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GRAPHITI Copyright (c) 1991 Copy Con Incorporated Page 1 OVERVIEW -------- Graphiti is a mathematical function plotter, capable of displaying two- dimensional, three-dimensional, and polar functions, based on your input. Requirements: Any MS-DOS computer with a CGA, Hercules, MCGA, EGA, VGA, or SVGA graphics adapter. DISCLAIMER ---------- Copy Con hereby disclaims all warranties relating to this software, whether express or implied, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Copy Con will not be liable for any special, incidental, consequential, indirect or similar damages due to loss of data or any other reason, even if Copy Con or an agent of Copy Con has been advised of the possibility of such damages. In no event shall Copy Con's liability for any damages ever exceed the price paid for the use of the software, regardless of the form of the claim. The person using the software bears all risk as to the quality and performance of the software. REGISTRATION ------------ Graphiti is NOT free - it is being offered to you as Shareware. If you plan to continue using Graphiti, you are obligated to pay the modest registration fee. As a registered user, you will be sent a registered copy of Graphiti with lots of added features, and NO annoying opening screen. To register, send $24.00 + $4.00 shipping & handling per copy (check or money order drawn on a U.S. bank in U.S. funds) to: Copy Con Incorporated P.O. Box 23255 Baltimore, MD 21203 Maryland residents must add five percent state sales tax ($1.40 per copy). Please specify 5.25" or 3.5" diskette. We thank you for your support. GRAPHITI Copyright (c) 1991 Copy Con Incorporated Page 2 OPERATION --------- Graphiti is activated from the command line, using the format GR function [options] To stop a plot in progress, press any key, and the plotting will stop; another keypress will exit the program. Ctrl-Break will stop and exit immediately. FUNCTIONS --------- Functions must be in one of the following forms: x=f(y) 2-dimensional vertical Angles specified in radians y=f(x) 2-dimensional horizontal " " " " z=f(x,y) 3-dimensional " " " " r=f(p) Polar " " " degrees Parentheses are not necessary for single variables. For example, "y=sin x" is equivalent to "y=sin(x)" ; "y=sin x+1" is equivalent to "y=sin(x)+1" . If you want the sine of quantity x+1, you would use "y=sin(x+1)". Functions cannot be directly followed by alphabetic variables or constants; instead of "y=sinx", use "y=sin x" or "y=sin(x)". Functions CAN be directly followed by numeric constants, as in "y=sin3". Don't type the quotes! Following is the list of functions that Graphiti supports: Function Description -------- ----------- abs Absolute value acos Arc cosine asin Arc sine atan Arc tangent ceil Smallest integer not less than input value (rounds up) cos Cosine cosh Hyperbolic cosine csc Cosecant ctn Cotangent cub Cube root exp E to the power of input value flr Largest integer not greater than input value (rounds down) int Rounds down (same as FLR) ln natural logarithm log natural logarithm (same as LN) logt Base 10 logarithm sec Secant sgn Sign of input value (positive=1, negative=-1, zero=0) sin Sine sinh Hyperbolic sine sqr Square root tan Tangent tanh Hyperbolic tangent GRAPHITI Copyright (c) 1991 Copy Con Incorporated Page 3 OPERATORS --------- Each operator has a precedence, and operators with higher precedence are evaluated before operators with lower precedence. Operators with equal precedence are handled from left to right within a function. Following is the list of operators that Graphiti supports, along with their precedences: Operator Precedence Description -------- ---------- ----------- ( 5 Left parenthesis ) 5 Right parenthesis ! 4 Factorial ^ 3 Exponential * 2 Multiplication / 2 Division % 2 Modulus + 1 Addition - 1 Subtraction VARIABLES --------- The three variables (X, Y, and P) change value from their lower range to their higher range (with increments determined by the D option), and the function's value is plotted accordingly. Variables can be used in the following functions: Variable Functions -------- --------- X y=f(x), z=f(x,y) Y x=f(y), z=f(x,y) P r=f(p) The variables are plotted according to the functions they are used in: x=f(y), y=f(x) | z=f(x,y) | r=f(p) ---------------------|------------------------|-------------------- y | z y | r | | | / | | | | |/ | | -x ------+------ x | -x ------+------ x | r ------+------ r | | /| | | | | / | | | -y | -y -z | r Trust us, the functions look better on a graphics screen than they do above. GRAPHITI Copyright (c) 1991 Copy Con Incorporated Page 4 CONSTANTS --------- Graphiti supports numeric constants, as well as two alphabetic constants, PI and E. Alphabetic constants must be separated from functions by a space; use "y=sin pi", not "y=sinpi". Numeric constants need not be separated from functions with spaces; "y=sin3" is okay. Here are the approximate values of PI and E: PI = 3.14159265358979323846 E = 2.71828182845904523536 OPTIONS ------- Options must be in the form "OPTION:option1[,option2]", as in "u:2" or "rx:-3,5". Case is not important. Separate options with spaces. Option Description ------ ----------- A Axis lines toggle - determines whether the X- Y- and/or Z-axes will be drawn. Default is Y. (Note: On 3D graphs with hidden lines, axes will be drawn after the graph has been plotted.) C Color - the color of the plotted function. Range is 1 thru the maximum amount of colors for the video screen. Default if 1 if using a two-color screen, otherwise the default is the maximum color minus one. D Dot resolution - number of pixels per scan line. Range is 1 thru 10; amount of pixels will be 2^(D-1). Default is 2. FS GIF file save - GIF filename to save screen to after plotting. Default is none. (Notes: A pixel will appear on the right side of the current line being processed. When the pixel reaches the bottom, the screen has been saved; if any key is pressed before that time, the incomplete GIF file will be deleted. The FS option is not functional in the unregistered version.) G 3D grid lines toggle - whether 3D graphs will also plot lines parallel to the Y-axis, in addition to the lines parallel to the X-axis. Default is Y. (Note: This option is not functional in the unregistered version; G will be set to N. View REGISTER.GIF to see an example of grid lines.) H 3D hidden lines toggle - whether 3D graphs will plot as solid, instead of see-thru. Default is Y. (Note: This option is not functional in the unregistered version; H will be set to N. View REGISTER.GIF to see an example of hidden lines.) L Line resolution - number of lines per unit in 3D graphs. Range is 1 thru 10; number of lines will be 2^(L-1). Default is 2. GRAPHITI Copyright (c) 1991 Copy Con Incorporated Page 5 OPTIONS (continued) ------------------- Option Description ------ ----------- RP Range of P - low and high range of variable P in r=f(p). Ranges are any two numbers, as long as the low range is less than the high range. If only one number is entered, the range will be the negative value of the number to the positive value. Defaults are 0,360. RX Range of X - low and high range of variable X in y=f(x) and z=f(x,y). Low range is -15 times the unit value (see option U) to the high range. High range is the low range to 15 times the unit value. That can be expressed as: -15*U <= low range < high range <= 15*U If only one number is entered, the range will be the negative value of the number to the positive value. Defaults are -15,15. RY Range of Y - low and high range of variable Y in x=f(y) and z=f(x,y). Ranges and defaults: Graph Range (See option U) Defaults -------- --------------------------------------- -------- x=f(y) -10*U <= low range < high range <= 10*U -10,10 z=f(x,y) -15*U <= low range < high range <= 15*U -15,15 If only one number is entered, the range will be the negative value of the number to the positive value. S SVGA mode - type of Super VGA card in your system. Range is 0 thru 6, where: Value SVGA Card ----- --------- 0 None 1 ATI 2 Orchid 3 Paradise 4 VEGA 5 Compro 6 SOTA Default is 0. (Note: This option is not functional in the unregistered version; S will be set to 0.) U Unit value - value of one unit (used for scaling). There are ten units from the center of the screen to the top, and the units are marked on the axis lines. Range is .0001 to 10000. Default is 1. (Note: In the unregistered version, range is .01 to 100.) GRAPHITI Copyright (c) 1991 Copy Con Incorporated Page 6 ERROR MESSAGES -------------- Following is the list of error messages you may have the misfortune to see, along with their corresponding DOS errorlevels. Level Message & Description ----- --------------------- 1 Invalid command line options - Graphiti cannot understand your input. Functions must start with "X=", "Y=", "Z=", or "R=". Options must be in the form "OPTION:option1[,option2]", as in "u:2" or "rx:-3,5". Don't type the quotes! Case isn't important. 2 Graphics hardware not detected - either your computer is not equipped with a graphics adapter, or Graphiti cannot determine what type of adapter it is. 3 Abnormal program termination - either we erred in trapping a math function, or the program has been corrupted somehow. (Please drop us a line describing everything that led up to this error, if you happen to come across it.) 4 Invalid function '(function)' - you have attempted to use an unsupported function. If it's a common function, let us know, and we will add it. 5 Invalid operator '(op)' - you have attempted to use an unsupported operator. If it's a common operator, let us know, and we will add it. 6 Mixmatched parentheses - either there were an uneven amount of parentheses, or a right paren was encountered before its matching left paren. 7 Invalid use of functions - functions cannot be directly followed by an operator (unless the operator is a "+" or "-" indicating the sign of the value that follows). 8 Invalid use of operators - operators cannot be directly followed by other operators (unless the second operator is a "+" or "-" indicating the sign of the value that follows). 9 Formula too complex - your function has 128 or more references to constants and variables. (WOW!) 10 Formula cannot reference itself - the function variable on the left side of the equals sign cannot be referred to on the right side (as in "y=sin y"). 11 Variable '(variable)' cannot be used in this function - function must be in the form "x=f(y)", "y=f(x)", "z=f(x,y)", or "r=f(p)". 12 Unable to open file '(file)' - the named GIF file cannot be opened for writing. GRAPHITI Copyright (c) 1991 Copy Con Incorporated Page 7 FUTURE RELEASES --------------- Here is a semi-complete list of things to look forward to in future releases of Graphiti, in no particular order. Support for imaginary numbers, if we can figure out how to plot an imaginary point. Menu interface, for those with little tolerance for the command line. Ability to see ANY part of a function, not just plus and minus zero. Ability to plot multiple graphs onscreen. A support BBS, if funds allow. (your suggestion here) CREDITS ------- Thanks go out to the following people: GIF encoding routines based on code by David Rowley. SVGA driver written by John Sieraski. Much thankage to John "Catman" Lalmond and to Deborah "Debbie" Carey, the original beta-testers. CORRESPONDENCE -------------- If you have comments, suggestions or bug reports(?), please write to: Copy Con Incorporated P.O. Box 23255 Baltimore, MD 21203 If you want a reply, please include a self-addressed, stamped envelope. We look forward to hearing from you.