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$Unique_ID{COW03996}
$Pretitle{271}
$Title{Venezuela
Chapter 5C. Mass Communications}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Kathyrn Therese Johnson and Howard I. Blutstein}
$Affiliation{HQ, Department of the Army}
$Subject{caracas
newspapers
local
television
day
venezuelan
national
news
popular
families}
$Date{1976}
$Log{}
Country: Venezuela
Book: Venezuela, A Country Study
Author: Kathyrn Therese Johnson and Howard I. Blutstein
Affiliation: HQ, Department of the Army
Date: 1976
Chapter 5C. Mass Communications
The Media
The country's first newspaper, the Gaceta de Caracas, appeared in 1808,
shortly after the arrival of the first printing press. Published by young
intellectuals dedicated to the independence movement, the Gaceta de Caracas
presented extensive discussions of the new political theories emanating from
Europe in addition to news of local developments in the issue with Spain. Soon
thereafter a number of newspapers sprang up in Caracas, and by 1821 a news
organ, the Correo Nacional, was also being published in Zulia. The emphasis on
ideas and doctrines typical of these early journals continued after
independence, finding vigorous expression during the Conservative-Liberal
controversy of the mid-nineteenth century. Intellectuals and writers acted
simultaneously as journalists. Newspapers were often short lived, sometimes
disappearing after the publication of a single issue. An exception was La
Religion, which was founded in 1890 and was still published in 1976.
In 1976 the preeminence and national influence of the Caracas press was
virtually unchallenged. Although Maracaibo's principal daily had a circulation
equal to or greater than that of some of the leading newspapers in Caracas,
its distribution was largely confined to the immediate area. Through a system
of air transportation Caracas newspapers are quickly available in all major
towns and cities in the interior. For most newspapers, however, provincial
sales, limited to the relatively small educated groups, account for well under
half the total circulation.
The provincial press offers a sharp contrast to that of the metropolitan
area. Lacking adequate funds, local newspapers tend to employ outmoded
equipment and untrained, primarily part-time personnel. Consequently they are
largely limited to coverage of local news. The national news that appears is
usually rewritten from the Caracas newspapers. Because of competition from
Caracas dailies, provincial newspapers find their limited readership further
reduced, and few have a circulation of more than 10,000. Because there are not
many advertisers in these areas, the local press depends on government
advertising for a substantial part of its income. In policy the provincial
press is generally independent, and in tone it ranges from conservative to
moderately liberal.
The largest dailies are privately owned and are controlled by several
families. Family members generally hold top administrative positions and often
contribute articles. In the increasingly cosmopolitan society of the capital,
however, these newspapers are not personal vehicles. Political influence may
be exerted by the support of, or opposition to, national figures, but the
families seldom engage actively in politics. One of these families, the
Capriles, has acquired a chain that includes morning dailies, Caracas' only
afternoon daily, and popular weekly magazines.
All the major parties have maintained official party newspapers, most of
them weeklies. Some parties, principally those of the extreme left, have
employed additional news organs that followed the party policy in news
coverage but did not identify themselves as to party affiliation. Similarly
organized labor has published a number of weekly, twice-monthly, and monthly
newspapers directed at union members. In 1976, however, the leading
publications were independent, and their policies were not dictated by any
particular political party.
The editorial tendency of the principal newspapers has been generally
liberal. In scope and tone they range from sensationalism to moderate
conservatism. Politics, national news, and sports-especially horseracing and
baseball, both local and North American-are popular and well covered by all
newspapers. International events, business developments, and society are
treated extensively by the less sensational dailies, whereas crime and scandal
get most attention from the popular newspapers. Special features include comic
strips (many of which are North American), horoscopes, and columns.
As a profession journalism is relatively young. The staffs of many
newspapers have a number of part-time employees who hold other jobs.
Contributors seldom have regularly scheduled columns, although they may appear
frequently. A wide range of political thought is represented on the editorial
page regardless of the general policy of the particular newspaper.
In 1976 there were 145 radio stations, listened to either at home or in a
public place. There were an estimated 2 million radio receivers. General
supervision of radio operations was exercised by the Ministry of
Communications under the Radiocommunications Regulation of 1941. All stations
must be licensed and must broadcast on frequencies set by the ministry.
Licenses for five-year periods are granted after the issuance of a provisional
permit for the installation of equipment and a short trial broadcasting period
monitored by the ministry.
Only Venezuelan citizens or corporations that have boards made up of
Venezuelan citizens and capital that is 80-percent Venezuelan are eligible to
establish radio stations. Technical personnel must possess the certificate of
qualification issued by the ministry. Expansion of the number of stations is
controlled by provisions that permit the establishment of a new station for
every increase of 150,000 inhabitants in metropolitan areas and of 50,000 in
the interior.
Most stations program broadcasting according to the interests of the
immediate area in which they can be heard. Broader scope is afforded by the
four networks in operation since 1975.
Three networks belonged to corporate enterprises and had their key
stations in Caracas. The fourth was operated by the Central Office of
Information of the Ministry of the Interior as the Venezuelan National
Broadcasting Station and carried a domestic and an international service. It
operated without relays from a transmitter on a mountain near Caracas. The
three private networks varied in composition, and some of their radio station
members relayed their respective key stations throughout, whereas others
relayed only selected network programs.
Television is a well-developed and established medium. Telecasts were
begun in 1953 on the government-owned Televisora Nacional; a few months later
the first private commercial station, Venevision, was opened. The following
year a second commercial station, Radio Caracas Television, began operations.
By the late 1960s three privately owned commercially operated stations were in
existence-in Caracas, Maracaibo, and Valencia. The two original private
stations became networks and were followed by a third, the Venezuelan
Television Network (Cadena Venezolana de Television). Although equipment was
available for color broadcasts, President Perez has delayed choosing a color
television system because of its low priority.
In 1976 there were close to 1 million television receivers in the
country. Audience concentration and the best reception were in the heavily
populated western coastal region stretching from Maracaibo to Caracas. Daily
broadcast hours varied, but all were required by law and union regulations to
maintain 50 percent live programming, which according to the local definition
included tape recording. All had excellent facilities and were equipped to
handle remote telecasts and video tape.
The government station can be received in a large portion of the country.
Live shows constit