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$Unique_ID{COW03684}
$Pretitle{253}
$Title{Thailand
Chapter 5B. The Armed Forces}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{John B. Haseman}
$Affiliation{HQ, Department of the Army}
$Subject{military
thai
states
forces
united
armed
army
officers
defense
government}
$Date{1987}
$Log{}
Country: Thailand
Book: Thailand, A Country Study
Author: John B. Haseman
Affiliation: HQ, Department of the Army
Date: 1987
Chapter 5B. The Armed Forces
The Thai military establishment historically has played an important role
in the country's national life. Composed of heterogeneous elements of regular
cadres and conscripts, the armed forces in mid-1987 had a total strength of
approximately 273,000 officers and enlisted personnel on active duty.
Component services included the Royal Thai Army of 190,000, the Royal Thai
Navy of 40,000, and the Royal Thai Air Force of 43,000. The navy's personnel
strength included 20,000 marines.
The military's reputation as the center of political power manifested
itself in nearly a score of coups and countercoups between 1932 and 1987. Over
the years, its role as a political instrument had detracted from its abilities
as a professional military force. Doubts about the state of combat readiness
had been expressed by some members of the Thai officer corps as well as by
foreign military observers. By the 1980s, the military had acted to increase
the professionalism of its personnel-- particularly the officer corps--and to
modernize its units and weaponry.
General Development
From early times, the country's kings were, with few exceptions, military
leaders, and the history of their reigns is replete with accounts of armed
conflict. The Thai peasants followed their kings and nobles into war and then
between wars returned to the land. The few professional retainers and
mercenaries who made up the permanent military establishment neither enjoyed
special privileges or prestige nor exercised any particular influence over
national life. Military leaders were usually members or favorites of the royal
family with an aptitude for military organization and command. Their authority
and tenure, however, were subject to the king's pleasure.
During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the Thai learned much from
their campaigns against the Khmer and the Burmese. Following the Khmer
example, King Trailok (1448-88) established administrative divisions and
increased the proficiency of his army. A successor, Ramathibodi II
(1491-1529), wrote a treatise on warfare and further improved Thai military
capability by reorganizing his army and instituting compulsory service. In the
early sixteenth century, the Portuguese introduced firearms into the kingdom
and taught the Thai the arts of casting bronze cannon and constructing stone
fortifications. Portuguese mercenaries also served the king as bodyguards,
armorers, and instructors in musketry.
The Thai-Burmese struggle continued into the seventeenth century, and the
exploits of King Naresuan (1590-1605) contributed greatly to emerging Thai
military traditions. In a battle in 1593 that secured his kingdom against an
invading Burmese army, Naresuan killed the enemy crown prince in a famous duel
in which the contenders were mounted on elephants. His exploits were recounted
in later school texts as part of the country's heritage of courage and valor.
King Mongkut (Rama IV, 1851-68) took the first steps toward the
development of modern fighting forces. Under his rule and that of his son,
King Chulalongkorn (Rama V, 1868-1910), the Thai were particularly receptive
to Western ideas and methods. They established military and naval cadet
schools, brought in limited numbers of foreign advisers, and began
reorganizing the army along European lines. In 1894 the Ministry of Defense
was formed, giving the military for the first time a recognized position in
the governmental hierarchy.
These developments laid the groundwork for the creation of a professional
military officer class and for the establishment of a permanent and relatively
modern military organization. Although the king maintained complete control,
princes and other high-ranking members of the royal family continued to hold
key positions within the military. ln 1905 a law was passed designating the
crown prince as commander in chief of the army. In 1912 King Vajiravudh (Rama
VI, 1910-25) established the National Defense Council, composed of military
and civilian officials, with himself at the head. During this same period
antimonarchist sentiment found its first clandestine expression in a small
group of army and navy officers who resented the king's favoring units that
served as the palace guard. Powerful princes of the time also indicated their
displeasure at the king's practice of appointing commoners to high government
positions, including senior military posts.
In succeeding years, Thai kings gave increasing attention to building a
modern military establishment, which they began to use to further the
country's international interests. In World War I Thailand joined the Allied
Powers and sent a small contingent of soldiers to France. The kingdom's
demonstrated ability to develop its own military force with only limited
foreign assistance became an effective argument in obtaining favorable
revision of treaties with France and Britain in the early 1920s . During this
period the first full-fledged Thai army, a force consisting of roughly 30,000
officers and men, was organized and trained according to European military
concepts and practices.
The acceptance of Western influence by the Thai ruling elite at the
beginning of the twentieth century significantly affected the role of the
military. By the 1930s, many officers had attended European military schools,
where they learned not only modern fighting tactics but also new social
concepts and political patterns. Similarly, many civilians who had studied
abroad had become interested in liberalizing the governmental system. These
civilian leaders enlisted support among the military, and the resulting coup
d'etat in June 1932 brought about the transformation of the absolute monarchy
into a constitutional government (see Beginning of the Constitutional Era, ch.
1). It also established the military as a dominant force in national political
life.
During World War II the Thai armed forces grew in strength to about
60,000. In the period of political instability following the war, however, the
size of the military establishment fluctuated markedly. When the military
elite was in power as a result of a coup d'etat, the armed forces expanded.
When countercoups brought civilian-led administrations, military force
reductions followed.
In 1950 the Thai entered into various aid agreements with the United
States and received grants through the latter's Military Assistance Program
(MAP). Under this arrangement, the Thai initiated a comprehensive
modernization program based on American advice, equipment, and training (see
Foreign Security Assistance, this ch.). Two decades later these measures had
transformed the Thai military into a modern armed force with greatly improved
capabilities for national defense and internal security. By 1970 the armed
forces had increased to approximately 155,000. Their growth maintained a
moderate pace thereafter (see table 16, Appendix).
Place in National Life
The country's military establishment was developed essentially to protect
and defend an ethos that is still widely upheld: adherence to the monarchy,
practice of Buddhism, and devotion to one's country. Over the years, the armed
forces have generally ensured a sufficient level of peace, order, and domestic
security to maintain political stability. In this respect the Thai military's
place in national life has been like that of many other nations. However,
military officers--particularly in the army--were much more deeply involved in
the country's governmental and business operations than were their
counterpart