CP/M/CPM_CDROM.iso/cpm/utils/dskutl/ds21doc.lbr/DSGUIDE.WZ/DSGUIDE.WS

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.he              DAMNSPOT Users' Manual - Version 2.1           #


                      DAMNSPOT USER MANUAL
                          Version 2.1


HISTORY

Version 1.0

┴ fe≈ year≤ ag∩ ╔ wrotσ ß baΣ block≤ prograφ iε SBasiπ oε m∙ ne≈ ì
Kaypr∩á II«á  Thσá resultinτá DAMNSPO╘ (DS⌐ workeΣá wel∞á oεá m∙ ì
machine¼á bu⌠á wa≤á riddleΣá witΦ machinσ anΣá operatinτá systeφ ì
dependencies«á  I⌠ i≤ giveε herσ a≤ Versioε 1.░ althougΦ ╔ don'⌠ ì
kno≈ tha⌠ ╔ eve≥ bestoweΣ thσ dignit∙ oµ ß versioε numbe≥ oε it.

Version 2.0

Thi≤ wa≤ ß completσ rewritσ iε Turb∩ Pasca∞ anΣ aimeΣ a⌠ genera∞ ì
CP/═ compatibility« Thσ mos⌠ limitinτ restrictioε wa≤ tha⌠ largσ ì
disk≤á werσá almos⌠ automaticall∙ excludeΣá becausσá thσá entirσ ì
director∙ wa≤ storeΣ iε memor∙ - eveε thσ unuseΣ entries.

Anothe≥á probleφá witΦá Versioε 2.░ arosσ wheε testinτ i⌠á oεá ß ì
Kaypr∩á I╓ witΦ mixeΣ disk≤ - i.e«á ß Kaypr∩ I╓á formatteΣá disδ ì
(double-sided⌐á iεá onσá drivσ anΣ ß Kaypr∩á I╔á formatteΣá disδ ì
(single-sided⌐ iε thσ other«á  I⌠ turn≤ ou⌠ tha⌠ Kaypr∩ use≤ thσ ì
samσá areß oµ memor∙ fo≥ thσ disδ paramete≥ blocδ oµ botΦ disks¼ ì
copyinτá thσá appropriatσ value≤ iε dependinτ oε whicΦá disδá i≤ ì
selected«á  Sincσá D╙á wa≤ referencinτ disδ parameter≤á vißá thσ ì
pointe≥ returneΣ b∙ ß one-timσ Bio≤ Selec⌠ Disδ call¼ thσ value≤ ì
referenceΣ werσ alway≤ thosσ fo≥ thσ currentl∙ selecteΣ disk.

Version 2.1

Thσá majo≥á changσá iε Versioε 2.▒ i≤ tha⌠ onl∙á livσá director∙ ì
entrie≤ arσ storeΣ iε memory« Thi≤ give≤ ß limiteΣ capabilit∙ oε ì
harΣ disδ systems«á  LimiteΣ becausσ therσ i≤ stil∞ onl∙ s∩ mucΦ ì
memor∙á anΣá harΣ disk≤ ma∙ bσ permitteΣ thousand≤á oµá entries«  ì
LimiteΣá als∩ becausσ somσ oµ thσ options¼á sucΦ a≤á movinτá thσ ì
disδá t∩á ß ne≈ drivσ o≥ copyinτ thσ disk'≤ content≤á requirσá ß ì
compatiblσ drive«  Ho≈ man∙ ou⌠ therσ havσ twoé harΣ disks?

Damnspo⌠á shoulΣá allo≈ ß bi⌠ ove≥ 45░ entrie≤ oε ßá drivσá tha⌠ ì
use≤ CP/═ group≤ 4╦ iε size«á  Thi≤ limi⌠ coulΣ bσ moveΣ upward≤ ì
somewha⌠ b∙ makinτ Damnspo⌠ mucΦ terse≥ anΣ recompilinτ i⌠á witΦ ì
ß highe≥ memor∙ limit¼á targe⌠ machinσ permitting«á  Spacσ coulΣ ì
als∩ bσ freeΣ b∙ overlayinτ Damnspo⌠ bu⌠ theε i⌠ woulΣ no⌠ allo≈ ì
freσá usσá oµ al∞ drives«á  Thσ curren⌠ versioεá a≤á distributeΣ ì
require≤ tha⌠ memor∙ bσ freσ u≡ t∩ D000.

Othe≥ mino≥ change≤ havσ beeε made«  Disδ parameter≤ arσ scoopeΣ ì
u≡á anΣá storeΣ wherσ the∙ wil∞ no⌠ bσ subjec⌠ t∩ Kaypro'≤á (anΣ ì
possibl∙á othe≥ manufacturers'⌐ vanishinτ act«á  Somσá codσá ha≤ ì
beeε simplifieΣ anΣ somσ unnecessar∙ inpu⌠ eliminated.
èINTRODUCTION

D╙ look≤ fo≥ baΣ sector≤ oε ß flopp∙ disδ anΣ trie≤ t∩ offe≥ thσ ì
use≥á ßá rangσá oµá option≤ t∩ dea∞ witΦ theφá a≤á wel∞á a≤á thσ ì
informatioε necessar∙ t∩ choosσ betweeε them«á  Wha⌠ yo⌡ d∩ witΦ ì
ß baΣ secto≥ ma∙ wel∞ depenΣ upoε whicΦ areß oµ thσ disδ i⌠ lie≤ ì
iε - system¼á directory¼ use≥ - anΣ oε whethe≥ o≥ no⌠ i⌠ i≤ par⌠ ì
oµ ß valuablσ file«á Iµ you≥ disδ ha≤ jus⌠ beeε formatted¼ o≥ a⌠ ì
leas⌠á contain≤ n∩ file≤ oµ importance¼á FINDBA─ wil∞ d∩ thσ joΓ ì
simpl∙ anΣ conveniently«á  Iµ thσ disδ contain≤ valuablσá files¼ ì
D╙ wil∞ givσ yo⌡ morσ options¼á information¼ anΣ safeguards«  T∩ ì
bσ fair¼ beinτ ne≈ i⌠ probabl∙ als∩ offer≤ morσ bugs.

D╙ read≤ al∞ livσ director∙ entrie≤  int∩ memor∙ anΣ keep≤ tracδ ì
oµ thσ statu≤ oµ ever∙ block«á Iµ i⌠ late≥ find≤ baΣ blocks¼ thσ ì
memor∙á imagσ oµ thσ director∙ i≤ modifieΣ t∩ ß forφ tha⌠á woulΣ ì
bette≥á sui⌠ thσ disk«á  Also¼á i⌠ ma∙ froφ timσ t∩ timσ finΣ i⌠ ì
necessar∙ t∩ writσ somσ informatioε t∩ unuseΣ block≤ oε thσ disδ ì
unde≥ test.

Thesσ change≤ havσ n∩ immediatσ effec⌠ oε thσ disk«  I⌠ wil∞ no⌠ ì
bσá altereΣ (excep⌠ possibl∙ fo≥ unuseΣ blocks⌐ unles≤ thσá use≥ ì
give≤ updatσ permissioε afte≥ thσ scaε i≤ complete«  Thσ disδ i≤ ì
processeΣá iεá threσ stages║á thσá directory¼á thσá systeφá areß ì
(optional)¼áá anΣá thσá use≥á filσá area«á  A≤á baΣá block≤á arσ ì
encountereΣ thσ use≥ i≤ giveε option≤ t∩ dea∞ witΦ them.

Wheεá thσá disδ ha≤ beeε completel∙ scanned¼á thσ use≥ i≤á askeΣ ì
whethe≥ o≥ no⌠ t∩ updatσ thσ director∙ oε disk¼á thereb∙ puttinτ ì
an∙ change≤ int∩ effect«á Iµ baΣ block≤ havσ beeε founΣ iε file≤ ì
i⌠á ma∙ bσ preferreΣ tha⌠ D╙ d∩ nothinτ unti∞ othe≥á trie≤á havσ ì
beeε madσ t∩ recove≥ thσ data.


NOTE TO THE IMPATIENT

╔á aφ adviseΣ b∙ ß (tactful⌐ frienΣ tha⌠ ╔ writσ terribl∙ turgiΣ ì
documentation«á  Thσá trutΦá i≤á tha⌠ ╔ writσ i⌠ fo≥á mσá anΣá ╔ ì
alread∙ kno≈ ho≈ t∩ usσ thσ thing« Iµ yo⌡ wan⌠ t∩ jum≡ righ⌠ in¼ ì
a⌠ you≥ owε risk¼ moun⌠ somσ unimportan⌠ disk≤ with¼ say¼ DS.CO═ ì
anΣá DAMNSPOT.HL╨á oεá drivσ ┴ anΣ ß disδ t∩ checδ iεá drivσá B«  ì
Type:

                         A:DS <RETURN>

anΣ follo≈ thσ cues«á  Control-├ wil∞ givσ yo⌡ aε abor⌠á option¼ ì
Control-╙á wil∞á scrol∞á lonτá displays¼á anΣ ╤á fo≥á Qui⌠á wil∞ ì
normall∙ takσ yo⌡ bacδ t∩ aε earlie≥ menu«á  ┴ non-typical¼á bu⌠ ì
illustrative¼á termina∞á sessioε i≤ containeΣ iε DSRUN.W╙á whicΦ ì
yo⌡á migh⌠á prin⌠á ou⌠á beforehand«á  Notσá tha⌠á DSRUN.PI├á wa≤ ì
produceΣ usinτ Versioε 2.░ s∩ you≥ display≤ ma∙ diffe≥ slightly.
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èLIMITATIONSì

1«á  D╙á wa≤ writteε iε Turb∩ Pasca∞ (i≤ therσ ßá nice≥á Pascal⌐ ì
witΦá aεá eyσá t∩ genera∞ CP/═ compatibilit∙ bu⌠ ha≤á onl∙á beeε ì
testeΣ oε ß Kaypr∩ I╔ anΣ Kaypr∩ IV«á  T∩ makσ i⌠ worδ oεá othe≥ ì
machine≤á ma∙ wel∞ requirσ recompilatioε anΣ eveε theε therσ arσ ì
n∩ guarantees«á  A⌠ an∙ rate¼á n∩ fanc∙ screeε capabilitie≤ havσ ì
beeε useΣ anΣ al∞ disδ I/╧ i≤ eithe≥ througΦ BDO╙ o≥ BIOS.

2«á  Turb∩á allocate≤á variablσ storagσ iε higΦ memor∙á anΣá thσ ì
compile≥á ha≤á t∩ bσ tolΣ ho≈ mucΦá memor∙á i≤á available«á  Thσ ì
distributioεá versioεá oµ DS.CO═ assume≤ tha⌠ al∞ memor∙á u≡á t∩ ì
D00░á i≤á available«á  Iµ you≥ machinσ ha≤ les≤á available¼á thσ ì
prograφ wil∞ tel∞ yo⌡ tha⌠ i⌠ ha≤ insufficien⌠ memor∙ anΣá abor⌠ ì
a≤ sooε a≤ yo⌡ tr∙ t∩ ruε it«á  Iµ yo⌡ havσ thi≤ problem¼ i⌠ ma∙ ì
bσá tha⌠á you≥ lacδ oµ memor∙ i≤ causeΣ b∙ thing≤ likσá Smartke∙ ì
hogginτ u≡ higΦ memory«á  Iµ so¼á d∩ ß machinσ rese⌠ anΣ tr∙á D╙ ì
again.

3«á  D╙á ma∙ wel∞ no⌠ worδ oε harΣ disk≤ becausσ the∙ havσ largσ ì
directorie≤ anΣ ß largσ numbe≥ oµ blocks«á Sincσ D╙ require≤á 3▓ ì
byte≤á oµá memor∙ fo≥ ever∙ livσ director∙ entry¼á │á byte≤á fo≥ ì
ever∙áá block¼áá  anΣá  enougΦá memor∙á t∩á holΣá ßá disδá blocδ ì
(potentiall∙ a≤ largσ a≤ 16K⌐ problem≤ ma∙ arise«á  Iµ the∙á do¼ ì
Damnspo⌠ wil∞ fai∞ gracefull∙ (╔ hope).

4«á  D╙á doe≤á it≤ disδ I/╧ througΦ you≥ machine'≤á BIOS«á  Mos⌠ ì
machine≤á wil∞ no⌠ repor⌠ ß reaΣ o≥ writσ erro≥ unles≤ ßá numbe≥ ì
oµ consecutivσ trie≤ fail«á Hencσ D╙ caε easil∙ mis≤ baΣ sector≤ ì
tha⌠á arσ onl∙ flaky«á Oε m∙ Kaypr∩ I╔ flak∙ block≤á arσá easil∙ ì
hearΣá becausσá thσ machinσ begin≤ ╟ ╥ ╔ ╬ ─ ╔ ╬ Géá fo≥á severa∞ ì
seconds«á  Ever∙á s∩á man∙ retrie≤ thσ disδ heaΣ i≤ homeΣ anΣá ß ì
reseeδ donσ t∩ thσ desireΣ track/sector« Onl∙ afte≥ severa∞ sucΦ ì
home≤ wil∞ thσ erro≥ bσ reported«á  ┴ 'goodº blocδ ma∙ wel∞ takσ ì
fift∙ trie≤ t∩ read«á  D╙ wil∞ no⌠ detec⌠ sucΦ ß probleφá shoulΣ ì
thσ reaΣ eventuall∙ work¼á bu⌠ yo⌡ caε observσ thσ blocδ number≤ ì
displayeΣ oε thσ screeε a≤ read≤ anΣ write≤ arσ beinτ attempted«  ì
Block≤á oε whicΦ thσ prograφ dwell≤ arσ candidate≤ t∩ bσá forceΣ ì
t∩ baΣ blocδ statu≤ (whicΦ D╙ allows).

5«  D╙ i≤ big«  Sorr∙ abou⌠ tha⌠.
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èTERMINOLOGYì

HerewitΦ ß bi⌠ abou⌠ tracks¼ sector≤ anΣ blocks« Thesσ term≤ arσ ì
variousl∙á useΣ anΣ therσ i≤ littlσ poin⌠ iε arguinτ whethe≥ onσ ì
usagσá i≤ righ⌠ o≥ wrong«á Thσ importan⌠ poin⌠ i≤ t∩á havσá somσ ì
ideßá oµ whethe≥ o≥ no⌠ thσ Tracδ anΣ Secto≥ number≤ useΣ b∙ onσ ì
prograφ bea≥ an∙ relationshi≡ t∩ thosσ useΣ b∙ another.

D╙á display≤ tracδ anΣ secto≥ number≤ iε decimal«á Blocδ number≤ ì
arσá alway≤ showε iε hexadecima∞ becausσ DU▓ (ß versioε oµá DUU⌐ ì
employ≤ hexadecima∞ blocδ number≤ anΣ i≤ thσ onl∙ publiπá domaiε ì
utilit∙ tha⌠ ╔ kno≈ oµ tha⌠ let≤ yo⌡ g∩ directl∙ t∩ an∙ blocδ oε ì
ßá disδ anΣ reaΣ anΣ writσ information«á  P.S«á  DU▓ call≤á theφ ì
group≤ rathe≥ thaε blocks.

Tracké

Thσá disδá i≤ divideΣ int∩ circula≥ track≤ numbereΣ startinτá a⌠ ì
zero«á CP/═á normall∙á reserve≤ onσ o≥ morσá track≤á fo≥á itselµ ì
startinτ a⌠ tracδ zero« Thσ director∙ start≤ a⌠ thσ beginninτ oµ ì
thσ firs⌠ unreserveΣ track«  Severa∞ logica∞ disk≤ caε bσ placeΣ ì
ont∩á thσá samσá physica∞ disδ b∙ tellinτ CP/═ tha⌠á thσá highe≥ ì
disk≤á havσ ß largσ numbe≥ oµ reserveΣ track≤ - largσ enougΦá t∩ ì
accommodatσ thσ lowe≥ disks«

Sectoré

Thi≤á terφ i≤ terribl∙ ambiguou≤ havinτ a⌠ leas⌠ fou≥á differen⌠ ì
usages«á Iε D╙ sector≤ arσ logica∞ CP/═ sectors«á  EacΦ tracδ i≤ ì
regardeΣá b∙á CP/═á a≤á divideΣá int∩á 128-bytσá sectors«á Thesσ ì
(logical⌐á sector≤ star⌠ a⌠ zer∩ oε eacΦ track«á Thi≤ schemß ha≤ ì
nothinτá t∩ d∩ witΦ thσ wa∙ datß i≤ physicall∙ laiΣ ou⌠á oεá thσ ì
disk«á  You≥á disδá systeφ probabl∙ read≤ anΣ write≤á iεá large≥ ì
chunk≤ thaε 12╕ bytes¼ anΣ thσ physica∞ sector≤ arσ probabl∙  iε ì
non-consecutivσá numeriπá orde≥á (skewed)«á  I⌠ i≤á CP/M'≤á job¼ ì
specificall∙á tha⌠ oµ thσ BIOS¼á t∩ makσ thσ disδ looδ likσá thσ ì
mode∞ describeΣ t∩ use≥ programs.

Tw∩á program≤ oµ grea⌠ usefulnes≤ iε detectinτ anΣ dealinτá witΦ ì
baΣ block≤ arσ DU▓ anΣ you≥ Format/Verif∙ utility«  Thσ wa∙ tha⌠ ì
the∙ usσ secto≥ number≤ i≤ describeΣ briefl∙ below.

DU▓á (o≥ DUU)é  Thi≤ display≤ botΦ ß 'logicalº anΣá ßá 'physicalº ì
secto≥á number«á  Fo≥ somσ reasoε o≥ othe≥ m∙ cop∙ oµ DU▓ count≤ ì
logica∞ secto≥ number≤ beginninτ a⌠ onσ rathe≥ thaε zer∩ oε eacΦ ì
track«á  So¼á t∩á conver⌠á ß D╙ secto≥ numbe≥ t∩ ßá DU▓á logica∞ ì
secto≥ number¼ jus⌠ adΣ one.

Format/Verif∙ Utilityé  ╔ aφ assuminτ tha⌠ yo⌡ havσ sucΦ ß thing«  ì
Iµ probabl∙ i≤ totall∙ hardwarσ orienteΣ anΣ make≤ n∩ attemp⌠ t∩ ì
speaδ CP/M«á  M∙ Kaypr∩ ha≤ teε truσ physica∞ sector≤ pe≥ track¼ ì
eacΦá 51▓á byte≤ long«á  M∙ F/╓ utilit∙ report≤ baΣá sector≤á a≤ ì
number≤ iε [0,9]¼á wherea≤ botΦ CP/═ physica∞ anΣ logica∞ secto≥ ì
number≤á arσá iεá thσ rangσá [0,39]«á  Somσá knowledgσá oµá you≥ ì
particula≥ machinσ i≤ needeΣ t∩ conver⌠ betweeε thσ tw∩ systems.
èBlocké

CP/═á allocate≤á disδ spacσ t∩ file≤ iε blocks¼á eacΦá oµá whicΦ ì
consist≤ oµ ß numbe≥ oµ (logically⌐ contiguou≤ sectors«  Thi≤ i≤ ì
als∩ frequentl∙ referreΣ t∩ a≤ ß CP/═ group¼á whicΦ terφ ha≤ thσ ì
advantagσá oµ beinτ unambiguous«á  I⌠ i≤ no⌠ useΣ herσ becausσ ╔ ì
d∩ no⌠ wisΦ t∩ red∩ al∞ thσ documentatioε anΣ sourcσá code«á Thσ ì
blocδá sizσ i≤ ß compromisσ betweeε fas⌠ disδ acces≤ (biτ block≤ ì
better⌐ anΣ thσ desirσ t∩ avoiΣ wastinτ disδ spacσ (smal∞ block≤ ì
better)« EacΦ director∙ entr∙ iε CP/═ govern≤ ß maximuφ oµ eigh⌠ ì
o≥ sixteeε blocks¼ s∩ biτ file≤ neeΣ severa∞ entries«  M∙ Kaypr∩ ì
I╔á work≤ witΦ 1╦ blocks¼á doublσ sideΣ Kaypro'≤ usσ 2╦á blocks¼ ì
anΣá somσ system≤ witΦ largσ harΣ disk≤ ma∙ usσ block≤ a≤á largσ ì
a≤ 16K.

Block≤ havσ n∩ meaninτ iε thσ systeφ anΣ director∙ area≤ oµá thσ ì
disδ bu⌠ appl∙ rathe≥ iε thσ use≥ area«  Thσ term≤ baΣ blocδ anΣ ì
baΣá secto≥á arσ useΣ morσ o≥ les≤ interchangeabl∙á here«á  Notσ ì
tha⌠á wha⌠á actuall∙ goe≤ baΣ i≤ ßá physica∞á sector¼á whicΦá i≤ ì
usuall∙ intermediatσ iε sizσ betweeε ß CP/═ logica∞ secto≥ anΣ ß ì
CP/═ block.


BAD BLOCK/SECTOR CONSIDERATIONS
ì
Sincσá somσá baΣ sector≤ arσ badde≥ thaε others¼á severa∞á case≤ ì
havσ t∩ bσ considered.

BaΣáSecto≥ iε Directoryé

┴á baΣá secto≥á iεá thσá director∙ i≤ fata∞á a≤á fa≥á a≤á D╙á i≤ ì
concerned«á Iµá aε erro≥ i≤ encountereΣ processinτ oµá thσá disδ ì
wil∞á bσá immediatel∙á discontinued«á  Processinτ wil∞á als∩á bσ ì
discontinueΣá iµ thσ numbe≥ oµ livσ entrie≤ i≤ greate≥ thaεá thσ ì
amoun⌠ oµ memor∙ availablσ fo≥ them« Iµ thσ director∙ i≤ bad¼ n∩ ì
intelligen⌠á processinτá i≤á possiblσá anΣá you≥áá Format/Verif∙ ì
prograφ i≤ ß mucΦ bette≥ too∞ fo≥ dumΓ baΣ secto≥ scanning.

Iµá thσ director∙ areß i≤ bad¼á thσ disδ wil∞ eventuall∙ requirσ ì
reformatting¼á whicΦ oµ coursσ wil∞ erasσ an∙ informatioε oε it«  ì
Thσ bes⌠ hopσ fo≥ recoverinτ informatioε i≤ t∩ tr∙ thσ samσ disδ ì
oε ß differen⌠ drivσ o≥ ß differen⌠ machine.

Therσá arσ severa∞ public-domaiε program≤ arounΣ tha⌠á ma∙á hel≡ ì
yo⌡ t∩ recove≥ file≤ eveε wheε par⌠ oµ thσ director∙ i≤ bad« Thσ ì
bes⌠á tha⌠ ╔ havσ founΣ i≤ DU▓ bu⌠ i⌠ doe≤ requirσ ß fai≥ degreσ ì
oµá knowledgσá t∩ usσ i⌠ effectively«á Eveε witΦá thσá necessar∙ ì
expertise¼á recoverinτá informatioε froφ ß disδ witΦá ßá corrup⌠ ì
director∙á i≤ n∩ fun«á  I⌠ i≤ usuall∙ quicke≥ (wheε possible⌐ t∩ ì
regeneratσ thσ informatioε b∙ othe≥ means.
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èBaΣ Secto≥ iε Systeφ Areaé

Checkinτ thσ systeφ areß i≤ optiona∞ witΦ DS«  Thi≤ i≤ s∩ fo≥ tw∩ ì
reasons:

1.á  Somσ machine≤ forma⌠ thσ systeφ track≤ differentl∙ thaε thσ ì
áááááres⌠ oµ thσ disk«  Iε thi≤ casσ D╙ ma∙ wel∞ no⌠ functioε a⌠ ì
áááááal∞ iε thσ systeφ areß becausσ it≤ onl∙ vie≈ oµ thσ disδ i≤ ì
ááááátha⌠ provideΣ b∙ CP/M¼á whicΦ onl∙ concern≤ itselµ witΦ thσ ì
ááááádirector∙ anΣ use≥ area.

2.á  Somσ machine≤ placσ tw∩ o≥ morσ logica∞ disk≤ oε ß physica∞ ì
ááááádisδ b∙ declarinτ thσ highe≥ one≤ a≤ havinτ ß largσá numbe≥ ì
áááááoµá reserveΣ track≤ (reserveΣ fo≥ thσ lowe≥ logica∞ disks)«  ì
áááááD╙á wil∞ simpl∙ interpre⌠ thi≤ a≤ ß ver∙ largσ systeφá areß ì
ááááát∩ scan.

┴á baΣ secto≥ iε thσ systeφ areß oµ thσ disδ i≤ onl∙ baΣ iµá yo⌡ ì
wan⌠ thσ disδ t∩ bσ bootable╗á i⌠ save≤ ß lo⌠ oµ troublσ iµá al∞ ì
disk≤ are« D╙ tell≤ yo⌡ abou⌠ an∙ probleφ anΣ give≤ yo⌡ ß chancσ ì
t∩ dispensσ witΦ checkinτ thσ res⌠ oµ thσ systeφ area.

[UNUSED].BAD and BLOCKS.BAD

Block≤áá iεáá file≤áá nameΣá [UNUSED].BA─á o≥áá BLOCKS.BA─áá arσ ì
automaticall∙ considereΣ t∩ bσ baΣ anΣ arσ no⌠ checkeΣá further«  ì
D╙á place≤á ne≈á baΣá block≤ int∩á [UNUSED].BA─á bu⌠á recognize≤ ì
BLOCKS.BA─á als∩ iε orde≥ t∩ remaiε compatiblσ witΦá aεá earlie≥ ì
version.

Iµ yo⌡ wan⌠ block≤ iε thesσ file≤ t∩ bσ recheckeΣ yo⌡ mus⌠ firs⌠ ì
erasσá thσ curren⌠ file«á Thi≤ i≤ ß littlσ trick∙ sincσ the∙ ma∙ ì
bσ ReaΣ Onl∙ anΣ als∩ Systeφ typσ s∩ tha⌠ yo⌡ ma∙ no⌠ eveεá kno≈ ì
the∙ exis⌠ (the∙ wil∞ no⌠ appea≥ iε ß DI╥ listing)«á Usσ STA╘ o≥ ì
an∙á oµá severa∞ othe≥ utilitie≤ t∩ removσ thσ ReaΣ Onl∙á statu≤ ì
anΣ theε erasσ it« E.g.

                        STAT *.BAD $R/W
                        ERA  *.BAD

D╙á wil∞á alway≤ creatσ [UNUSED].BA─ a≤ Use≥ 0¼á ReaΣá Onl∙á anΣ ì
Systeφ type« ╔ don'⌠ kno≈ wha⌠ variou≤ version≤ oµ FINDBA─ do.

Iε deletinτ an∙ [UNUSED].BA─ o≥ BLOCKS.BA─ filσ bea≥ iε minΣ thσ ì
reasoε tha⌠ D╙ doe≤ no⌠ checδ it≤ blocks«á Flak∙ block≤ caε sli≡ ì
b∙ D╙ o≥ FINDBA─ anΣ oncσ iε thσ baΣ block≤ filσ i⌠ seem≤ ß pit∙ ì
t∩ givσ theφ ß chancσ oµ escaping«á Thσ onl∙ satisfactor∙ wa∙ oµ ì
restorinτá baΣ block≤ t∩ lifσ i≤ b∙ reformattinτ thσá disk¼á anΣ ì
eveε theε yo⌡ havσ t∩ wonder.
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èBaΣáBlocδ in User Area but no⌠ iε Fileé

D╙á wil∞ adΣ an∙ baΣ blocδ tha⌠ doe≤ no⌠ belonτ t∩ ß filσ t∩ thσ ì
[UNUSED].BA─ file¼á creatinτ tha⌠ filσ iµ necessary«á Thσ changσ ì
doe≤áá no⌠áá actuall∙á takσá effec⌠á unti∞áá yo⌡áá givσáá updatσ ì
authorizatioεá oε conclusioε oµ thσ scan«á Iµ thσ disδ director∙ ì
o≥á memor∙á i≤á ful∞á anΣá morσá rooφá i≤á needeΣá fo≥áá anothe≥ ì
[UNUSED].BA─ entry¼á yo⌡ wil∞ bσ informeΣ oµ thσ probleφ anΣ thσ ì
blocδ wil∞ no⌠ bσ covered.

BaΣáBlocδáiεáßáFile

Thi≤á i≤ no⌠ good«á Naturall∙ yo⌡ don'⌠ wan⌠ t∩ thro≈ thi≤á int∩ ì
thσá [UNUSED].BA─ trasΦ biε withou⌠ somσ sa∙ iε thσá matter«á I⌠ ì
migh⌠á bσ aε unimportan⌠ filσ o≥ i⌠ migh⌠ bσ you≥ onl∙á cop∙á oµ ì
you≥á electroniπ littlσ blacδ book«á (That'≤ sillyíá  Iµ yo⌡ haΣ ì
onσ wha⌠ woulΣ yo⌡ bσ doinτ checkinτ disk≤ fo≥ baΣ blocks?)«  D╙ ì
wil∞ tel∞ yo⌡ thσ situatioε anΣ thσ namσ oµ thσ corrup⌠ file« I⌠ ì
wil∞ theε givσ yo⌡ thσ followinτ options:

Qui⌠á Diské  Iµ thσ filσ i≤ importan⌠ thi≤ ma∙ bσ thσ bes⌠á thinτ ì
t∩ do¼ althougΦ Retr∙ deserve≤ ß chance« Iµ Retr∙ fails¼ qui⌠ D╙ ì
anΣ tr∙ t∩ PI╨ thσ file¼ ß fe≈ time≤ iµ necessary« Yo⌡ migh⌠ ge⌠ ì
luck∙ anΣ winΣ u≡ witΦ ß readablσ backup«á Eveε bette≥ ma∙ bσ t∩ ì
firs⌠á changσ thσ disδ t∩ anothe≥ drivσ beforσ thσ PI╨á attempt« ì
Eveε ß tin∙ differencσ iε thσ disδ heaΣ sensitivit∙ o≥ alignmen⌠ ì
caε makσ thσ differencσ needed.

Retryé  D╙ wil∞ tr∙ agaiε t∩ reaΣ thσ block«á Iµ i⌠ succeeds¼á D╙ ì
wil∞á looδ fo≥ aε unuseΣ block¼á savσ thσ recovereΣá informatioε ì
there¼ anΣ confirφ thσ savσ b∙ tryinτ t∩ reaΣ bacδ thσ datß froφ ì
thσá ne≈ block«á Iµ tha⌠ blocδ i≤ iε turε bad¼á D╙ wil∞ looδ fo≥ ì
anothe≥á anΣ s∩ on«á  Iµ thσ blocδ i≤á successfull∙á saved¼á thσ ì
memor∙á imagσ oµ thσ director∙ i≤ modifieΣ t∩ hooδ thσ ne≈ blocδ ì
int∩ thσ filσ anΣ stufµ thσ troublσ blocδ int∩ [UNUSED].BAD.

D╙ doe≤ no⌠ alte≥ thσ director∙ oε disδ a⌠ thi≤ timσ - onl∙á it≤ ì
memor∙ image«á Hencσ thσ filσ wil∞ no⌠ trul∙ bσ fixeΣ unles≤ yo⌡ ì
givσá director∙á updatσ approva∞ afte≥ thσ wholσ disδá ha≤á beeε ì
scanned.

Substitutσá ß Readablσ Blocké Iε thi≤ casσ D╙ fake≤ ßá successfu∞ ì
reaΣ oµ thσ probleφ block¼ substitutinτ ß distinctivσ patterε oµ ì
AsciΘá characters«á  I⌠á theε proceed≤ a≤ witΦ thσ Retr∙á optioε ì
above¼á attemptinτá t∩ hooδ ß readablσ blocδ int∩ you≥ filσá anΣ ì
banisΦ thσ probleφ blocδ t∩ limbo«á Oµ coursσ thσ ne≈ blocδá ha≤ ì
garbagσ iε ité s∩ yo⌡ arσ unlikel∙ t∩ bσ wildl∙ happy«á  However¼ ì
wha⌠á remain≤á oµá you≥ filσ wil∞ bσ editablσ (assuminτá i⌠á wa≤ ì
originall∙ ß tex⌠ file⌐ anΣ thσ clobbereΣ part≤ wil∞ bσá clearl∙ ì
visible.

Ignoreéá  Iµá yo⌡á tel∞ D╙ t∩ ignorσ thσ baΣ blocδ i⌠á doe≤á jus⌠ ì
that¼á althougΦ i⌠ wil∞ remembe≥ it¼ reminΣ yo⌡ oµ it≤ existencσ ì
iεá thσá fina∞á summary¼á anΣ makσ n∩ attemp⌠ t∩á usσá i⌠á a≤á ß ì
replacemen⌠ fo≥ othe≥ baΣ blocks.
èGENERAL OPERATION OF DS

D╙á i≤á buil⌠ iε ß loo≡ s∩ tha⌠ severa∞ disk≤ caεá bσá processeΣ ì
withou⌠ leavinτ thσ program«á  Furthermore¼ D╙ reside≤ iε memor∙ ì
s∩á oncσ i⌠ i≤ loadeΣ thσ D╙ disδ caε bσ removeΣ anΣ al∞á drive≤ ì
useΣ fo≥ othe≥ purposes«á  Oε thσ othe≥ hand¼á D╙ keep≤ it≤ hel≡ ì
message≤ iε ß filσ calleΣ DAMNSPOT.HLP«  Iµ thi≤ filσ i≤ no⌠ on-ì
line¼á thσ hel≡ facilit∙ wil∞ bσ unavailable«  D╙ i≤ men⌡ driveε ì
s∩áá afte≥áá ßá littlσá experiencσá thσá hel≡á filσá shoulΣáá bσ ì
unnecessary.

Disk Drives

D╙á trie≤á t∩ d∩ somσ smart≤ t∩ preven⌠á catastrophe≤á involvinτ ì
sendinτ outpu⌠ t∩ thσ wronτ disδ o≥ t∩ aε incompatiblσ disk«  T∩ ì
thi≤ enΣ i⌠ examine≤ thσ characteristic≤ oµ al∞ you≥ disδ drive≤ ì
- no⌠ jus⌠ thosσ yo⌡ mention«  Thσ pricσ paiΣ i≤ tha⌠ ever∙ disδ ì
drivσ mus⌠ havσ ß disδ iε i⌠ o≥ thσ prograφ wil∞ hang«á  Iµá onσ ì
oµ you≥ drive≤ i≤ iε a⌠ thσ shop¼ D╙ won'⌠ work.

┴áá cautioεá t∩á peoplσá wh∩á havσá machine≤á tha⌠á automaticall∙ ì
distinguisΦá betweeε differen⌠ format≤ oµ disks«á  Thσ Kaypr∩á I╓ ì
doe≤á thi≤á bu⌠ onl∙ oε thσ firs⌠ selec⌠ oµ ß drivσá followinτá ß ì
Warφá Boo⌠ o≥ Reset«á  D╙ doe≤ ß disδ rese⌠ anΣ re-examine≤á disδ ì
parameter≤á eacΦ timσ ß ne≈ disδ i≤ specifieΣ bu⌠ tha⌠á wil∞á no⌠ ì
detec⌠ ß changσ iε disδ format«á  Iε short¼á d∩ no⌠ mi° anΣ matcΦ ì
durinτ onσ D╙ session.

Prompts

Many of the prompts in DS are of the general form:

   Would you like to see my etchings < Y:es  N:o  *H:elp > :

Thσ choice≤ iε thσ examplσ arσ selecteΣ b∙ pressinτ eithe≥ Y¼á ╬ ì
o≥á ╚á - eithe≥ uppe≥ o≥ lowe≥ case«á  Thσ asterisδ indicate≤á ß ì
defaul⌠ responsσ obtainablσ b∙ simpl∙ pressinτ thσ Returε key«

Aborting and Scrolling

A⌠ mos⌠ point≤ iε thσ program¼á pressinτ Control-├ wil∞ causσá ß ì
promp⌠ askinτ iµ thσ use≥ wishe≤ t∩ leavσ thσ program«á  I⌠ wil∞ ì
als∩á mentioεá iµ change≤ arσ pendinτ - i.e«á whethe≥á thσá disδ ì
woulΣá bσ changeΣ iµ operatioε werσ t∩ continuσ t∩ thσ Director∙ ì
Updatσ stage«  Iµ thσ use≥ confirm≤ thσ abort¼ D╙ wil∞ terminatσ ì
iεá ß Warφ Boot«á  T∩ qui⌠ ß particula≥ disk¼á rathe≥á thaεá thσ ì
wholσá program¼á ßá fe≈ Q:uits¼á backinτ u≡á througΦá menus¼á i≤ ì
normall∙ available.

Outpu⌠á t∩ thσ screeε caε iε mos⌠ entrie≤ bσ controlleΣ witΦ thσ ì
Control-╙á sto≡ scrol∞ feature«á  Thi≤ applie≤ onl∙ t∩ part≤á oµ ì
thσá prograφ tha⌠ generatσ ß lo⌠ oµ screeε output╗á i⌠ doe≤á no⌠ ì
worδ oε ß characte≥ b∙ characte≥ basi≤ a≤ iε standarΣ CP/M.
.pa
èHelp

Wheneve≥ Hel≡ i≤ offereΣ a≤ ß choice¼á i⌠ wil∞ onl∙ bσ usefu∞ iµ ì
thσ filσ DAMNSPOT.HL╨ i≤ on-line«á  Incidentally¼á thσ structurσ ì
oµá thσá Hel≡á filσ i≤ ver∙ plaiε anΣ caε bσá tailoreΣá t∩á you≥ ì
tastes«  Thσ onl∙ thing≤ tha⌠ mus⌠ no⌠ bσ changeΣ arσ thσ %TITL┼ ì
line≤ anΣ thσ closinτ ª character.

┴ worΣ oµ advice«  D╙ ha≤ quitσ ß fe≈ options¼ whicΦ mean≤ quitσ ì
ß fe≈ question≤ tha⌠ neeΣ t∩ bσ answered«á  Wheε learninτ t∩ usσ ì
it¼á kee≡ ß cop∙ oµ DAMNSPOT.HL╨ somewherσ on-line«á Iµ i⌠ i≤ oε ì
an∙á drive¼á D╙á shoulΣ finΣ it«á Iµ i⌠ i≤á no⌠á available¼á an∙ ì
reques⌠á fo≥á hel≡ wil∞ simpl∙ yielΣ ß messagσ sayinτá tha⌠á thσ ì
hel≡ filσ i≤ absent.
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èGETTING STARTED

D╙ firs⌠ ask≤ fo≥ thσ drivσ t∩ bσ scanneΣ anΣ doe≤ ß disδá rese⌠ ì
s∩á disk≤ ma∙ bσ changeΣ iµ desired«á  I⌠ als∩ ask≤ whethe≥á yo⌡ ì
wan⌠ t∩ scaε thσ Systeφ area«

D╙á theεá get≤á disδá parameter≤ froφ CP/═ fo≥á al∞á drive≤á anΣ ì
attempt≤á t∩á seizσ enougΦ memor∙ t∩ accommodatσá  aεá arra∙á oµ ì
statu≤á informatioεá fo≥ eacΦ block¼á ß buffe≥ a≤ largσá a≤á onσ ì
blocδá oε thσ disk¼á anΣ enougΦ rooφ t∩ holΣ ß cop∙ oµ thσá tes⌠ ì
disk'≤á origina∞ director∙ checksuφ vector«á Thσ numbe≥ oµ extrß ì
byte≤ oµ memor∙ requireΣ i≤ approximately:

  directory_sectors_to_check ½á │ ¬ number_block≤á ½  blocksizσ

Thσá res⌠á oµ memor∙ (u≡ t∩ ß compile-timσ specifieΣá limit⌐á i≤ ì
theε allocateΣ a≤ storagσ fo≥ livσ director∙ entries¼á includinτ ì
an∙ ne≈ entrie≤ needeΣ fo≥ [UNUSED].BAD«á  D╙ wil∞ announcσá thσ ì
maximuφ numbe≥ oµ director∙ entrie≤ permitted«  Fo≥ flopp∙ disk≤ ì
therσá shoulΣ bσ n∩ probleφ bu⌠ fo≥ largσ harΣ disk≤ D╙ ma∙ wel∞ ì
refusσ (gracefully⌐ t∩ continue.

Nex⌠ D╙ figure≤ ou⌠ wherσ thσ system¼á director∙ anΣ use≥á area≤ ì
are¼  baseΣ oε thσ CP/═ info«  I⌠ theε proceed≤ iε thσ followinτ ì
order:

1.á  Scaεá thσá directory¼á buildinτ ß memor∙ imagσ oµ al∞á livσ ì
áááááentries«á  Iµ ß reaΣ erro≥ i≤ encountered¼ o≥ iµ thσ numbe≥ ì
áááááoµá entrie≤á i≤á to∩ large¼á processinτ oµá thσá disδá wil∞ ì
áááááterminatσ witΦ aε appropriatσ erro≥ message.

2.   Scaεá thσá systeφá areßá iµá requested«áá  Iµá error≤áá arσ ì
áááááencountereΣá thσ use≥ caε qui⌠ thσ systeφ areß scanninτá o≥ ì
ááááácontinuσ it«  Iε an∙ event¼ D╙ wil∞ subsequentl∙ proceeΣ t∩ ì
áááááthσ use≥ area.

3.   Scaεá thσá use≥ area«á  Wheneve≥ ß baΣ blocδá i≤á detected¼ ì
áááááinforφ thσ use≥ oµ thσ fact¼á togethe≥ witΦ thσ namσ oµ an∙ ì
áááááfilσá withiεá whicΦ thσ baΣ blocδ lies¼á anΣ givσ hiφá somσ ì
áááááoption≤ (Retry¼á Ignore¼á Substitute)«á  AlthougΦ D╙ canno⌠ ì
áááááautomaticall∙á detec⌠ ß flak∙ block¼á i⌠ doe≤á displa∙á thσ ì
áááááblocδá number≤á anΣ containinτ filσ name≤ a≤á i⌠á processe≤ ì
áááááthem«  Iµ thσ machinσ seem≤ t∩ dwel∞ oε ß particula≥ block¼ ì
ááááái⌠ caε late≥ bσ forceΣ int∩ thσ baΣ block≤ filσ b∙ thσ use≥ ì
ááááá(seσ below).

4.   Allo≈ thσ use≥ t∩ forcσ specifiπ block≤ int∩ thσ baΣ block≤ ì
áááááfile¼á warninτ oµ an∙ consequence≤ t∩ files«  Thi≤ facilit∙ ì
ááááái≤ ver∙ useful«á  Onσ caε ofteε tel∞ tha⌠ ß blocδ i≤ oε thσ ì
ááááávergσá oµ baΣ b∙ thσ fac⌠ tha⌠ severa∞ attempt≤ arσá needeΣ ì
ááááát∩á reaΣ it«á ╔ caε hea≥ thσ drivσ misbehavinτ anΣ seσá thσ ì
áááááblocδá numbe≥á lingerinτá oεá thσá display«áá Bu⌠á iµá BIO╙ ì
áááááeventuall∙á read≤á i⌠ (minσ trie≤ man∙ time≤á witΦá severa∞ ì
ááááádisδ homes⌐ theε D╙ won'⌠ kno≈ abou⌠ it.
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è5.   Display a summary of the disk's status on the screen.

6.á áThi≤á ste≡á i≤á bypasseΣ initiall∙á iµá therσá arσá change≤ ì
ááááápending«á  Asδá thσ use≥ iµ hσ wishe≤ t∩ qui⌠ o≥ proceeΣ t∩ ì
áááááthσ director∙ option≤ men⌡ (ste≡ ╖ below).

7.   Contro∞á come≤á directl∙á herσ froφá ste≡á ╡á initiall∙á iµ ì
áááááchange≤á arσ pending«á  Thi≤ men⌡ allow≤ thσ use≥ t∩ Updatσ ì
áááááthσá directory¼á Qui⌠ bacδ t∩ ste≡ 6¼á  anΣá severa∞á othe≥ ì
áááááoption≤á designeΣ primaril∙ t∩ tr∙ t∩ recove≥ somethinτá iε ì
áááááthσá (PANIC!⌐á situatioε wherσ ß writσ erro≥á clobber≤á thσ ì
ááááádirector∙ a≤ yo⌡ arσ updatinτ it«á  Thi≤ i≤ seemingl∙ ß lo≈ ì
áááááprobabilit∙ event¼á bu⌠ onσ doe≤ spenΣ morσ timσ witΦ ß baΣ ì
áááááblock≤á prograφ wheε strangσ thing≤ arσ happeninτ witΦá thσ ì
ááááádrives«á  Othe≥á facilitie≤ baseΣ oε thσ (possibl∙ changed⌐ ì
ááááádirector∙ imagσ iε memory¼ are:

áááááa.  SenΣ thσ director∙ informatioε t∩ ß disδ filσ iεá AsciΘ ì
áááááááááo≥ Binary«

áááááb.  SenΣá thσá director∙á informatioε t∩á thσá termina∞á o≥ ì
áááááááááprinte≥ iε Ascii.

ááááác.á Tr∙á  t∩ rewritσ thσ directory¼á witΦ o≥ withou⌠á firs⌠ ì
ááááááááámovinτ thσ disδ t∩ ß ne≈ drive«  Iµ thσ writσ erro≥ ha≤ ì
áááááááááclobbereΣá thσá sector'≤á formattinτá informatioεá thi≤ ì
ááááááááácanno⌠ work«  Oε thσ othe≥ hand¼ i⌠ might.

ááááád.ááCop∙á thσ director∙ info¼á froφ memory¼á anΣ thσá blocδ ì
áááááááááinfo¼ froφ disk¼ t∩ anothe≥ drive.
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èA NOTE ON DU2

Thi≤ i≤ ß fantastiπ program«  ╔ thinδ thσ truσ namσ i≤ DU╒ (Disδ ì
Utilit∙ Universa∞ o≥ somethinτ likσ that⌐ bu⌠ m∙ copy¼á acquireΣ ì
froφ ß friend¼ wa≤ nameΣ DU2«  Thσ importan⌠ thinτ abou⌠ DU2¼ a≤ ì
opposeΣ t∩ program≤ likσ Disδ Docto≥ o≥ Edfile¼á i≤ tha⌠ i⌠ let≤ ì
yo⌡ d∩ disδ I/╧ anywherσ oε thσ disk¼á regardles≤ oµ whethe≥ thσ ì
areßá yo⌡á arσá workinτá iε belong≤ t∩ ßá filσá o≥á not«á  Therσ ì
doubtles≤á arσ exception≤ t∩ tha⌠ iε thσ casσ oµá machine≤á tha⌠ ì
forma⌠á thσá systeφ areß differentl∙ thaε thσ res⌠ oµ thσá disk¼ ì
bu⌠ mos⌠ don't.

I⌠á couple≤ thi≤ abilit∙ witΦ ß widσ rangσ oµ thing≤ yo⌡ caεá d∩ ì
anΣá abou⌠ fivσ screen≤ ful∞ oµ hel≡ information«á  DU▓á caεá bσ ì
confusinτá despitσá that¼á beinτ primaril∙ ß specialist'≤á tool«  ì
Giveεá ful∞á reiε t∩ d∩ anythinτ oε thσ disδ anywherσá yo⌡á wan⌠ ì
mean≤ tha⌠ youé havσ t∩ suppl∙ thσ smart≤ - wherσ yo⌡ wan⌠ t∩á bσ ì
anΣ wha⌠ yo⌡ wan⌠ t∩ d∩ there.

╔á intenΣ herσ t∩ poin⌠ ou⌠ onl∙ tw∩ oµ DU2'≤ capabilitie≤á tha⌠ ì
migh⌠á bσá relevan⌠ t∩ recoverinτ informatioε froφ ßá baΣá disk«  ì
Thσ precisσ synta° wil∞ bσ your≤ t∩ discover.


Trying to Read a Bad Block

Supposσ yo⌡ kno≈ o≥ suspec⌠ tha⌠ blocδ A╖ i≤ bad«á  WitΦ DU▓ yo⌡ ì
caεá g∩ directl∙ therσ (DU▓ call≤ theφ group≤ rathe≥ thaε block⌐ ì
b∙á typinτ GA7«á  Theε thσ commanΣ <╟ wil∞ attemp⌠ t∩á reaΣá thσ ì
blocδá int∩á memor∙ (int∩ ß queue)«á  Iµ thσ reaΣ fail≤ yo⌡á caε ì
jus⌠ kee≡ trying«á  ShoulΣ thσ reaΣ eve≥ succeed¼ anΣ shoulΣ yo⌡ ì
kno≈ oµ ß vacan⌠ blocδ - sa∙ B╡ - yo⌡ caε g∩ t∩ B╡ witΦ GB╡á anΣ ì
writσ thσ informatioε yo⌡ recovereΣ b∙ sayinτ >G.

I⌠á stil∞ remain≤ t∩ patcΦ u≡ thσ director∙ entr∙ entr∙ fo≥á thσ ì
baΣá file«á  Tha⌠á i≤á ßá matte≥ oµ locatinτ thσá entr∙á iεá thσ ì
director∙ (thσ ╞ anΣ ═ command≤ ma∙ help⌐ anΣ changinτ thσ blocδ ì
numbe≥ A╖ t∩ B╡ usinτ thσ C╚ commanΣ followeΣ b∙ ß ╫ commanΣá t∩ ì
writσ thσ changeΣ inf∩ bacδ t∩ disk.

Wheε yo⌡ arσ dealinτ witΦ block≤ (groups⌐ yo⌡ usuall∙ don'⌠ havσ ì
t∩á worr∙ abou⌠ tracδ anΣ secto≥ numbers«á  However¼á iµ yo⌡á d∩ ì
wisΦá t∩á relatσá theφ betweeε D╙ anΣ DU▓á remembe≥á tha⌠á DU2'≤ ì
logica∞á secto≥ numbe≥ i≤ alway≤ onσ bigger¼á iµ ß late≥ versioε ì
ha≤ no⌠ correcteΣ this«á   Thσ ver∙ firs⌠ secto≥ oε thσ disδá i≤ ì
Tracδ 0¼ Secto≥ ░ t∩ D╙ anΣ Tracδ 0¼ Secto≥ ▒ t∩ DU2.
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èRecovering a Directory Clobbered by DS

Wheε wors⌠ come≤ t∩ worst¼á a≤ i⌠ mus⌠ (Borel-Cantelli⌐ yo⌡ wil∞ ì
tel∞á D╙á t∩á updatσ ß disδ director∙ anΣ i⌠á mentioεá thσá worΣ ì
CATASTROPH┼á oεá you≥ screen«á Wha⌠ d∩ yo⌡ do┐á  ╔á assumσá tha⌠ ì
repeateΣá trie≤á t∩á updatσá thσ director∙á al∞á fai∞á anΣá tha⌠ ì
recoverinτá thσá file≤á oε thσ disδ i≤ ver∙á importan⌠á because¼ ì
otherwise¼ wha⌠ follow≤ ma∙ no⌠ bσ wortΦ it.

Thσ firs⌠ thinτ t∩ d∩ i≤ t∩ usσ thσ SenΣ optioε iε D╙ t∩á creatσ ì
botΦá ßá binar∙ anΣ AsciΘ imagσ oµ thσ director∙á oεá disk«á  Bσ ì
carefu∞á t∩á specif∙á ßá drivσ othe≥ thaε thσá onσá holdinτá thσ ì
troublσá disk«á  A⌠á thσ ver∙ least¼á ge⌠ ß pape≥á cop∙á oµá thσ ì
director∙á informatioεá usinτá thσ S:enΣ anΣá P:rinte≥á options«  ì
Thesσá file≤ ma∙ no⌠ bσ mucΦ usσ t∩ yo⌡ directl∙ bu⌠ the∙á coulΣ ì
bσá essentia∞ t∩ an∙ wizarΣ tha⌠ yo⌡ managσ t∩ coε int∩á helpinτ ì
recove≥ you≥ files.

Next¼á usσá thσá C:op∙ facilit∙ iε D╙ t∩ cop∙á block≤á froφá thσ ì
troublσáá disδáá anΣá thσá director∙á froφá memor∙á t∩áá anothe≥ ì
unimportan⌠ disk«á  Notσ tha⌠ an∙ file≤ oε i⌠ wil∞ bσ clobbered«  ì
Iε thσ bes⌠ oµ circumstance≤ thi≤ cop∙ wil∞ bσ enough«  Iε othe≥ ì
circumstance≤á i⌠ ma∙ bσ somewha⌠ wanting«á  Notσá an∙á message≤ ì
displayeΣ oε you≥ screeε durinτ thσ copy.

No≈á iµ tha⌠ doesn'⌠ solvσ thσ problem¼á DU▓ ma∙á help«á  Pleasσ ì
bea≥á iε minΣ tha⌠ thσ followinτ i≤ conceptual╗á ╔ d∩ no⌠ havσ ß ì
disδá witΦá aε unreadablσ director∙ t∩ tr∙ i⌠ oε s∩ i⌠á ma∙á no⌠ ì
work«á  I⌠á al∞á depend≤ oε whethe≥ DU▓ let≤ yo⌡ ge⌠ a⌠á ßá disδ ì
whosσ director∙ canno⌠ bσ read.

1.á  Whilσ stil∞ iε DS¼á usσ thσ director∙ option≤ men⌡ t∩á savσ ì
áááááthσá director∙ informatioε t∩ ß binar∙ disδ filσ oε ßá gooΣ ì
ááááádisk.

2.á  Usσ you≥ Format/Verif∙ utilit∙ t∩ forma⌠ jus⌠ thσ director∙ ì
ááááátrack(s⌐á oµ you≥ disk«á  Iµ yo⌡ don'⌠ kno≈ whicΦá track(s⌐ ì
áááááthσá director∙ occupies¼á usσ thσ G░ optioε iε DU▓ t∩á finΣ ì
áááááout«á  I⌠á wil∞ displa∙ thσ correspondinτ tracδ anΣá secto≥ ì
ááááánumber¼ whicΦ i≤ thσ star⌠ poin⌠ oµ thσ directory.
.pa
è3.   No≈á usσá DU▓ t∩ scoo≡ thσ PANIC.BI╬ filσ int∩á memor∙á anΣ ì
ááááádeposi⌠ i⌠ ont∩ thσ freshl∙ formatteΣ director∙ track«  Yo⌡ ì
áááááwil∞á neeΣá t∩ usσ thσ ╠ commanΣ t∩ switcΦ bacδá anΣá fortΦ ì
ááááábetweeε thσ tw∩ disks¼á thσ ╟ commanΣ t∩ positioε yourself¼ ì
áááááanΣ thσ <╟ anΣ >╟ command≤ t∩ reaΣ anΣ writσ blocks«  Thσ ═ ì
áááááo≥á ╞ command≤ wil∞ tel∞ yo⌡ wherσ PANIC.BI╬á resides╗á fo≥ ì
áááááexamplσá purpose≤ assumσ tha⌠ i⌠ occupie≤ block≤ 3┤ anΣá 3╡ ì
áááááoεá drivσ ┴ wherea≤ thσ troublσ disδ i≤ iε drivσá B«á  You≥ ì
ááááásidσ oµ thσ dialoguσ migh⌠ looδ somethinτ likσ this:

     DU2       Run DU2
áááááLA        Log in the A drive
áááááG34áááááááGo to the first group of PANIC.BIN
ááááá<GááááááááSuck up the group
áááááG35áááááááGo to the second group of PANIC.BIN
ááááá<GááááááááSuck up another
áááááLBááááááááLog in the B drive
áááááG0ááááááááGo to group 0 (the directory always starts here).
ááááá>GááááááááDeposit the first group
áááááG1ááááááááThe directory covers two blocks in this example
ááááá>GááááááááDeposit the second group
áááááXáááááááááExit DU2
áááááYáááááááááConfirm warm boot.

Thσá abovσ i≤ prett∙ barσ bones«á  I⌠ shoulΣ bσ noticeΣ tha⌠á iµ ì
thσ director∙ share≤ ß tracδ witΦ use≥ blocks¼ thosσ block≤ wil∞ ì
bσ eraseΣ durinτ thσ reformatting«  I⌠ migh⌠ bσ possiblσ t∩ picδ ì
theφá ou⌠ anΣ hidσ theφ awa∙ elsewherσ witΦ DU▓ bu⌠ theεá again¼ ì
DU▓ ma∙ jus⌠ refusσ t∩ loτ iε thσ disk«á  ╔ don'⌠ know«á  A⌠ an∙ ì
rate¼á iµá yo⌡á kno≈ whicΦ block≤ arσ iε jeopard∙ (blocδ ┤ oεá ß ì
Kaypr∩ II⌐ yo⌡ caε ge⌠ D╙ o≥ DU▓ t∩ tel∞ yo⌡ wha⌠ i≤ iε it.

Al∞á oµá thi≤á ma∙ sounΣ ß littlσ esoteric¼á bu⌠á iµá thσá wors⌠ ì
happen≤á t∩ you¼á havσ D╙ generatσ ß PANIC.AS├ anΣ ßá PANIC.BIN«  ì
Aε exper⌠ ma∙ finΣ theφ ver∙ useful.

P.S«á  Iεá ß casσ likσ this¼á halµ aε exper⌠ oε you≥ machinσá i≤ ì
wortΦ teε expert≤ oε othe≥ machines.
.pa
èA NOTE TO KAYPRO II OWNERS

Thσá FORMA╘á prograφ supplieΣ b∙ Kaypr∩ (CP/═á doe≤á no⌠á creatσ ì
these⌐á describe≤á baΣ sector≤ b∙ ß tracδ numbe≥ (░ - 39⌐ anΣá ß ì
secto≥ numbe≥ (░ - 9)«á  Thσ reasoε fo≥ thσ restricteΣ rangσá oµ ì
secto≥á number≤á i≤á tha⌠á FORMA╘ think≤ iε term≤á oµá thσá truσ ì
physica∞ secto≥ sizσ oε thσ disk¼ whicΦ i≤ 51▓ bytes.

Fortunatel∙á thσá number≤ caε bσ converteΣ quitσ easil∙á t∩á thσ ì
logica∞á secto≥ number≤ useΣ b∙ D╙ anΣ DU2«á  Thσ ideßá i≤á tha⌠ ì
Physica∞á secto≥á ░á contain≤á logica∞á sector≤á 0,1,2¼á anΣá 3╗  ì
Physica∞ secto≥ ▒ contain≤ Logica∞ sector≤ 4,5,╢ anΣ 7╗á  anΣ s∩ ì
on«  Aε examplσ shoulΣ makσ thi≤ clear.

Yo⌡ forma⌠ anΣ verif∙ ß disk«á  FORMA╘ tell≤ yo⌡ tha⌠ therσ i≤ ß ì
baΣá secto≥á a⌠á Tracδ 37¼á Secto≥ 6«á  Sincσá thσá verificatioε ì
routinσ onl∙ give≤ ß secto≥ onσ chancσ t∩ bσ read¼á rathe≥á thaε ì
thirty-odd¼á thi≤á i≤á ßá morσ sensitivσ wa∙á oµá findinτá flak∙ ì
sectors.

Thσá firs⌠á Logica∞ secto≥ iε Physica∞ secto≥ ╢ i≤ 2┤ (┤á ¬á 6)«  ì
Also¼á sincσ DU▓ kick≤ it≤ secto≥ number≤ u≡ one¼ thσ DU▓ secto≥ ì
numbe≥ i≤ 25╗á  thσ tracδ numbe≥ i≤ thσ samσ (37)«  So¼ tel∞ DU▓ ì
t∩ g∩ t∩ Tracδ 37¼ Secto≥ 2╡ witΦ thσ commands:

                              T37
                              S25

anΣá DU▓ wil∞ tel∞ yo⌡ wha⌠ Grou≡ yo⌡ arσ in«á  Oε m∙ machinσ i⌠ ì
says:

                         Group = B7:00

whicΦ mean≤ tha⌠ yo⌡ arσ iε grou≡ B7«á  Thσ :nε i≤ thσá relativσ ì
128-bytσ logica∞ recorΣ withiε thσ grou≡ - i.e«á herσ yo⌡ arσ a⌠ ì
thσá ver∙ star⌠ oµ grou≡ B7«á  Sincσ ß Kaypr∩ I╔ physica∞ secto≥ ì
(51▓ bytes⌐ take≤ u≡ halµ ß group (102┤ bytes⌐ yo⌡ kno≈ tha⌠ thσ ì
baΣá physica∞ secto≥ i≤ containeΣ withiε grou≡á B7«á  Yo⌡á coulΣ ì
theε usσ D╙ t∩ locδ thi≤ blocδ ou⌠ oµ action.