implement special function
keys on their terminal, or whatever other reason, a space - (______) - has
been provided wherever a specific control character is mentioned. This
will allow you to write in the control character or function key you
have selected for this operation.

CURSOR_MOVEMENT

Cursor Left      ^H (Backspace) (______)

Moves the cursor one position to the left non-destructively.

Cursor Right     ^L (______)

Moves the cursor one position to the right non-destructively.

Next Tab         ^I (Tab) (______)

Moves the cursor to the next tab stop on the line.

If the cursor is already past the last tab stop on the line, the line is
extended into the next line on the screen and the cursor is moved to the
beginning of this 'continuation line'.

If insert mode is on or if the cursor is moving past the last character
on a line, a tab will be inserted at the cursor position, otherwise the
command just positions the cursor.

If you wish, you can cause the <TAB> key to insert the appropriate
number of spaces instead of a tab character. This is useful when the
file will later be used by a program that does not understand tab
characters (Turbo Pascal, for instance). To 'turn off the tabs', return
to command mode with <ESC>, (______) and enter the command:

tabs off

After this time, no more tab characters will be entered into the file
(although all existing tab characters will remain).

Previous`Tab    ^U^I (^U Tab) (______)

Moves the cursor to the first tab stop preceding the current
cursor location in the line. This command is always
non-destructive.

Next Word       ^W (______)

Moves the cursor to the beginning of the next word following the
current cursor location. The beginning of a word is signaled by
either the start of a new line or an non-alphanumeric character
('a'-'z','A'-'Z','0'-'9') preceding an alphanumeric character.

Previous Word    ^A (______)

Moves the cursor to the beginning of the current word or, if it
is already on the beginning of the current word, to the
beginning of the first word preceding it.

Indent          ^U^W (______)

Moves the cursor to the next tab stop and sets that column as
the new left margin. Note that this new margin is the next tab stop
after the CURRENT LOCATION OF THE CURSOR, not the current left margin.


Undent          ^U^A (______)

Moves the cursor to the first tab previous to the current cursor
location and sets that column as the new left margin.


Start of Line   ^U^H (______)

Moves the cursor to the beginning of the current line.


End of Line     ^U^L (______)

Moves the cursor to the end of the current line.


Carriage Return ^M <CR> (______)

Moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line. If you are
currently in entry mode or if you are at the end of the edit
buffer, a new line is inserted. This command merely positions
the cursor; it does not actually place a ^M in the file, so you
can simply type a carriage return from the middle of a line to
move to the next line, you don't have to worry about going to
the end or beginning of the line first as with some other
editors.

If you wish to break a line in two you may use the 'break line' command,
^B (______) described later. If you really must have the carriage return
break a line in two then you may set the 'break line on CR' flag in
ECONFIG and the carriage return key will actually insert a carriage
return/linefeed into the file (when entry mode is on).


Cursor Up    ^K (______)

Moves the cursor up one line.


Cursor Down    ^J (Linefeed) (______)

Moves the cursor down one line.


Start of Screen    ^U^K (______)

Moves the cursor to the first line on the screen.


End of Screen    ^U^J (______)

Moves the cursor to the bottom line of the screen.


Start of Buffer    ^U^R (______)

Moves the cursor to the first page of the edit buffer.


End of Buffer    ^U^T (______)

Moves the cursor to the last page of the edit buffer.

Start of Line/Screen/Buffer     ^^ (______)

Moves the cursor to the beginning of the current line when typed
once. Typed twice, it moves to the beginning of the first line
on the screen. Three times moves to the beginning of the first
line of the edit buffer.


End of Line/Screen/Buffer    ^N (______)

Moves the cursor to one position past the last non-space on the
current line when typed once. When typed twice, it moves to the
end of the last line on the screen. If it is typed three times,
it moves the cursor to the end of the last line in the edit
buffer.

SCROLLING

Scroll Backward One Line    ^F (______)

Scrolls the screen one line towards the beginning of the edit
buffer; the cursor remains in the same position on the screen.


Scroll Forward One Line    ^G (______)

Scrolls the screen one line towards the end of the edit buffer.
The cursor maintains the same position on the screen.


Scroll Backward Continuously    ^U^F (______)

Scrolls the screen towards the beginning of the buffer, one line
at a time.

While scrolling is in progress, several keys take on a special
function:

    1.  Typing any digit, 1-9 or 0, will change the auto-scroll
    speed to that speed. '1' gives the slowest scroll speed and
    '0' gives the fastest. These are arranged in ascending order
    across the top of the computer keyboard.

    2.  The minus key (-) changes the direction of the scroll. If you
    were scrolling backward, you will begin scrolling forward, if
    you were scrolling forward, you will begin scrolling backward.
    This key was chosen because it is usually situated immediately
    to the right of the '0' key on the computer keyboard and it
    also has the meaning of negate' which is what you are doing -
    negating the command.

    3.  Any other key will stop the scrolling action and return you
    to normal edit mode.


Scroll Forward Continuously    ^U^G (______)

This command is identical to the Scroll Backward Continuously command
except that it scrolls the screen towards the end of the buffer, one
line at a time.


Center Cursor Line    ^] (______)

Scrolls the line that the cursor is currently on to the middle of the
screen. This is useful for viewing the context in the file of a word
that has just been located using the SEARCH command.


Next Page    ^T (______)

Clears the current page from the screen and displays the next 24 lines
(or however many lines your terminal can display) on the screen. If you
wish to page rapidly through a file to find a certain section, you may
press the 'next page' key several times; you do not have to wait for the
screen to finish painting. As soon as you type any key, painting of the
screen is temporarily suspended and the new command is executed.


Previous Page    ^R (______)

Clears the current page from the screen and displays the previous 24
lines (or however many your terminal can display) on the screen. The
same comments about the painting of the screen given in the Next Page
command hold for this command (and all other commands, for that matter),
too.


EDITING

Rubout      <RUB> <DEL> (______)

The cursor is moved left one position and the character in this position
is replaced with a space (' '). If you are at the beginning of the line
it remains there and replaces that character with a space.

Rubout works slightly different during insert mode. The cursor is moved
back one space and the character is deleted, but then the rest of the
line is adjusted one position to the left to close up the space left by
the deletion. If you are at the beginning of the line in insert mode,
rubout will append the current line on the line above, effectively
deleting the carriage return/linefeed at the end of that line. This
can be changed with ECONFIG so that RUB doesn't delete the
return/linefeed.


Delete Character    ^D (______)

Removes the character at the current cursor position and adjusts the
remainder of the line one position to the left. The cursor remains
in the same position on the screen.

Since tab stops are stored as single characters, you may delete a tab
with the Delete Character command.

Insert Single Space    ^E (______)

Opens up space for one character at the current cursor position.

This is useful for minor alterations, such as misspelled words, when it
is inconvenient to toggle insert mode, type the character, and then
toggle insert mode again. It is also helpful when you wish to move a
line to the right on the screen by inserting spaces at the beginning of
the line, but do not want the cursor to move from its present position.


Partial Insert Mode    ^Q (______)

Temporarily turns on insert mode (as described in the section on
'Toggle Insert Mode'). Each character you type after this
command will be 'inserted' into the line instead of typing over
what is already there. Typing any control command except
'Rubout', <DEL> (______), 'Tab', ^I (______), 'Insert Control
Character', ^C (______), or, of course, this command itself, will
return you to the 'replacing mode' of text entry.


Toggle Full Insert Mode    ^U^Q (______)

This key changes the state of insert mode; if it is on, it is
turned off and if it is off, it is turned on. This new setting
remains in effect until the command is issued again or until the
editing session is terminated.

When insert mode is on, everything that is typed is 'inserted'
at the current cursor location. The character at the current cursor
position and all characters to the right of it are moved one column
to the right. This is functionally equivalent to typing an 'Insert
Space' command, ^E (______), before typing each character.


Delete Word    ^V (______)

Deletes from the current cursor position to the beginning of the
next word and adjusts the line to close up the space.

This command has three distinct uses which vary slightly. The first is,
of course, to delete an entire word; the second use is to delete the
end of a word; and the third is to delete a large group of space.


UNdelete Word    ^U^V (______)

Any time a deletion of more than a single character is
performed, the deleted text is placed temporarily in a buffer in
case the deletion was not wanted, or possibly if you want to put
the deleted text somewhere else in the file. When you perform
the UNdelete Word command, enough space is provided at the
current cursor location for the previously deleted text and it
is inserted there. Note that it is possible (and often
desirable) to delete a line with ^Z (______) and then UNdelete it
as a word or partial line with ^U^V or ^U^Y. The opposite
operation is also possible.

The delete buffer is left intact following this operation, so
you may UNdelete the same string as many times and in as many
places as you wish.


Delete to End of Line    ^Y (______)

Deletes, starting at the current cursor location, to the end of
the current line on the screen. The deleted text is saved temporarily
in the delete buffer for possible later 'UNdeletion'.


UNdelete End of Line    ^U^Y (______)

This command is functionally identical to UNdelete word. It is
provided as a separate sequence merely for consistency and
convenience.


Delete Line    ^Z (______)

When typed once, this command takes no action. This is to
prevent erroneous deletion of lines. However, every time it is
typed after the first time, it deletes one line from the screen.
The deleted line is stored temporarily (until the next word or
line deletion) in the delete buffer for possible 'UNdeletion' at
a later time and place.

UNdelete Line    ^U^Z (______)

This command is similar to the UNdelete Word command except that
a new line is inserted above the line the cursor is currently on
for the deleted text to be UNdeleted into. Again, I will point
out that it is possible to delete a word or partial line and
UNdelete it as a line.


Insert Line    ^X (______)

Inserts a new line ABOVE the line the cursor is currently on and
places the cursor at the beginning of this new line.


Toggle Entry Mode    ^\ (______)

This key changes the state of entry mode; if it is on, it is
turned off and if it is off, it is turned on. The new setting
remains in effect until the command is issued again or wrap mode is
turned on (at which time it is turned off).

When entry mode is on, a carriage return command, ^M <CR>
(______), causes a new line to be inserted below the current one
after which the cursor is placed at the beginning of the new
line.

Entry mode is useful when adding new sections to the middle of a
computer program or other text. It relieves you from the burden
of having to type so many Insert Line commands, ^X (______).


Break Line    ^B (______)

Breaks the line the cursor is on into two lines, the first from
the start of the line to the character preceding the cursor and
the second from the cursor position to the end of the line. The
cursor is left at the end of the first line.


Concatenate Lines    ^O (______)

Joins the line following the line that the cursor is on with the
cursor line. This is the opposite operation of Break Line.

When in wrap mode, this command to reformats the remainder of the
current paragraph to the currently set right margin.


Reformat Paragraph    ^U^O (______)

This command reformats from the cursor to the end of the current
paragraph. If wrap mode is not on, it is temporarily turned on while
reformatting, then turned back off. If wrap mode is already on, it
remains on.


BLOCK_COMMANDS

Block commands allow you to move large 'chunks' of text around the
file. These commands are accessible from Command mode as well as Edit
mode. They are explained more fully in the COMMAND MODE section under
BLOCK COMMANDS. The EXPRESS.OVL file must be present in some user area
of the current drive or drive A to use the Block Commands.


Insert Block Marker    ^P^P (______)

Block Copy             ^P^C (______)

Block Move             ^P^M (______)

Block Delete           ^P^D (______)

Kill Block Markers     ^P^K (______)



SPECIAL_COMMANDS

Some of these commands are related, but mostly, their reason for
being placed here is that they don't fit anywhere else.


Continue Search/Replace    ^S (______)

Finds the next occurrence of the "search string". If you are in
replace mode, the keys described in the section on selective replace
will be in effect after you find the next occurrence.

If there are no more occurrences of the search string following
the cursor in the edit buffer, EXPRESS will beep and the cursor will
not be moved.


Literal Next Character    ^C (______)

When this command is typed, no attempt will be made to translate
the next character into a command. This allows the entry of
control characters (and keys that have been redefined as macro keys)
directly into the file.

This command may be used to embed printer commands (such as
formfeeds, font changes or any other control sequence) into a file
which you are editing. Another use would be to clear a terminal
screen before printing a file. One other important use is to allow
entry of characters that have been defined as macro keys into the
text.


Non-displayable Characters

All control characters are displayed as '^c' where 'c' is the letter
corresponding to the control character. It is also possible to enter
RUBouts (DEL) into the file in the same manner; they are displayed as
'^?'. Once in the file (or the command line), the control characters
can all be SEARCHed for, REPLACEd, and whatever else you might wish to
do with them. They are distinguishable from the regular characters,
such as the following: '^C', by the fact that you cannot position the
cursor directly on the 'C' if it is a control character, but you can if
it is just a '^' followed by a 'C'.

The only exceptions to the above statements are that the characters ^Z
and ^@ cannot be entered into the file. Entry of ^Z was disallowed on
purpose, because ^Z is the CP/M End of File character; having it occur
in the middle of a file would create results ranging from mildly
annoying to catastrophic.

The inability to enter ^@ originally stemmed from CP/M's Direct Console
I/O function's inability to directly input a character with a value of
0. This fact was taken advantage of and now ^@ is a special character
used internally to EXPRESS (along with the characters represented by
0FFh and 0FEh; all other characters from 01h to FDh may be entered,
whether your terminal is able to display them or not). However, I
have never heard of ANY computer system, terminal, or printer that
used ^@ for anything except a delay character, so this should never
be any hindrance.

Displaying Graphics Characters

The entry of characters greater than <RUB> (7FH) is also supported by
the Literal Next Character command (and the 'Bit 7 Next Character
Command). If you can't display characters with bit 7 set, they will be
displayed as '\c' if a printable character with bit 7 set, or '/c' if a
control character with bit 7 set (where 'c' is the character). If
your terminal is able to display these characters then EXPRESS will
display them as regular characters provided you appropriately set
the 'Highest Displayable Character' parameter in the <T> option of
ECONFIG.

Bit 7 Next Character    ^U^C (______)

This command is the same as the 'Literal Next Character' command, except
that the high bit (bit 7) of whatever character you type next is set (to
a 1) before the character is placed in the file.

The rules for 'Bit 7 Next Character' are the same as those for 'Literal
Next Character'.


Enter/Leave Command Mode    ^[ <ESC> (______)

This command clears the screen and places you in command mode.
When in command mode, the cursor is placed after a prompt '>'
and you may input any of the commands described in the 'Command
Mode' section of this manual. Any single-line editing command may be
used for editing your entry on the command line. For instance, you
can even delete a word while in edit mode and UNdelete it onto the
command line.

If you are currently in command mode, you can enter edit mode by
typing this same command; you may think of it as a toggle
switch, moving you between the two modes of operation.

This key is also used to get you out of various situations that
you may find yourself in (similar to ^C in CP/M). For instance,
the TYPE command and the BPRINT command use this key to cancel
their operation immediately and return, of course, to command
mode.
CUSTOMIZING_EXPRESS_with_ECONFIG

The configurator program (ECONFIG.COM) allows you to modify the
necessary portions of EXPRESS to allow it to run on different sets
of hardware (terminals, disk systems, etc.) You can also use ECONFIG
to change the default values of a few important internal variables
(tab settings, margins, etc.) to make editing more convenient and
productive.

Specifying`Filenames`for`ECONFIG

Unless told otherwise, ECONFIG always assumes you have called it up from
the default drive and that there is a file called E.COM also on the
default drive. If you want to use the predefined terminals in the
terminal database, you must have the file TERM.DAT on the default drive
(or specify an alternate database as described in a moment). To use
ECONFIG to modify a copy of EXPRESS that is named differently or is on
another drive, give the name and location of the .COM file on the
command line:

A>econfig b:edit.com

will configure the file EDIT.COM on drive B. To use a terminal database
that is named differently or is on another drive, put the name of
the .COM file followed by the name of the terminal database file on the
command line:

A>econfig e.com c:terminal.spc

will configure E.COM on the default drive (A in this case) and get its
terminal information from the file TERMINAL.SPC on drive C. It is
not likely that this will be used often, since ECONFIG automatically
adds your new definitions to TERM.DAT up to a maximum of 97
different terminals. It is nice to know the capability is there
though (in case you have more than 97 different terminals hooked to
your system).

MAIN_MENU

ECONFIG gives you a choice of four things to do:

<T>erminal Installation, <C>ommand Installation,
<D>efault Parameter Selection, <E>nd >_

Type the letter inside the brackets, followed by a carriage return,
<CR>, to select the appropriate choice.


<T>erminal Installation

Leads you into an interactive session for selecting a previously
defined terminal or creating a new terminal definition.


<C>ommand Installation

Allows you to modify the editing key layout to conform to your
hardware and to your personal tastes. You can very easily set up
EXPRESS to recognize those special function keys on your terminal.
The command installation may also be used to set up the control key
editing commands on EXPRESS to emulate other editors which you have
used in the past, or even to set up the keys to your own private
layout.

<D>efault Parameter Selection

Enters an interactive session similar to that for defining a new
terminal, except that you are changing parameters that are more
user dependent' than 'terminal dependent'. (i.e. initial tab settings,
margins, special characters, insert mode, word wrap, ...)

<E>nd

This selection simply exits the program and returns to the operating
system prompt.

Following is an explanation of the first three selections (the fourth
shouldn't need any more), but first, a note on the different types of
input used in ECONFIG:

Input_Handling_in_ECONFIG

The input handler for ECONFIG is very specialized. There are basically
three types of input expected - numbers, ASCII strings, and Yes/No
responses. Each of these is handled differently.

Yes/No

The simplest case is the Yes/No which requires a 'Y' or 'N' to be
entered followed by a <CR>. If one of these letters (or their lower
case equivalents) is not entered, you will be asked the same
question again.

Numbers

When a number is requested, you are always told whether to give an
answer in Decimal (base 10) or Hexadecimal (base 16). There will
never be any question as to whether a decimal or hex number is
required. Simply enter the number followed by a <CR>. If you enter
an invalid number, it will simply translate to 0, so you must be
careful about this.

ASCII`Strings

The third type of entry, ASCII string, is more specialized than
the other two because some keyboards cannot produce all the ASCII
characters directly. Therefore, you may enter a string as a sequence
of actual ASCII characters, or you may enter it as a group of
hexadecimal numbers separated by spaces. These two types of entry are
automatically distinguished when being interpreted by looking at the
FIRST character typed in the input line; if it is a valid digit
(0-9) (NOTICE - I did not say anything about A-F!!) then the entire
string is expected to be hex numbers; otherwise, it is interpreted
literally, just as you typed it. You may not enter part of a line in
hexadecimal and the rest in ASCII, you must choose one or the other.
Most of the time you will use the ASCII mode because it is faster
and easier to see exactly what is being entered.

There are some other special features that should be mentioned here as
well. You may enter any ASCII character except <RUB>, and ^M <CR> into
an input line simply by typing it. RUB is used to edit within the line,
and <CR> is used to terminate input. This should not provide any kind of
conflict, since all terminals use these commands for the same purposes
and we are not asking for those commands in any of the questions in the
Terminal Installation. The only place you will possibly need to enter
these keys into an input string is in the Command Installation, and you
are allowed to define your own 'rubout' and 'return' keys there.
Besides, you can always use their hexadecimal equivalents (0D for <RET>
and 7F for <RUB>).

Most control characters are displayed as '^c' where c is the control
character+64 to make it displayable. The one exception is <ESC> (1Bh),
which is displayed as '<ESC>' (imagine that...). This is because of the
immense popularity of this control character as a command introducer
or lead in character (What a lucky guy).


<T>erminal_Installation

The Terminal Installation section of ECONFIG is for installing the
terminal dependent features of EXPRESS such as the method of positioning
the cursor, clearing the screen, etc. ECONFIG gives a menu of terminals
to choose from as well as the option of defining a new terminal not
already supported:

1)AIM 60                   2)ADDS 20/25/30
3)ADDS Viewpoint 1A        4)ANSI Terminal
5)BigBoard                 6)Heath/Zenith 19
7)KayPro                   8)Lear Siegler ADM 3A
    .                               .
    .                               .
    .                               .
n)Snipe 13+              n+1)CREATE NEW DEFINITION

ECONFIG pauses after every 30 terminals to give you a chance to look at
the choices before they scroll off the screen. If you see the choice you
want, enter its number; otherwise, type <CR> to see more choices.
The final choice allows you to define a new terminal to be added to
the database, the other selections are already defined terminals
that you can install simply by selecting their number.

If you have selected a pre-defined terminal, you will be asked if you
would like to modify the definition. If you enter 'N' the definition is
installed and you return to the main menu ( <T>, <C>, <D>, <E> ).

Typing 'Y' begins an interactive session much like the description of
entering a new terminal given below. The one difference is that all the
values are already filled in for you. If you want to change one, simply use
the RUBOUT key to backspace over the portion you wish to change and enter
the new value. Before doing this, you should read the following section on
entering a new terminal definition. If you give your approval of the
changes, then they are installed in EXPRESS.COM and the terminal database
is updated with the new values; otherwise, the changes are discarded.

Creating a New Definition

Making this selection enters you into an interactive session answering
questions about your terminal's capabilities and command set.

Each question is listed below along with a description of what is
actually being requested and some hints on what can be done to make
the most efficient use of your terminal's local editing
capabilities. Some commands are optional. If they are, and your
terminal does not have them, just enter a blank line. You should
note the existence of as many features as possible to make the most
efficient use of terminal input/output (with the exception of auto
CR on End of Line, which actually slows down I/O.)

Terminal Name >_    (optional)

This is the string that will be printed at the top of the
screen when in Command Mode of EXPRESS.

Terminal Initialization String >_   (optional)

This is a string of characters/commands to send to the terminal
when EXPRESS is first called up.

This is usually most useful for setting special modes in the
terminal. Some examples are: changing the cursor character so
that you will know at a glance that you are in EXPRESS, turning AUTO
CR on End of Line OFF while in EXPRESS (more on this in a minute), and
especially turning keypad function keys on.

Terminal Reset String >_    (optional)

Usually, this command UNdoes whatever the terminal initialization
string DID. It is sent to the terminal immediately before exiting
back to CP/M.

CURSOR POSITION LEADIN Sequence >_

This is the command that tells the terminal a cursor position
address is following. The LEADIN is the part of the positioning
command that is sent before the row or column address is sent.

CURSOR POSITION SEPARATOR Sequence >_

These are the characters to send BETWEEN the row and column
addresses, irrespective of whether row or column is first.

Usually, this sequence is left blank, but if there is a separator
required for your terminal, it MUST be included or EXPRESS will not
operate properly.

CURSOR POSITION TERMINATOR Sequence >_

These are the characters to send after both the row and the
column have been sent.

This is also usually left blank, but it too MUST be included, if
your terminal requires it.

COLUMN FIRST ? (Y/N) >_

This indicates whether or not the column address is sent before
the row during a positioning sequence. If column is first, enter
'Y'. If row is first (the most common) enter 'N'.

HEX OFFSET to add to LINE >_

This is the number to add to the LINE (ROW) number when positioning the
cursor. EXPRESS thinks of the screen as an array starting at (0,0) so
the LINE OFFSET will be the number that must be sent to the terminal to
position it on the top row.

The line offset is nearly always 20 (32 decimal).

HEX OFFSET to add to COLUMN >_

Same as LINE OFFSET, except for column positioning. Usually this is the
same value as LINE OFFSET.

ASCII CURSOR ADDRESS ? (Y/N) >_

If your terminal expects the ROW and COLUMN numbers to be sent as a
string of ASCII numerals, answer Y, else answer N. This is very seldom
used except on ANSI standard terminals.

BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) CURSOR ADDRESS ? (Y/N) >_

Enter Y if your terminal expects the ROW and COLUMN numbers to be sent
as BCD numerals (packed half-ASCII). This type of cursor address is
also very uncommon.

If you answer NO to both of the preceding questions, ECONFIG will
assume that the cursor address should be sent as a straight binary
number. If you are unsure which your terminal uses, it would be
safest to answer NO to both questions since binary addressing is the
most common.

CLEAR SCREEN and HOME CURSOR Sequence >_

Enter the command sequence that will clear all the characters from your
terminal's screen and place the cursor in the upper left corner of the
screen. Usually this can be done with a single command, but on some
terminals CLEAR SCREEN does not home the cursor. If that is the case,
just give both commands.

This command is required for proper operation of EXPRESS.

CLEAR TO END OF SCREEN Sequence >_      (optional)

Enter the command that will clear from the current cursor position to
the end of the screen. The cursor should remain in its original position
after the command is given.

CLEAR TO END OF LINE Sequence >_        (optional)

Enter the command that will clear from the current cursor position to
the end of the line leaving the cursor in its original position.

INSERT LINE Sequence >_                 (optional)

Enter the command that will insert a single line at the current cursor
position on the screen.

If none is available, leave the entry blank, but you will suffer a
significant degradation in performance when scrolling towards the
beginning of the file (the entire screen must be repainted each time
instead of a single line).

DELETE LINE Sequence >_                 (optional)

Enter the command that will delete the line the cursor is on and move
all lines following up one line. If no delete line command is available,
leave the entry blank.

INSERT MODE ON INDICATOR Sequence >_    (optional)

Enter a command that will give a visual indication that insert mode has
been turned on. DO NOT give the command to place the terminal in insert
mode!

The most successful indicator we have found is changing the shape of the
cursor - sending a command to make it a solid block when insert is on
and a blinking underscore when insert is off. Another possibility is to
turn on an LED on the terminal when in insert mode and turn it off when
leaving insert mode.

If you have no similar functions available on your terminal, leave the
entries blank.

INSERT MODE OFF INDICATOR Sequence >_

Enter a command to counteract the INSERT MODE ON command.

Number of LINES in DISPLAY (Decimal) >_

Enter the number of lines in your CRT display. Do not count status
lines, etc. Count only those lines that scroll normally with the
rest of the screen. %BMake certain%b that you count %Ball%b the
lines; otherwise, your screen will not scroll forward properly
(forward scrolling is done by doing a linefeed (^J) off the bottom
line of the screen).

Most terminals have 24 lines, but EXPRESS will support terminals with
any number of display lines (up to 64).

Number of COLUMNS in DISPLAY >_

Enter the number of columns in your CRT display. This number is usually
80, but can be as low as 64 and as high as 127.

Unlike the LINES, if you wish, you can enter a smaller number of
columns than your terminal actually supports. For instance, many
terminals have a 132 column mode, but EXPRESS only supports 127
columns; just enter 127 for COLUMNS and everything will work just
fine.

If your terminal operates in 132 column and 80 column modes (e.g.
WYSE-50), you can use the Terminal Initialization String to set 132
column mode and the Terminal Reset String to switch back to 80 columns.

Is There AUTO-CR on END of LINE ? (Y/N) >_

If your terminal automatically moves the cursor to the beginning of the
next line when a character is typed in the last column, answer YES;
otherwise, answer NO.

This is important to know because if your terminal does this, it is
very dangerous to output a character to the last positon of the last
line on the screen. Sending a character to this position would cause
the screen to scroll without EXPRESS's knowledge and subsequent
cursor positioning would be incorrect. Not fun!

Most terminals DO give an Auto-CRLF at the end of the line, so if you
aren't sure, just answer YES. If your terminal has a way to turn this
feature off, put it in the Terminal Initialization String and answer NO.

HIGHEST DISPLAYABLE CHARACTER for this Terminal >_

Enter the highest character that can be directly displayed on your
terminal. For most terminals this is the tilde character '~' (7Eh).
For some terminals (such as the Hazeltine) it is lower.

Some terminals (the 84 model Kaypro computers, for instance) display a
graphics character set when characters with values greater than 7Fh are
output. In these cases, give the hex value of the highest displayable
character (such as '0F0'). Make sure that you precede the number with a
'0'; that is how ECONFIG knows you are entering the character as a hex
number rather than as a single ASCII character.

Is This Definition Correct ? (Y/N) >_

If you have typed everything correctly, answer 'Y' and the new terminal
definition will be installed in E.COM and added to the terminal
database. If you made a mistake, answer 'N' and you will be allowed to
edit your entries or, if you like, return to the main menu.


<C>ommand_Installation

The Command Installation portion of ECONFIG lets you set up the editing
keys to any layout you like. This capability was provided to achieve
compatibility with other editors and to allow the use of special
function keys on some terminals.

You will be given the present key sequence setting for each command and
allowed to change them if you wish, but first ECONFIG asks a few
questions to help in entering the new keystrokes into its table:

Ignore Upper/Lower Case ? (Y/N) >_

Answer 'Y' if you want <ESC>Y to be interpreted the same as <ESC>y. This
is handy if you will be typing escape sequences by hand rather than
using function keys. If you are using function keys it is probably best
to say 'N'.

This setting also effects Macro Key definitions. One thing to notice,
though, is that macro keys always distinguish upper/lower case on the
FIRST character of the key sequence. This is so you can have upper (or
lower) case letters defined as single key macro keys and still have use of
the lower (or upper) case letters

Rubout character while entering these commands >_

Enter a single character that you will use to correct mistakes and erase
old command definitions. Usually the <RUB> or <DEL> key is used, but if
you want to use that key in one of your key sequences, use something
else (e.g. a number key or some special character like - or =)

Type just the single key you want to be the rubout key, DO NOT TYPE
<RET>.

Return character while entering these commands >_

Enter a single character that you will use to end editing each command.
Usually the <RET> key (^M) is used, but if you will be using this key in
one of the commands, use something else as the return key (again - a
number key or one of the special characters, etc).

Type just the single key you want to be the return key, DO NOT TYPE
<RET>.

Televideo users note: The Televideo 950 has function keys that output
'^An<RET>' where ^A is the ASCII equivalent of 01h, n is a different
character for each key, and <RET> is the ASCII 'carriage return' character.
If you will be using these function keys or others like them, use a key
other than <RET> for the 'return' key; otherwise the <RET> on the end of
each key sequence will be lost and an extra <RET> command will be executed
everytime you use one of the function keys in EXPRESS.

Now you will be shown the current setting for each command. After each
command key sequence is displayed, the cursor is left at the end of the
line ready for you to change the sequence with your previously defined
'rubout' key, or accept it as it is with the 'return' key.

To modify a key sequence, type 'rubouts' to the beginning of the input
line to remove the old key sequence, then type in the new sequence, just
as you want to type it when running EXPRESS. For instance, if you want
the 'NEXT WORD' command to be ^F^V then type ctrl+F followed by ctrl+V,
then type 'return' (the return that you defined just a moment ago, not
the <RET> key).

If you do not expect to be using a command, just leave its keystroke
sequence blank.

If you enter two ambiguous commands (ones that could be confused with
each other) ECONFIG will print the message:

Your entry is ambiguous with: xxxxxx Please try Again...

If this happens, type some other key sequence for the current command.
If it was the earlier command that you made the mistake on rather than
this one, just clear the input line with 'rubouts' and type returns
through the rest of the questions to the end. Then say 'N' the
definitions are not correct and 'Y' you would like to try again. Now you
will be allowed to go through the process again to correct the
erroneous entry.

Notice that you can use nearly any keystroke sequence to for the
commands; you are not restricted to one or two characters, or even to
just control characters. You can use special keys with the high bit set,
you can even use the standard alphabet as commands if you like (although
you would then have to use the 'Literal Next Character' command before
each character when you wanted to actually enter it into the text). The
only limitation is that key sequences must be no longer than 10
characters each.

For a detailed description of each command (in the same order as they
are prompted for in ECONFIG) see the Edit Mode section of the manual.

When you are finished entering commands, you will be asked if the new
definitions are correct. If they are, answer 'Y'; if not, answer 'N' and
you will be allowed to try again or simply return to the main menu
without installing the new commands.


<D>efault_Parameter_Selection

Use the Default Parameter Selection section of ECONFIG to change the
initial values of EXPRESS's editing parameters. You can set tab stops,
margins, and modes as well as turning the command mode menu on and off,
deciding whether you will start editing in command mode or edit mode,
and many other useful things.

All questions will have default answers. If you like the current
setting, just type <RET>; otherwise, use the <RUB> (DEL) key to
remove the old setting and enter a new value.

INITIAL COMMAND MODE on Entry to Editor ? (Y/N) >_

As furnished, EXPRESS goes into command mode after initially reading in
the file to edit. If you would rather go immediately to edit mode,
answer 'N'.

DISPLAY COMMANDS When in Command Mode ? (Y/N) >_

A menu of all the commands available in command mode is usually printed
on the screen when entering command mode. This is often helpful, but is
a nuisance for applications such as remote access systems with low baud
rates, etc. Answering 'N' turns the menu off.

INSERT CHARACTER Mode ON ? (Y/N) >_

Usually EXPRESS comes up in 'replace' mode (new characters are entered
over the top of characters currently in the file). Answer 'Y' if you
want EXPRESS to start in 'insert' mode (new character are inserted into
the file).

ENTRY Mode ON ? (Y/N) >_

EXPRESS comes up with Entry mode off. When entry mode is on the carriage
return key inserts a new line below the current one. If you want EXPRESS to
start in Entry mode, answer 'Y'.

INDENT (Left Margin) >_

The value of Indent determines how far to the left you can place the
cursor on the screen. Possible values are from 1 to (right margin-1).

WRAP COLUMN (Right Margin) >_

The value of the Wrap Column determines how far to the right words are
allowed to go before they are 'wrapped' down to the next line. Possible
values are from (indent+1) to the right side of the screen (usually 80).

Does TAB key insert a TAB character (or just spaces) ? (Y/N) >_

Usually the TAB key inserts a single ASCII TAB character into the file.
This saves a considerable amount of space and allows recolumnarizing
the file by merely changing the tab settings. Some programs, however, do
not know what to do with tab characters, so spaces must be used instead.
The most known example of a program that can't handle tabs is Turbo
Pascal. If you will be using EXPRESS mainly to enter Turbo source files,
answer 'N' (just spaces).

Notice that turning Tabs 'Off' does not mean that EXPRESS will replace
existing tabs in your files with spaces, it only suppresses entering new
tab characters. To remove tabs from a file, try using the following PIP
command:

A>pip a:filename=filename[g0t8]

Use of Tab characters can be turned on and off while editing with the
'TABS ON' and 'TABS OFF' commands in command mode.

Does <RET> in ENTRY Mode split the current line at the cursor ?  (Y/N) >_

When entry mode is on, a <RET> command places the cursor at the
beginning of the next line and inserts a new blank line there. If
you would rather have the <RET> command break the current line in
two and put the cursor at the beginning of the new line (similar to
WordStar and Turbo) answer 'Y'.

Can <RUB> delete a carriage return/linefeed ? (Y/N) >_

Typing the <RUB> key at the beginning of a line usually moves the cursor
up to the end of the previous line and concatenates it with the line
below, effectively deleting the CRLF line separator. If you would rather
have the <RUB> key take no action at the beginning of a line, answer
'N'.

Do next word/prev word commands recognize punctuation ? (Y/N) >_

The Next Word and Prev Word commands usually search past punctuation and
special characters looking for a numeric or alphabetic character to
indicate the beginning or ending of a word. This is useful because words
separated with commas but no spaces will be found. However, it is
sometimes nice to define words as any non-spaces. If you would like
spaces to be the only 'word delimiter', answer 'N'; if you want
spaces and other special characters to be recognized as word
delimiters, answer 'Y'.

AUTO SCROLL SPEED >_

The Auto Scroll Speed is usually defaulted to 0 (the fastest). If, for
some reason, you want it to initially be slower, enter a number 1-9 (1
is slowest, 9 is fastest other than 0). The Auto Scroll Speed can be
changed while scrolling by typing 1-9 or 0.

Character to Indicate CONTINUATION LINE >_

Lines longer than the width of the screen are displayed by splitting
them into two pieces and displaying the end of the line below the start
of the line. The fact that the second line is a 'continuation' of the
first is noted by a special character in the first position of the line.
EXPRESS is shipped with '+' as the continuation character, but you can
change it to any other single displayable character you like.


Character to Indicate BLOCK MARKER >_

The start and end of text blocks are shown by placing a single special
character at the beginning of the first and last line of the block.
EXPRESS is shipped with '|' as the block marker character, but you can
change it to any other single displayable character you like.


Text Formatter COMMAND character >_

Most text formatters have special 'command lines' that are entered
directly into the text and identified by placing a special character
in the first position of the line. It is important for EXPRESS to
know what this character is so that it doesn't try to 'reformat' the
command line into the paragraph preceding it. The current setting is
'.' which is the command character for ROFF4 and several other
programs, but you can change it to any other single character.

Minimum FREE SPACE after Disk Read (4-20K bytes) >_

Some free space must be left in memory when reading in portions of a
file larger than memory. EXPRESS usually leaves 4 kbytes of free memory.
If this is too little or too much for your tastes, you can change it.

Is This Definition Correct ? (Y/N) >_

If everything has been entered correctly, answer 'Y' and the new
settings will be written into E.COM. If something was entered wrong, or
you decided you didn't want to change the setting after all, answer 'N'.