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$Unique_ID{COW03976}
$Pretitle{295}
$Title{Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Introductory Guide to Joint Ventures in the Soviet Union}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Susan M.H. Lewenz}
$Affiliation{U.S. Depart of Commerce}
$Subject{joint
soviet
venture
currency
ventures
western
hard
organizations
union
companies}
$Date{1989}
$Log{}
Country: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Book: Introductory Guide to Joint Ventures in the Soviet Union
Author: Susan M.H. Lewenz
Affiliation: U.S. Depart of Commerce
Date: 1989
Introductory Guide to Joint Ventures in the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union can be a difficult market in which to do business. It
can also be a profitable one. With Gorbachev, glasnost, perestroika, and the
introduction of Western investment in the Soviet Union has come a heightened
interest on the part of American companies regarding the Soviet Union. The
American entrepreneurial spirit has been stimulated by the challenge of the
last "great" market to conquer.
The Bush Administration strongly supports the expansion of mutually
beneficial, nonstrategic trade with the Soviet Union, and the Commerce
Department has established a number of programs to assist companies in their
efforts. As in any business dealings with the Soviet Union, however, U.S.
companies are responsible for complying with U.S. export administration
regulations, administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Doing business in the Soviet Union, especially a joint venture, requires
a company to be knowledgeable about the market, the legal and economic
environment, and to be patient in its pursuit of its long-term goals. As of
November 1989, Soviet officials were reporting that there were some 1100 joint
ventures, of which about 100 were with U.S. firms. Building on the experience
of Western and Soviet businesspeople involved in joint ventures, the Soviets
have revised their legislation regulating foreign investment several times
with the hope of attracting more investment. This survey will examine some
developments in the Soviet joint venture process and the limited experience of
Western firms already participating in joint ventures in the Soviet Union.
Overview
Under perestroika, the Soviet economy is undergoing many changes. As of
April 1989, for example, all registered Soviet organizations are permitted to
become involved in foreign trade. But Soviet businesspeople are often
unfamiliar with Western business practices, and the inconvertibility of the
ruble means that trade must involve either rare Soviet hard currency holdings,
or, as is more common, countertrade.
A joint venture in the Soviet Union offers great opportunities for some
American companies. Other companies, however, are simply too small or
inexperienced to successfully establish and operate a joint venture in this
market. Joint ventures typically require long-term financial and commercial
commitment from the American partner, including capital exposure and long-term
support of Western on-site personnel. At the same time, a Soviet joint venture
may not realize repatriable profits for the first few years of its existence.
The decision to enter into a joint venture must be based on commercial
considerations by both partners. American firms should realize that a joint
venture is one way of doing business in the Soviet Union, but it is not always
the right way.
Several U.S. companies experienced in the market report that their
decision not to enter into a joint venture did not meet with negative
repercussions from their Soviet trading partners. One company, for example,
has chosen to become involved in an extended technology transfer arrangement,
providing long-term support staff for the project. The Soviet buyer will pay
an annual fee and will pay all the expenses of the firm's technicians who will
visit the facility on a regular basis. The company has agreed that if this
deal works as planned, it may be willing to consider a joint venture in three
or so years.
Get to Know the Market
Experience gained by firms pursuing or already established in joint
ventures in the Soviet Union has made clear that success in establishing a
joint venture requires significant effort from the Western partner. Many
Soviet business leaders are less experienced than their Western counterparts
in solving difficult commercial problems. In many cases, the Western partner
must take the lead in dealing with critical aspects of the agreement, such as:
methods of hard currency earning, satisfactory supply of inputs, and financing
arrangements.
To be able to drive this process and suggest creative approaches to
commercial concerns, the American company must have an adequate understanding
of the Soviet economic system and of the various Soviet organizations with
which it is dealing. Soviet officials have commented that, in contrast to
their Western and Japanese competitors, American companies tend to be poorly
informed about the Soviet Union and the Soviet economy. Dealing with an
unfamiliar system and business climate makes it all the more necessary that
American companies do their homework before approaching the market.
Success Requires Clearly Defined Goals
Most Soviet organizations are eager to entertain proposals about almost
any kind of joint venture, but the U.S. firm must give serious definition to
each proposal. Well-defined goals are an essential element of any viable
proposal.
Before drafting a proposal, the American business executives must have a
clear idea of what it is their firm expects from the joint venture--what are
their goals, and why they are interested in a joint venture in the Soviet
market. The proposal must contain some perspective on viable solutions to some
of the systemic problems which will face the future joint venture, such as
how it will operate, and how it will earn hard currency. While not all issues
can be resolved before discussions begin, the more thought that is given to
the initial proposal, the better the process of developing a workable joint
venture will be.
Companies involved in joint ventures in the Soviet Union have expressed a
variety of goals. Many have farsighted goals that emphasize the development of
a strong relationship with the Soviet partner so as to be well situated in the
Soviet market as the reform process continues. These firms believe that the
Soviet economy is moving toward greater integration into the world economy,
and that the Soviet domestic market will, in the long term, offer great
opportunity for companies established in that market.
Other firms, in addition to making a long-term commitment to the market,
hope to establish a joint venture which initially will have a symbiotic
relationship with their firm. Through this relationship, the American partner
realizes immediate sales to the joint venture in terms of initial investment
and short to midterm supply of production inputs. This may require a Soviet
partner with hard currency available for imports or a Soviet partner willing
to consider the import substitution effect, (i.e., the production of the joint
venture reduces former hard currency outlays) of the joint venture and funnel
these "saved" hard currency expenditures to the joint venture.
Soviet Goals for Joint Ventures with the West
It is very important that prospective U.S. and Soviet partners share
common goals and be sensitive to each other's concerns.
Western firms doing business in the Soviet Union should consider Soviet
motivation for entering into joint ventures on two levels--the political or
policy level, and the commercial or business level. To be successful, the
proposed joint venture will need to meet both the macro concerns of senior
Soviet organizations (e.g., improving the welfare of Soviet consumers) as well
as the micro concerns of the Soviet joint venture partner (e.g., functioning
more independently from senior organizations, meeting supply needs, earning
hard currency). Proposing a joint ventu