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╒NIX 128 V3.10 ═ANUAL 15 ╩ANUARY 1992 ╨AGE 8 12. ╔NTRODUCTION TO NROFF. NROFF IS A TEXT FORMATTING PACKAGE THAT IS "MOSTLY" COMPATIBLE WITH PLAIN NROFF AND TROFF SOURCE FILES (NO MACROS ARE INCLUDED WITH THIS RELEASE FOR TABLE (TBL) OR EQUATION (EQN) PROCESSING). NROFF IS NOT A "WORD PROCESSOR" OR "EDITOR", BUT A PASS-THRU TEXT FORMATTER. ┘OU MUST ENTER TEXT ON ANY EDITOR OR WORD PROCESSOR (EMACS IS FINE) AND THEN TYPE % NROFF -P FILE TO PRINT IT OR % NROFF -V FILE TO PREVIEW IT. NROFF PROVIDES THE POWERFUL FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH MANY WORD PROCESSORS. 12.1 ├OMMAND ╠INE ╧PTIONS: NROFF MAY BE INVOKED WITH SEVERAL COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS IN THE FORMAT: % NROFF (OPTIONS) FILENAME ╘HE OPTIONS ARE: -I ╔NTERACTIVE FORMATTING SETUP FIRST. -V ╓IDEO PREVIEW ONLY -P ╨RINT DOCUMENT -╙ ╒SE MY OWN SYMBOL TABLE INSTEAD OF 'NROFF.TBL.' ┼XAMPLE: -╙MYTABLE ┴ COMMAND LINE MIGHT LOOK LIKE: % NROFF -I -╙MYTABLE -P THISFILE. ╘HE NROFF COMMAND TAKES A SINGLE DOCUMENT FILENAME, WHICH MUST BE SPECIFIED LAST ON THE COMMAND LINE. 12.2 ╞ORMATTING ├OMMANDS: ┴LL FORMATTING COMMANDS MUST BEGIN WITH A PERIOD (.) THAT IS AT THE FAR LEFT (FIRST COLUMN) OF THE SOURCE DOCUMENT. ┴ COMPLETE LIST OF FORMATTING COMMANDS CAN BE VIEWED BY TYPING % MORE NROFF.HLP FROM THE SHELL, OR FROM WITHIN EMACS BY TYPING ┼╙├-╪ ╬╥╧╞╞. 13. ╔NTRODUCTION TO THE AS ┴SSEMBLER ─EVELOPMENT ╨ACKAGE AS IS THE ╒NIX 128 8510 ASSEMBLER. ╔T TAKES A SINGLE SOURCE FILE, PROCESSES THE ╒NIX 128 EXTENSIONS, WRITES AN OBJECT FILE (*.O) THAT CONTAINS ONLY VALID 8510 ASSEMBLER OPCODES / OPERANDS, THEN CONVERTS THE OBJECT FILES AND WRITES THE ├128 MACHINE LANGUAGE FILE 'A.OUT.' ╘HE FIRST TWO BYTES OF 'A.OUT' CONTAIN THE START ADDRESS OF THE CODE (WHERE IT IS LOADED) AND THE REST OF THE FILE CONTAINS THE MACHINE LANGUAGE CODE. 13.1 ╠ANGUAGE ┼XTENSIONS: ╘HE EXTENSIONS TO STANDARD ASSEMBLER ARE AS FOLLOWS: 1. ╘HE FIRST LINE OF ANY ASSEMBLER SOURCE CODE MUST BE THE WORD 'START' FOLLOWED BY EITHER A DECIMAL NUMBER OR A '$' AND A HEXIDECIMAL NUMBER. ╘HIS IS THE START ADDRESS OF THE CODE WHICH IS WRITTEN DIRECTLY TO 'A.OUT.' ╔F A 'START' LINE IS NOT FOUND, AN ERROR WILL BE PRINTED, AND THE COMPILER WILL HALT AND CATCH FIRE. 2. ╧NE OR MORE LINES MAY BE GIVEN THAT BEGIN WITH THE WORD 'INCLUDE' AND A SOURCE FILENAME THAT CONTAINS VALID MACRO DEFINITIONS (SEE 4). ╘HE PURPOSE OF THIS STATEMENT IS SIMILAR TO THE ├ #INCLUDE <LIBRARY.H>: TO INCLUDE MACROS OF STANDARD CODE. ┴N INCLUDE FILE, 'STDLIB.I', IS GIVEN WITH THIS PACKAGE AS AN EXAMPLE. ┼XAMPLE: INCLUDE STDLIB.I ╒NIX 128 V3.10 ═ANUAL 15 ╩ANUARY 1992 ╨AGE 9 3. ┴ DATA SECTION MAY BE GIVEN, SO THAT YOU MAY LABEL COMMON CONSTANTS. ┴ DATA SECTION CONSISTS OF THE WORD 'DATA' ON ITS OWN LINE, FOLLOWED BY ONE OR MORE DATA LINES, AND FOLLOWED BY THE WORD 'ENDD' (END-DATA) ON ITS OWN LINE. ┴ DATA LINE CONSISTS OF A DATA LABEL, THE WORD 'EQU', AND A DECIMAL VALUE OR A HEXIDECIMAL VALUE PRECEEDED BY A '$' ┼XAMPLE: DATA ZERO EQU $00 TWO EQU 2 ENDD ╫HEREVER THE NAMES 'ZERO' OR 'TWO' ARE ENCOUNTERED, THEY ARE REPLACED WITH THE APPROPRIATE DATA VALUE. 4. ═ACROS ARE UNITS OF CODE THAT ARE GIVEN A NAME. ╘HEY ARE DEFINED ONCE, AND EXPANDED WHEREVER THE MACRO NAME IS FOUND. ┴ MACRO DEFINITION BEGINS WITH THE WORD 'MACRO', A SINGLE SPACE, AND THE MACRO NAME. ╧NE OR MORE LINES OF VALID 8510 SOURCE CODE ARE GIVEN ON SEPARATE LINES, AND THE WORD 'ENDM' (END-MACRO) IS GIVEN TO CONCLUDE THE MACRO DEFINITION. ┼XAMPLE: MACRO FOO (START A MACRO NAMED FOO) LDA #$00 ENDM (END OF THIS MACRO) ╫HENEVER THE NAME 'FOO' IS ENCOUNTERED IN THE SOURCE CODE, IT IS REPLACED WITH THE LINE 'LDA #$00'. ═ACROS CANNOT BE GIVEN PARAMETERS. ╙TANDARD MACROS ARE USUALLY USED FOR SYSTEM CALLS SUCH AS SETTING FAST MODE OR CLEARING THE SCREEN. 5. ├OMMENTS CAN BE GIVEN ON SEPARATE LINES BY BEGINNING THAT LINE WITH A SEMICOLON (;). ┼XAMPLE: ;╘HIS IS A COMMENT 6. ┴NY LINE MAY BE GIVEN A NAME BY WHICH IT CAN BE REFERRED. ╘HIS REMOVES THE TEDIUM OF KEEPING TRACK OF ADDRESSES FOR JUMPS AND BRANCHES. ╘HE NAME MUST BE FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY BY A COLON (:). ┼XAMPLE: LINE: LDX #ZERO STA $0400,X JMP LINE **╫┴╥╬╔╬╟** ┬E VERY CAREFUL NOT TO USE VALID OPERAND NAMES FOR LINE LABELS, DATA LABELS OR MACRO NAMES. ╘HE PREPARSER WILL REPLACE ALL OCCURENCES OF LABEL NAMES WITH THE APPROPRIATE DATA. (╞OR EXAMPLE, IF YOU LABEL A LINE WITH JSR:, EVERY TIME YOU USED JSR IN YOUR PROGRAM IT WILL BE REPLACED BY THE ADDRESS OF THE LINE TO WHICH THE LINE LABEL REFERS!) 13.2 ├OMMAND ╠INE ╧PTIONS: AS CAN BE INVOKED WITH SEVERAL DIFFERENT OPTIONS FROM THE ╒NIX 128 COMMAND LINE: % AS -H :╨RINTS A HELP SCREEN. % AS -D BEG END :─ISASSEMBLES MEMORY FROM BEG TO END % AS -V BEG END :╓IEWS MEMORY FROM BEG TO END % AS FILENAME :╨ARSES 'FILENAME' --> 'FILENAME.O' --COMPILES--> 'A.OUT' AS ACCEPTS ALL VALID 8510 OPCODES, AND THE FOLLOWING RESERVED KEYWORDS: START MACRO ENDM DATA ENDD INCLUDE EQU ╒NIX 128 V3.10 ═ANUAL 15 ╩ANUARY 1992 ╨AGE 10 13.3 ╟ENERAL ╬OTES: 1. ╒SE ALL LOWER CASE FOR KEYWORDS AND OP-CODES, AND USE A SINGLE SPACE BETWEEN OP-CODES AND OPERANDS. 2. ╘HERE IS A LIMIT OF 1500 LINES OF SOURCE CODE (255 CHARACTERS PER LINE) 3. ╘HERE IS A LIMIT OF 75 MACROS OF 50 LINES (255 CHAR/LINE) EACH. 4. ╘HERE IS A LIMIT OF 100 UNIQUE LINE LABELS. 5. ╘HERE IS A LIMIT OF 100 DATA ITEMS IN THE DATA SECTION. 14. ╨ROGRAMMING IN ┬┴╙╔├ ╒NDER ╒NIX 128. ╔T IS QUITE FEASIBLE TO WRITE ┬┴╙╔├ 7.0 CODE USING EMACS. ╘HERE ARE NO SPECIAL FEATURES INCLUDED FOR WRITING ┬┴╙╔├ CODE UNDER EMACS. ╘O CONVERT AN EDITOR (╙┼╤) FILE TO ┬┴╙╔├ FORMAT, SIMPLY TYPE '% BASIC'. ╘HE ┬┴╙╔├ CONVERSION UTILITY WILL LOAD THE REQUESTED FILE INTO MEMORY, WHERE YOU CAN RUN IT. ╥EMEMBER TO SAVE THE FILE AFTER THE CONVERSION IS COMPLETE (╫HEN THE CONVERSION COMPLETES, EITHER A SYNTAX ERROR WILL OCCUR OR THE DISK DRIVE WILL HALT AND YOU'LL NEED TO PRESS ╥╒╬/╙╘╧╨ - ╥┼╙╘╧╥┼; EITHER IS NORMAL - YOUR PROGRAM IS SAFELY IN MEMORY.) ╘O CONVERT A ┬┴╙╔├ PROGRAM TO ╙┼╤ FORMAT FOR EMACS, LOAD THE FILE NORMALLY FROM ┬┴╙╔├ THEN TYPE: ╧╨┼╬ 5,8,4,"0:SEQ-FILENAME,S,W" ├═─5:╠╔╙╘ ╨╥╔╬╘#5 ├╠╧╙┼ 5 15. ╔NTRODUCTION TO THE EMACS ╘EXT ┼DITOR. ┼MACS IS A POWERFUL TEXT EDITOR FOR USE UNDER ╒NIX 128. ╔T IS NOT A DOCUMENT FORMATTER OR 'WORD PROCESSOR'- THE MOST ADVANCED TEXT PREVIEWING FEATURE IS WORD-WRAP. ╘EXT SHOULD BE PASSED TO NROFF FOR FORMATTING (LINE SPACING, COLUMNS, JUSTIFICATION ETC.) ┼MACS ALLOWS UP TO 700 LINES OF TEXT (OF 80 CHARACTERS / LINE). ╔T LOADS AND SAVES ╙┼╤ TYPE FILES THAT ARE COMPATIBLE WITH MOST OTHER WORD PROCESSORS. ┼MACS ALSO FEATURES ─ISK┼D, TO ENTER ├┬═-─╧╙ COMMANDS. ╔T HAS HELP SCREENS FOR ITSELF AS WELL AS A COMMAND REFERENCE FOR WRITING NROFF SOURCE FILES. ╔T HAS MULTIPLE TEXT EDITING FEATURES LIKE SETTING AND COPYING REGIONS, 'KILLING' AND 'YANKING' LINES OF TEXT, COMMANDS TO MOVE TO THE START AND END OF LINES, UP AND DOWN BY SCREENS, AND COMMANDS TO MOVE TO THE START AND END OF TEXT. ╞ILES CAN BE INSERTED INTO THE TEXT. ╘HERE IS FONT SUPPORT, AND 2 PARTIAL FONTS (ONE FOR SPECIAL ╨OLISH CHARACTERS AND ONE FOR THE ╥USSIAN (CYRILLIC) ALPHABET) ARE INCLUDED. 15.1 ╥EGIONS: ┴ REGION IS DEFINED AS ALL THE TEXT IN BETWEEN THE 'MARK' AND THE CURRENT CURSOR POSITION. ┴ MARK IS SET BY TYPING (├OMMODORE) (╙╨┴├┼). ╧NCE A REGION IS DEFINED, YOU CAN: ├╧╬╘╥╧╠-C : COPY REGION AS KILL. ╘HIS ALLOWS YOU TO COPY THE REGION INTO THE KILL BUFFER TO BE COPIED BACK INTO THE TEXT WITH ├╧╬╘╥╧╠-Y (YANK). ╥OT-13 REGION : ╨ERFORM THE ROT-13 TRANSFORMATION ON THE REGION (WHICH MAPS EACH LETTER 13 POSITIONS AWAY; A-->M, B-->N, M-->A ETC) 15.2 ┼XPANDED ├OMMAND ╥EFERENCE: (├-KEY - ├ONTROL+KEY ┼-KEY - ╚IT ┼╙├ THEN KEY) ├-A ═OVE THE CURSOR TO THE BEGINNING OF THE CURRENT LINE. ├-B ═OVE THE CURSOR BACK ONE CHARACTER (SAME AS 'CURSOR LEFT') ╒NIX 128 V3.10 ═ANUAL 15 ╩ANUARY 1992 ╨AGE 11 ├-C ├OPY THE CURRENTLY MARKED REGION INTO MEMORY, TO BE RETRIEVED WITH ├-Y (YANK LINE) ├-D ┼NTER ─ISK┼D, WHICH ALLOWS ├┬═ ─╧╙ COMMANDS TO BE EXECUTED. ├-E ═OVE THE CURSOR TO THE END OF THE CURRENT LINE. ├-F ═OVE THE CURSOR FORWARD ONE CHARACTER (='CURSOR RIGHT') ├-G ╤UIT PROMPT (GENERAL ABORT FOR COMMANDS) ├-H ╟ET ╚ELP!!! ├-K ─ELETE LINE FROM CURSOR TO END OF LINE, COPYING THE LINE TO MEMORY. ├-L ╥EDRAW THE SCREEN. ├-N ═OVE THE CURSOR TO THE NEXT LINE (='CURSOR DOWN') ├-P ═OVE THE CURSOR TO THE PREVIOUS LINE (='CURSOR UP') ├-R ╥OT-13 A PREVIOUSLY MARKED REGION ├-V ═OVE DOWN BY A FULL SCREEN ├-W ╫RITE THIS FILE AS... ├-Y ┘ANK A LINE FROM MEMORY TO THE CURRENT CURSOR POSITION. ├-X C ├LEAR TEXT MEMORY. ├-X E ├OPY THE KEYBOARD MACRO DEFINED WITH ├-( AND ├-) ├-X F ╞IND PHRASE (MAYBE). ├-X I ╔NSERT A FILE AT THE CURRENT CURSOR POSITION. ├-X P ╨RINT THE CONTENTS OF MEMORY. ├-X S ╙AVE FILE WITH CURRENT FILENAME. ├-X V ╓IEW DOCUMENT WITH WORD-WRAP. ├-X ├-C ╤UIT TO ╒NIX 128. ├-X ├-F ╠OAD A FILE INTO MEMORY, ERASING CURRENT MEMORY CONTENTS. ├-X ( ╫RITE KEYBOARD MACRO ├-X ) ┼ND KEYBOARD MACRO ├-X = ├URSOR INFORMATION (WHAT LINE, CHARACTER ETC) ├-X + ╔NSERT A LINE AT THE CURSOR. ┼-< ═OVE THE CURSOR TO THE BEGINNING OF THE FILE. ┼-> ═OVE THE CURSOR TO THE END OF THE FILE. ┼-V ═OVE UP BY 1 FULL SCREEN. ┼-X ? ╙HOW BOUND COMMANDS (NROFF HELP, FONTS ETC.) ╧F COURSE, THE ABBREVIATED COMMAND REFERENCE MAY BE VIEWED AT ANY TIME BY TYPING ├-H, WITHOUT DISTURBING YOUR DOCUMENT. 16. ╘HE TIP ╘ELECOMMUNICATIONS ╨ROGRAM. ╘IP IS USED TO CONNECT TO MAINFRAMES OR OTHER ╒NIX 128 SYSTEMS USING THE TELEPHONE LINES. ╔T CAN USE A WIDE VARIETY OF PROTOCOL AND TERMINAL SETTINGS AND WILL BE COMPATIBLE WITH MOST SYSTEMS. ┴LL OF THE FEATURES OF TIP CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE MAIN MENU. ╘O BRING UP THE MAIN MENU, PRESS THE ┴╠╘ KEY ON THE UPPER LEFT OF THE KEYBOARD. ╘HIS BRINGS UP THE FOLLOWING MENU HEIRARCHY (MAY NOT BE IN THE SAME ORDER): 16.1 ╨ROTOCOL ═ENU: -┬AUD ╥ATE: THE SPEED OF COMMUNICATION (300 AND 1200 ARE MOST COMMON) -─ATA ┬ITS: 7 OR 8 DATA BITS ARE SUPPORTED -╨ARITY: EVEN, ODD, SPACE, MARK OR NO PARITY ARE SUPPORTED -╙TOP ┬ITS: 1 OR 2 STOP BITS ARE ALLOWED -─UPLEX: FULL(NO LOCAL ECHO) OR HALF(LOCAL ECHO) DUPLEX 16.2 ╘ERMINAL ╘YPE ═ENU: -╓╘100: USE ╓╘100 EMULATION. ╞OR SOME REASON, NOT ALL OF THE CODES WORK ALL OF THE TIME. ╚OPE TO HAVE THAT FIXED SOON.... -╓╘52: USE ╓╘52 EMULATION. ╒NIX 128 V3.10 ═ANUAL 15 ╩ANUARY 1992 ╨AGE 12 -├OMMODORE: ALSO CALLED 'RAW' MODE, THIS DOESN'T INTERPRET ANY OF THE CONTROL CODES ENCOUNTERED. ╘HIS IS USEFUL WHEN TALKING TO OTHER ├OMMODORE SYSTEMS. 16.3 ─IAL: ┼NTER A PHONE NUMBER (NO PARENTHESES OR HYPHENS, A COMMA (,) MAKES A 2 SECOND PAUSE) AND TIP WILL DIAL IT AND ATTEMPT TO CONNECT. ╧NE OF THE THE FOLLOWING MESSAGES WILL BE RETURNED: ├╧╬╬┼├╘ = CONNECTED AT 300 BAUD ├╧╬╬┼├╘ 1200 = CONNECTED AT 1200 BAUD ┬╒╙┘ = THE HOST IS BUSY ╓╧╔├┼ = A HUMAN BEING ANSWERED THE PHONE. 16.4 ╚ANG ╒P ═ENU: ╚ANG ╒P: OBVIOUSLY, HANG UP THE PHONE. ─ON'T ╚ANG ╒P: OBVIOUSLY, DON'T HANG UP THE PHONE. 16.5 ├LEAR ─ISPLAY: ╘HIS JUST CLEARS THE SCREEN. 16.6 ┬UFFER ═ENU: ├APTURE ╧N: ╘HIS WILL COPY EVERYTHING THAT COMES ACROSS THE SCREEN (EXCEPT MENUS ETC.) TO MEMORY ├APTURE ╧FF: ╘HIS TURNS OFF THE COPY-TO-MEMORY FEATURE. ├LEAR ┬UFFER: ┼RASE ALL BUFFER MEMORY. ╙AVE ┬UFFER: ╙AVE THE CONTENTS OF THE BUFFER IN A DISK FILE. ╨RINT ┬UFFER: ╨RINT THE CONTENTS OF THE BUFFER ON THE PRINTER. ╓IEW ┬UFFER: ╘YPE THE CONTENTS OF THE BUFFER ON THE SCREEN (USE THE ╬╧ ╙├╥╧╠╠ KEY TO PAUSE / RESUME.) 16.7 ┴╙├╔╔ ╒PLOAD: ┼NTER A FILENAME AND TIP WILL JUST TYPE THE FILE TO THE MODEM. ╘O RECEIVE A FILE, YOU MUST FIRST TYPE: ╓┴╪ / ╓═╙: $ CREATE FILENAME (WHEN UPLOAD IS DONE, TYPE ├╘╥╠-┌) ╒NIX: % CAT > FILENAME (WHEN DONE, TYPE ├╘╥╠-─) 16.8 ╤UIT TO ╒NIX: ╥ETURNS TO THE ╒NIX 128 SHELL PROMPT (%). ┘OU CAN LEAVE TIP WITHOUT HANGING UP, DO OTHER WORK, AND RETURN TO TIP SAFELY. ╥EMEMBER TO HANG UP THE PHONE WHEN YOU'RE ALL DONE (NOTE THAT SHUTTING OFF THE COMPUTER WILL HANG UP THE PHONE AUTOMATICALLY) 16.9 (╘ERMINAL ═ODE): ╥ETURN TO TERMINAL MODE WITHOUT DOING ANYTHING. 17. DC: DC IS THE ╒NIX 128 DESKTOP CALCULATOR. ╔T CAN BE USED FOR DOING ARITHMETIC CALCULATIONS, BASE CONVERSIONS AND TRIGONOMETRY. DC CAN BE RUN IN ONE OF TWO MODES: INTERACTIVE AND SINGLE EXPRESSION. ╔F YOU TYPE % DC AT THE SHELL PROMPT, DC WILL LOAD AND PLACE YOU IN AN INTERACTIVE ENVIRONMENT. ╨RESSING '?' WILL LIST ALL OF THE FEATURES. ╔F YOU TYPE % DC (EXPR) AT THE SHELL PROMPT (EXAMPLE: % DC 3+2), DC WILL BE LOADED, AND IT WILL EVALUATE THE GIVEN EXPRESSION, PRINT THE RESULT, AND RETURN TO THE SHELL IMMEDIATELY. ╘HE VALID OPERATIONS ARE: ╚ELP: ? ┴RITHMETIC: + - * / ( ) ! ╞UNCTIONS: (FUNCTIONS TAKE A SINGLE ARGUMENT) LOG SQR SQRT SIN COS TAN SEC CSC COT ┴RGUMENTS: CAN BE: -NUMERIC (EXAMPLE: 3+2) -E OR PI (DEFINED CONSTANTS) -ANS (ANS IS THE PREVIOUS ANSWER VARIABLE) ╒NIX 128 V3.10 ═ANUAL 15 ╩ANUARY 1992 ╨AGE 13 ├ONVERSION: HD (HEX ARG) HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL HB (HEX ARG) HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY DH (DEC ARG)DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL DB (DEC ARG) DECIMAL TO BINARY BD (BIN ARG) BINARY TO DECIMAL BH (BIN ARG) BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL ┼XAMPLE: TO CONVERT $FF TO DECIMAL, TYPE: HD FF. 18. MAIL: MAIL INVOKES THE ╒NIX 128 MAIL SYSTEM. ╘HIS MAILER WAS SET UP SO THAT MULTIPLE USERS OF ╒NIX 128 ON A SINGLE SYSTEM COULD SEND MAIL BETWEEN EACH OTHER. ╘HE OPERATION OF MAIL IS ALMOST EXACTLY IDENTICAL TO ┬ERKELEY MAIL (/USR/UCB/MAIL). ╘HE MAILER USES 'MAILBOXES' NAMED USERNAME.MBOX; IF ONE DOESN'T EXIST FOR YOU IT WILL BE CREATED IF NEEDED. ╔F YOU HAVE NO MAIL, MAIL WILL PROBABLY RETURN AN ERROR MESSAGE LIKE 'USER.MBOX DOESN'T EXIST.'. MAIL CONTAINS ALL THE STANDARD ╒NIX MAILER COMMANDS: N (NEXT MESSAGE), S (SAVE MESSAGE(S)), P (PRINT MESSAGE(S)), MAIL (MAIL TO ANOTHER USER), AND D (DELETE). 19. SPREAD: SPREAD IS THE ╒NIX 128 SPREADSHEET PROGRAM. ╔T IS SIMILAR IN FUNCTION TO ╠OTUS 1-2-3, BUT A LOT SMALLER AND SKIMPIER. SPREAD PROVIDES A MAXIMUM SPREADSHEET SIZE OF 26 ROWS (┴-┌) BY 99 COLUMNS (1-99). ╘HERE ARE FACILITIES FOR ENTERING TEXT STRINGS, NUMBERS, FUNCTIONS, AND MATH EXPRESSIONS. ╞UNCTIONS AND MATH EXPRESSIONS MAY APPLY TO MULTIPLE CELLS ('RANGES'). ╔N MOST CASES, RANGES ARE ENTERED IN TWO WAYS: -EXPLICITLY: TWO OPPOSITE CORNERS (USUALLY TOP-LEFT AND BOTTOM-RIGHT) ARE GIVEN, SEPARATED BY A HYPHEN (-). ╘HE COLUMN LETTER MUST COME BEFORE THE ROW NUMBER. ┼XAMPLE: A1-B10 -BY NAME: COMMONLY USED RANGES MAY BE GIVEN A NAME (TYPE ├╘╥╠-N TO NAME A RANGE.) ╧NCE A RANGE IS NAMED, ITS NAME MAY BE GIVEN INSTEAD OF EXPLICITLY DEFINING THE RANGE. ╔N SOME CASES (SUCH AS WHEN ENTERING A RANGE TO PRINT) YOU CAN ALSO USE THE CURSOR KEYS TO SCROLL THE TOP LEFT CELL ADDRESS, PRESS '.', AND USE THE CURSOR KEYS TO SELECT A BOTTOM RIGHT CELL ADDRESS. ╞UNCTIONS ACT ON RANGES. ╞UNCTIONS ARE PRECEDED BY THE '@' SIGN. ╙OME AVAILABLE FUNCTIONS ARE SUM (@SUM), AVERAGE (@AVG), MAXIMUM VALUE (@MAX), MINIMUM VALUE (@MIN), NUMBER OF NUMERIC ITEMS IN A RANGE (@COUNT), LOG, SIN, COS, TAN, AND SQRT (SQUARE ROOT). ╥ANGES ARE SPECIFIED AFTER THE FUNCTION: @SUM A1-B9. ╙PREAD CAN ALSO CALCULATE BINARY MATH EXPRESSIONS (EXPRESSIONS WITH TWO NUMBERS). ═ATH EXPRESSIONS ARE PRECEDED BY A PERCENT SIGN, CONTAIN A SINGE OPERATOR (+,-,* OR /), AND TWO ARGUMENTS (ARGUMENTS MAY BE EITHER NUMERIC OR SINGLE CELL NAMES). ┼XAMPLES: %497-334 %A1-B1 %D49-10. ╬╧╘┼: ╞UNCTIONS OR EXPRESSIONS THAT ACT ON OTHER CELLS ARE NOT AUTOMATICALLY CHANGED TO REFLECT CHANGES IN ARGUMENTS; A SCREEN REDRAW (├╘╥╠-R) WILL MAKE THESE CHANGES. ├OMPLETE INFORMATION ON THE CURRENT VERSION OF SPREAD IS AVAILABLE BY TYPING ├ONTROL-H. ╒NIX 128 V3.10 ═ANUAL 15 ╩ANUARY 1992 ╨AGE 14 20. ╧THER MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS: 20.1 ╟AMES: ╞OUR 'GAMES' HAVE BEEN INCLUDED WITH ╒NIX 128: BANNER, MAZE, PUZZLE, AND WUMP (THESE ARE TRADITIONALLY FOUND IN /USR/GAMES ON "REAL" UNIX SYSTEMS.) -┬ANNER WILL PRINT THE GIVEN PHRASE IN LARGE LETTERS ON THE STANDARD OUTPUT DEVICE. ╘HUS, % BANNER I LOVE UNIX 128 ⌐ LPR WILL PRINT A BIG SIGN ON YOUR PRINTER. -═AZE CREATES A RANDOM MAZE AND PRINTS IT TO THE STANDARD OUTPUT. ┴GAIN, YOU'LL PROBABLY WANT TO PIPE THIS COMMAND TO THE PRINTER. -╨UZZLE IS A ╒NIX 128 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SLIDING TILE GAME WHOSE OBJECT IS TO GET THE TILES IN NUMERICAL ORDER BY SLIDING THEM AROUND. -╫UMP IS AN IMPLEMENTATION OF ╚UNT ╘HE ╫UMPUS, A GAME BY ╟REGORY ┘OB THAT HAS BEEN ON ╒NIX SYSTEMS SINCE THEIR INCEPTION. ╘HE OBJECT IS TO SHOOT THE ╫UMPUS WHILE AVOIDING HAZARDS LIKE PITS AND ╙UPERBATS. 20.2 ╘AR: ╘AR IS THE TAPE ARCHIVE PROGRAM THAT EXISTS TO TAKE MULTIPLE FILES AND CONCATENATE THEM INTO A SINGLE ARCHIVE FILE (CALLED A TARFILE) FOR ARCHIVING OR MAILING. ╘HE ╒NIX 128 VERSION SEEMS TO BE COMPATIBLE WITH ╙UN'S TAR AND ─┼├ ╒LTRIX TAR. ╧THER MAINFRAME ╒NIX TARFILES HAVE NOT BEEN TESTED. ╘HE COMMAND LINE TO ARCHIVE MULTIPLE FILES INTO A SINGLE TARFILE IS: % TAR -C [ TARFILE ] [ FILELIST...] AND THE COMMAND TO UNARCHIVE (E╪TRACT) A TARFILE IS: % TAR -X [ TARFILE ]. ╘AR IS VERY SLOW IN EITHER ARCHIVING OR DE-ARCHIVING FILES. ┴LSO, NOTE THAT MAINFRAME-PRODUCED TARFILES WILL UNARCHIVE IN ┴╙├╔╔ FORMAT, NOT ├┬═╙├╔╔ FORMAT, SO THAT ALL THE CASES WILL BE REVERSED (L╔╦┼ T╚╔╙). 20.3 UUENCODE/UUDECODE: ┴LSO IN THE AREA OF THINGS THAT ARE BINARY COMPATIBLE WITH ╒NIX MAINFRAMES ARE UUENCODE AND UUDECODE. ╒UENCODE (PRONOUNCED YOU-YOU-ENCODE; SHORT FOR UNIX-TO-UNIX ENCODE) TAKES AN INPUT FILE AND MAPS ALL THE BYTES TO ┴╙├╔╔-PRINTABLE CHARACTERS. ╘HE ORIGINAL PURPOSE OF THIS WAS TO MAKE BINARY FILES (PROGRAMS) READABLE BY THE MAIL SYSTEM FOR FILE TRANSFERS. ╘O ENCODE A FILE, TYPE % UUENCODE (-C) INPUTFILE OUTPUTFILE. ╘HE -C OPTION WILL CONVERT ┴╙├╔╔<>╨┼╘╙├╔╔ AS IT ENCODES. ╘HE INPUTFILE IS THE FILE TO BE ENCODED, AND THE OUTPUTFILE IS THE ENCODED FILE. ╘O DECODE A FILE, TYPE % UUDECODE (-C) FILENAME. ╘HE -C OPTION WILL CONVERT ┴╙├╔╔<>╨┼╘╙├╔╔ AS IT DECODES. 20.4 STYLE: STYLE WILL ANALYZE THE SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WRITING STYLE OF A DOCUMENT. ╔T REPORTS ON READABILITY, SENTENCE LENGTH AND STRUCTURE, WORD LENGTH AND USAGE. ╘HE GRADE IT GIVES IS SOMEWHERE AROUND 0-12, AND THE HIGHER THE GRADE THE BETTER THE DOCUMENT.